A few years before the start of the Great Patriotic War The PMD-6 anti-personnel mine was adopted by the Red Army. It was extremely easy to manufacture and made from the cheapest materials. Despite its simplicity, this was used in various versions until the end of the war and killed more than one hundred enemy soldiers. In addition, the successful design became the basis for several other ammunition for a similar purpose. It is noteworthy that both Soviet and German gunsmiths were involved in the development of the PMD-6 mine. In Nazi Germany, the product Schützenmine-42 was created on the basis of the Soviet mine. At the same time, the PMD-7 mine was developed in the USSR.
The design of the PMD-6 mine (“Anti-personnel mine, wooden”) had extremely low requirements for the materials used. The body of this weapon could be made from boards, plywood, metal, and even slate. At the same time, however, almost all variants of such a mine had the same explosive charge in the form of a 200-gram checker of TNT or the so-called. French mix. The use of other charges was not provided, but it was possible with certain modifications to the hull. The aim of the PMD-7 project was to create a new anti-personnel mine, built on the basis of the PMD-6 product, but using a different explosive charge.
Models of anti-personnel mines PMD-7ts (front) and PMD-7. Photo primeportal.net
The main difference between the mines of the PMD line of the sixth and seventh models was the type of charge. In the new PMD-7, it was decided to use cylindrical TNT checkers weighing 75 g. All other differences between the two products, primarily geometric and weight, were associated precisely with the type of charge used. In particular, the PMD-7 mine was noticeably smaller and lighter than its predecessor. However, despite the reduction in the weight of the charge, the new mine had to have sufficient combat characteristics.
The main element of the PMD-7 mine was a wooden case with a lid. The base model mines were made from small planks or plywood. A small box and a lid were put together from such raw materials. Depending on the thickness of the board or plywood, the mine could have different sizes. The length of the ammunition was basically equal to about 17-18 cm, the width was 4.5-5 cm, the height was no more than 4-5 cm. The weight of the mine also fluctuated between 320-350 g.
As in the case of the PMD-6 product, the PMD-7 mine had a case in the form of a box, on which a pressure cover was installed on the axis. A hole was drilled in the front wall of the main box for installing a fuse. In the front wall of the cover, a vertical slot was provided for the tail section of the fuse striker. In the combat position, the front wall of the cover with its lower edge should have rested on the T-shaped fuse pin. The tail of the fuse was freely placed in the slots of the cover.
Shell mines PMD-7. Photo Lexpev.nl
A 75-gram checker made of TNT with a diameter of 31 mm and a height of 72 mm fit into the case, against its rear wall. In the upper end of the checker there was a cavity with a sleeve for installing a fuse. When preparing the mine for installation, a fuse of the MUV family with an MD-2 fuse was screwed into the opening of the body and the bushing of the checker.
The MUV fuse of the first model had a fairly simple design. It had a tubular threaded body for installation in a mine, inside of which was located the mainspring and the drummer associated with it. Before use, the drummer had to be pulled out of the body and fixed with a combat pin. When used in pressure mines, the fuse was equipped with a T-shaped pin. Tension mines should have been equipped with a check in the shape of the letter "P".
The basic fuse of the MUV family was simple to manufacture, but difficult to handle. To extract the checks, a force of no more than a few kilograms was required, which is why this device was dangerous for both the enemy and the sapper. In order to ensure the safety of the miners, the MUV-2 fuse with a temporary fuse was developed. Its main difference was the presence of a soft metal rod around which a wire loop was wound. The latter was fixed on the tail of the fuse. After removing the safety checks, the striker wire cut the metal rod under the action of the mainspring in a few minutes. After that, the drummer was held only by the combat check.
Scheme fuse MUV-3
Initially, MUV fuses of the first version were used as part of the PMD-6 and PMD-7 mines. In the future, as new modifications were created, the range of available fuses expanded. Thus, the sappers could use any available fuses suitable models. This feature of the mines of the PMD family and fuses of the MUV line greatly facilitated the work of engineering units.
Before the advent of improved fuses with a temporary fuse, sappers had to be very careful when handling a mine, the actuation force of which did not exceed 3-6 kg. Because of this, a special hairpin with a long cord was often used to install PMD-6 mines. Before closing the lid of the installed mine, such a hairpin was placed on the fuse shank or on the body, after which the lid was lowered onto it. Having retired to a safe distance, the miner could pull out the pin, due to which the lid fell on the check. If she fell too sharply and knocked out the check, then the sapper remained alive and did not receive any injuries.
The new PMD-7 mine "inherited" the laying method from its predecessor. After installation and disguise, it was necessary to pull out a special long hairpin with a ring at the end. After that, the mine was ready to be detonated.
"Wooden anti-personnel mines" of the sixth and seventh models were delivered unassembled. In the case of PMD-7, 50 cases with lids were packed in a special box. TNT checkers and fuses were transported separately. It was possible to collect a mine only immediately before installation in the hole. Due to the high sensitivity of the fuses of the MUV series, the transportation of fully assembled mines was strictly prohibited.
Mines PMD-7 could be installed in the ground, on the ground, in the snow, etc. The ammunition could remain in its place and pose a danger to people for several months. Over time, under the influence of moisture, the hull was destroyed, which made it difficult for the regular operation of the fuse. At the same time, however, the possibility of accidental extraction of checks with a subsequent explosion was not ruled out. Thus, PMD-7 mines, even after the destruction of the hull, remained dangerous and could explode at any moment.
Foreign poster - Soviet mines with wooden hulls. Photo Lexpev.nl
A pressure mine exploded at the moment when an enemy fighter stepped on it or any equipment ran into it. The high sensitivity of the fuse significantly reduced the possible likelihood of a "misfire". Despite the relatively small explosive charge (75 g versus 200 g for the PMD-6), the PMD-7 mine did its job perfectly. A 75-gram checker with its shock wave inflicted severe injuries on the lower limbs of a careless soldier, and could also tear off a foot. Some other injuries were not ruled out.
It should be noted that the power of the used checkers was not always enough to guarantee the kill of an enemy soldier. However, 75 g of TNT caused serious injuries. As a result, the fighter was out of action for a long time, and also brought a lot of problems to his comrades. Thus, the PMD-7 mine, in terms of consequences for the enemy army, can be considered more effective than the PMD-6. It's not a secret for anyone that it is more profitable not to kill enemy soldiers, but to injure them. The dead can be buried after the battle, and the wounded need immediate first aid and evacuation to the rear with subsequent treatment. This means that a less powerful mine could simultaneously remove one or two soldiers from the battle, not counting the wounded.
Despite the lack of special means that made it difficult to neutralize, the PMD-7 mines were considered non-recoverable. Due to the high sensitivity of the fuse, the disposal of such ammunition was associated with great risk. Both German and Soviet sappers were forbidden by all instructions to make any attempts to neutralize the "Anti-personnel mine, wooden." The neutralization of such weapons was carried out only by detonation.
The PMD-7 anti-personnel mine had an extremely simple design and could be produced in any industry and even in field workshops. In order to further simplify production, a modification of the ammunition called PMD-7ts was developed. The basic version of such a product was made of boards or plywood. An updated modification was proposed to be made from several boards (lid) and one wooden block.
Mina PMD-7c in section. Figure Saper.etel.ru
A wooden block with dimensions of about 17x5x5 cm was used as the body of the PMD-7c mine. A hole with a diameter of about 32-35 mm and a depth of about 8 cm was drilled in one end of this bar. It was proposed to place a cylindrical TNT block in the resulting cavity. The remaining hole was plugged with a wooden plug of the appropriate size. To install the fuse in the opposite end of the bar, another deep hole was drilled. Otherwise, the PMD-7ts mine did not differ much from the base product.
The main goal pursued by the developers of the PMD-7 anti-personnel mine was to create a new ammunition, which could use the existing 75 g TNT blocks. This problem was successfully solved using existing ideas and solutions. As a result, quite difficult to handle, but effective anti-personnel mines began to arrive in the unit. Products PMD-6 and PMD-7 of all modifications remained in service until 1949. With the advent of new, more advanced ammunition, they were withdrawn from service and destroyed.
According to the websites:
http://saper.etel.ru/
http://lexpev.nl/
http://eragun.org/
http://poisk.coinss.ru/
This photograph, taken at the TsMVS, captures
anti-personnel mines PMD-6 and POMZ-2. And between them -
Grenade RGD-33. What is the relationship between mines and grenades.
and also why POMZA weighs upside down, for me
so it remains a mystery...
So, we have before us the two most massive anti-personnel mines of the Second World War, which Soviet sappers put in hundreds of thousands.
PMD-6
This is an anti-personnel high-explosive push action. Her body, as you probably noticed, is wooden. The mine consists of a wooden case, TNT 200gr. TNT checker, fuse of the MUV series with a "T"-shaped pin, fuse MD. That's actually all. It is difficult to imagine a simpler design.
The mechanism of action is the following. A slit is made in the end side of the cover, clearly visible in the figure. When the lid is closed, its edges rest on the T-shaped combat pin of the MUV fuse. When an enemy soldier steps on a mine, the edges of the cover resting on the combat pin will squeeze the pin down and an explosion will occur.
Mina, in itself, is very bad. Effective, but dangerous for the sappers themselves. Due to the sensitivity of the first generation MUV fuses, the mine required great caution from the sapper. There were frequent cases when in the spring, under a load of melting snow, the lid squeezed out the combat check and the mines exploded spontaneously. Minefields from these mines cannot be cleared at all. You can't say it's dangerous. Going to mine such a field is just suicide.
The service life of the mine is limited by the service life of the wooden hull. If it is destroyed by decay, the pressure cover may not squeeze the combat pin out of the fuse and the explosion will not occur.
Now, as for the "results" of the mine operation. If you believe the veterans, then usually when a mine explodes, the foot of the foot with which the enemy soldier stepped on the mine comes off completely, and, depending on the distance, the second leg from the explosion site, it can also be significantly damaged or not get damaged at all.
PMD is a terrible weapon!
Firstly, wooden fragments are not detected by x-rays and quickly rot in the human body!
Secondly, to disable an infantryman forever, a few tens of grams of such an explosive as TNT is quite enough. And a charge of 200g. tear off the wheel of the Urals!
POMZ-2
This is the so-called "stretch mine"
. She received this name from the fact that her explosion occurs when touching a wire stretcher. However, in Chechnya in the wars of 1994-96. and 1999-2000 this name was more often understood as an ordinary RG-42 hand grenade (RGD-5, F-1), to a safety pin, to which a wire stretcher is tied, and the safety lever is either completely broken off, or the grenade is fixed so as not to prevent the lever from rebounding at the moment of pulling out checks. However, as Ostap Bender said, this is "low class, unclean work." The grenade warns of its intentions with a loud click at the moment the checks are pulled. The soldier has 4.2 seconds before the explosion. And that's plenty of time to hide. A real stretch mine works instantly. Only consolation. that x-rays detect cast iron in the body well.
Mine anti-personnel fragmentation tension action. Designed to disable enemy personnel. The defeat of a person (or several at the same time) is inflicted by fragments of the mine body when it is detonated at the moment when an enemy soldier, catching his foot on a wire extension, involuntarily pulls out the fuse's combat pin.
The mine is installed manually on a wooden peg driven into the ground, which is included in the mine kit.
The mine consists of a cast-iron body with notches on the outer side, a fuse of the MUV series with a P-shaped pin, an MD fuse, a 75g TNT block, two wooden pegs and a piece of wire 8.3 m long.
By the way, the Germans called it "Stockmine". And who skomunizil idea from whom, we, alas, will never know.
You can accuse me of having told only about two samples, and far from being the best and most interesting ones. The purpose of my post is to talk about the most MASSIVE Soviet mines of the Second World War.
About how to put these ancient mines, we, recent cadets, read only in books, but this was already enough for us to feel boundless respect for the sappers of the past ...
And last but not least:
Currently, the POMZ-2 and PMD-6 mines are not produced, they are not listed in the supply tables of the troops, however, all its components, except for the cast-iron (wooden) case, are listed in the time sheets as mine-blasting property and are widely used in other mines and blasting business. And the production of cases can be organized in a matter of days or even hours. Therefore, this mine has not been removed from the armament of the army !!!
By application are divided into:
anti-tank mines
Designed to destroy or disable armored vehicles, vehicles, etc. They are usually installed underground. They are triggered when they are hit by a wheel or caterpillar. Recently, mines have been widely developed and introduced into the troops, having seismic, infrared and acoustic sensors and independently hitting equipment with a shock charge within a radius of 100-150 meters, without running into them.
anti-personnel mines
Designed to destroy enemy manpower with shrapnel and shock waves. They are usually installed underground or on a stretched wire. They work when you step on them with your foot (there are options when you remove your foot from them), or when the wire is pulled (for "stretch marks"). Recently, mines have been widely developed and introduced into the troops, having seismic, infrared and acoustic sensors and independently striking enemy manpower with a directed charge within a radius of 50 - 100 meters, without directly pressing them ( Russian complex"Hunting - 2M" is already successfully used in the troops).
Anti-amphibious mines
Designed to protect against enemy landings in probable places of his landing. They are divided into sea and land. Marine anti-amphibious mines are designed to protect the coast. They are triggered when the bottoms of landing ships or floating vehicles touch them, the second option for undermining is the anchors of landing ships. Land mines are triggered when hit by a parachute. Land and some sea anti-amphibious mines have a special mast, when the mast deviates (under the weight of the parachute, when the bottom of landing ships or floating vehicles is touched) from the normal position, the mine is detonated.
So, a few of our mines ...
MON - 50 (Fragmentation Mine Directed)
The Soviet anti-personnel mine MON - 50 of directional action is designed to destroy enemy personnel with fragments and a shock wave at a distance of up to 50 meters. The mine was developed on the basis of the American M18 Claymore mine, first used by the United States during the Vietnam War. Unlike the prototype MON - 50, it has a more focused directional action of fragments scattering due to a different angle of the body bending along the vertical.
Mina consists of a plastic case in the form of a rectangle curved inward on folding legs. On the top of the mine body there are two holes for installing fuses and a special peephole, looking through which the miner accurately sets the direction of the mine explosion.
Complete with MON - 50, tension fuses, electric detonators for remote detonation and other devices are used when setting up booby traps. Inside the mine body from the direction of the explosion there is a layer of ready-made lethal elements in the form of steel balls. At the bottom of the mine body there is a threaded hole into which a special clamp is screwed - a tripod (supplied in the kit), which is used to install the mine on various objects and surfaces (trees, walls, ceilings, etc.). Also at the bottom there are two brackets on which the legs are attached. In the stowed position, they fold under the hull by turning.
Mines weight 2 kg
Mass of explosive 0.7 kg
Mine body width 22.6 cm
Mine body height 9 cm
Mine body thickness 6.6 cm
The number of striking elements 490 - 540 pieces
Horizontal damage zone 540
Vertical impact zone 4 meters
The affected area in range of 50 meters
Antiamphibious mine PDM - 2
Antiamphibious mine PDM - 2 is designed to protect the coastal zone of the seas, rivers and lakes from the enemy's landing craft that overcome a water barrier. It is installed under water on the ground or silt.
The mine consists of a steel case, in which a cumulative explosive charge directed upwards is placed, a mast fuse, a mast and a stand. The stand is collapsible, consists of a cross, stabilizing plates and cables. Undermining a mine occurs when the mast deviates to the side with the bottom of landing craft or amphibious vehicles.
Weight on low stand 100 kg
Weight on high stand 135 kg
Charge weight 15 kg
Height on low stand 1400 mm
Height on high stand 2700 mm
Installation depth 1.5 ... 3.8 meters
Explosion resistance 8 meters
Storm resistance up to 6 points
Alloy river mine SRM
Alloy river mine CPM is designed to destroy floating and low-water bridges, as well as hydraulic structures.
Structurally, the SRM mine consists of a body with an explosive charge, a float, six side and one central contactors, a safety device, a non-deactivation element, a self-liquidator CHMV - 16, a power source, an electric ignition device and a primer - detonator No. 8-A. Fuse contact, electromechanical.
A mine is installed from the shore, floating facilities or a helicopter. The mine is lowered into the water upstream of the object to be destroyed. Further, the current carries the mine, kept afloat under water by its own floats, to the target. When a mine touches an object, an explosion occurs.
Diameter 310 mm
Height without rod 580 mm
Height with rod 1800 ... 2400 mm
Weight 40 kg
Charge weight 20 kg
Permissible depth of the river is not less than 1.5 meters
Permissible river flow speed 0.3 m/s
Anchor river mine YARM
Anchor river mine YRM is designed to protect the coastal zone of seas, rivers and lakes from enemy landing craft that overcome a water barrier. It consists of a body with an explosive charge, a mechanical VRM fuse with a cross, an anchor with a mechanism for automatic setting to a given depth. The mine is installed under water from boats. After setting the anchor to the bottom, the cable is automatically unwound and the mine floats to a predetermined depth.
Diameter 275 mm
Height 510 mm
Weight 13 kg
Charge weight 3 kg
Installation depth 1 ... 12 m
Explosion resistance at least 12 meters
Permissible flow velocity 1 m/s
PVM (Anti-Helicopter Mine)
Mina PVM (Anti-Helicopter Mine) is designed to destroy enemy helicopters and low-flying aircraft with a high-speed impact core. Developed at FKP GkNIPAS. It serves to protect military and civilian facilities from helicopter attacks, to protect sections of the sea coast where helicopter landing is possible, to protect minefields from helicopter clearance, to block the runways of enemy airfields, to block places where alternate airfields or dispersal airfields can be deployed, psychological impact on the helicopter pilot in order to force piloting at high altitudes.
The FDA mine consists of an acoustic system, a multi-frequency IR sensor and a warhead. The mine, using an acoustic system, detects a target at a distance of up to 1 kilometer, turns the warhead towards the target, and, scanning with a multi-frequency IR sensor, determines the true direction to the target and the moment of detonation of the warhead. The charge is aimed at the upper hemisphere of the helicopter (on the engine and blades). The mine can be placed both manually and with the help of ground or air delivery vehicles. The mine for aircraft delivery vehicles has not four, but six stabilizing petals for precise installation in a vertical plane. When carrying and transporting mines, the petals are pressed against the warhead of the mine and serve as a case - a case.
Curb weight 12 kg
Target detection range up to 1000 meters
Target speed up to 100 m/s
Time to switch to active mode 15 sec
Range up to 150 meters
The speed of the striking element is up to 2500 m / s
Anti-tank mine PTM-3
The PTM-3 anti-tank mine is designed for remote mining of terrain against enemy tanks and other armored vehicles. It is placed in the KPTM - 3 cassette and consists of a steel case, an explosive charge and a fuse. It is installed by aviation and artillery remote mining systems, the UMP minelayer and the PKM portable mining kit. To detonate a mine, a non-contact magnetic fuse with a self-liquidator and a long-range cocking timer is used.
Cassette diameter with mine 140 mm
Cassette length with mine 180 mm
The mass of the cassette with a mine is 7.4 kg
Mines weight 4.9 kg
Charge weight 1.8 kg
Long-range mine cocking time 60 ... 100 sec
Self-liquidation time 8 ... 24 h
Temperature range of application - 40 ... +50 C
Anti-tank mine TM - 62M
Anti-tank mine TM - 62M is designed for mining terrain against tanks and other armored vehicles of the enemy. It is installed manually or with the help of mechanized mining equipment.
It consists of a steel case, with an explosive charge placed in it, and a contact or non-contact fuse. To detonate the mine, fuses are used: MVCh - 62, MVZ - 62, MVSh -62, MVD - 62, MVN - 80. The fuse is screwed into the hole on top of the mine body. In the stowed position, this hole is closed with a plastic cover. The mine has increased resistance to the effects of the shock wave of a nuclear explosion and the explosion of demining charges.
Diameter 320 mm
Height 128 mm
Weight 9.5 ... 10 kg
Charge weight 7.0 ... 7 kg
Temperature range of application ±50 С
Antiamphibious mine PDM - 1M
Charge weight 10 kg
Length 280 mm
Width 115 mm
Height 75 mm
Mines weight 3 kg
Charge weight 1 kg
Force of attraction of a mine to a steel sheet 400 ... 600 N
Installation depth in water up to 10 meters
Temperature range of application ± 40 C
Anti-tank mine TM - 83
Anti-tank mine TM - 83 is designed to destroy tanks and other armored vehicles of the enemy. TM - 83 was adopted by the Russian army in 1983.
Structurally, the mine TM - 83 consists of a wooden platform, a directional shaped charge, seismic, acoustic and thermal sensors. Mine of non-contact action, is installed on tank-dangerous directions. When tanks and other armored vehicles approach, the seismic sensor detects their appearance and the mine switches from standby mode to combat mode. Further, acoustic and thermal sensors calculate the speed and direction of movement of the tank and, when the tank passes at a distance of less than 50 meters from the mine, the warhead of the mine, consisting of a directed cumulative charge, is detonated.
Height 670 mm
Length 455 mm
Width 377 mm
Weight 20.4 kg
Charge weight 9.6 kg
Range up to 50 meters
Temperature range of application -30 ... +50 С
Impossible without minefields modern warfare. An anti-personnel mine is a reliable tool for incapacitating enemy soldiers, in addition, they can be used to create areas of terrain completely impassable for infantry. For the first time they started talking about mines in the XIV-XV centuries, then they were stone-throwing land mines.
What entails the loss of a limb in the explosion of a TS50 or the death of a person if the PMN exploded. Later high-explosive mines are focused specifically on incapacitating a person. It is believed that the wounding of one person requires his delivery to a medical station, therefore, delaying the enemy and weakening his forces by 1-2 additional people.
Mines of this type are destroyed only by detonation, the extraction of anti-personnel landmines, which are quite often set to "non-recovery" is a very dangerous occupation. So, for example, the possibility of not extracting mines of the PMN type can be duplicated by the installation next to it or under it of a surprise mine of the MS type.
Characteristics of PMN, TS50 and M14
| Options | PMN (USSR-Russia) | TS50 (Italy) | M14 (USA) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Weight, gr | 550 | 200 | 130 |
| Mass of explosives, gr | 200 | 52 | 30 |
| Overall dimensions, mm | 53x110 | 90x48 | 40x56 |
| Target sensor, mm | 100 | 48 | 38 |
PMD-6
Separately, it is worth noting the Soviet anti-personnel mine PMD-6, its feature is the simplicity of the device. Mina is a wooden box, with a hinged top lid, a TNT checker weighing 200 grams is installed in it. into which a fuse of the MUV type with a T-shaped pin is screwed.
When exposed to mass on the mine cover, side wall squeezes out the T-shaped check and the fuse works. Ammunition of this type can be mass-produced in any carpentry workshop, for their complete set it is enough only fuses and standard-type TNT cartridges. The same mine, but with a sealed case, was called the IFF.
PMP
According to the principle of economy, a PMP mine was also created, which is a 7.62 mm TT pistol cartridge, in the barrel, the cartridge itself is spring-loaded, when pressure is applied to the target sensor, the hollow upper part of the cylinder cuts off the pin, the cartridge falls down under the action of the spring, onto the striker's sting, after which is fired at the enemy's foot. If necessary, the cartridge can be replaced with any other.
The peculiarity of being wounded by such a mine is that not only a bullet acts on the foot, powder gases, dirty fragments of shoes and soil also enter the wound channel.
This subsequently leads to gangrene. This reliably disables the enemy, in addition, it requires several people to deliver him to the dressing station.
PFM-1
The PFM-1 high-explosive anti-stomp mine is spread by dropping from aircraft or dispersal from MLRS cluster projectiles. PFM is known as "Petal".
Liquid explosives are used as explosives, the power of the explosion is enough to concuss a limb even without a wound.
Fragmentation anti-personnel mines: device, methods of use
Fragmentation mines are activated both by direct impact on the network of stretch marks around the installed ammunition, and remotely using a radio fuse. Mines differ in their action.
POMZ-2
The simplest version of the fragmentation mine is POMZ-2 and POMZ-2M. This is a cast-iron shirt with a ready-made notch, inside of which a standard 75 gr drilling piece is inserted. In the lower part of the body there is a hole for a peg, on top there is a glass for placing a fuse of a tension action MUV with a P-shaped check.
The principle of operation of the fuse is similar to the operation of the UZRGM fuse, but without the moderator. The ignition fires instantly. Currently, POMZ is not produced, but, like PMD, it is possible to launch the production of cases of this type of ammunition in a matter of days on any foundry.
MON
USSR anti-personnel mines of the MON series are best known in modern world, in fact, this is an analogue of the American Claymore, but with Soviet additions. The body is curved to direct the sheaf of fragments in the right direction, there are simplified sights and mustache legs for its installation. Depending on the range of damage, there are:
- MON-50, range 50 meters (actually 25-30);
- MON-90, a heavily enlarged and awkward-to-use variant of the MON-50;
- MON-100, a directional mine designed to hit at a distance of up to 100 meters. But given its weight and dimensions (basin 23 centimeters in diameter, weight 5 kg), it is not the most favorite subject of miners;
- MON-200, monster in the mine kingdom, circle diameter 45 cm, weight 25 kg. How to mask such a basin during installation, probably no one, except for the designers of this masterpiece, can imagine.
Defeat due to the wreckage of the hull and ready-made submunitions placed in the hull. Two types of striking elements are used - ball-like and roller-like fragments.
Balls - 540, rollers 485 on MON-50. It is installed with a curved part towards the enemy. Mines of this series can be installed using a radio fuse, or use conventional fuses of tension action.
OZM-72 or simply "Witch"
Fragmentation mine of the barrier, this is how this abbreviation stands for. When undermined, ready-made striking elements make a noise similar to a whistle, hence the name. These ammunition were developed on the basis of German springmines or simply “frogs”.
When the fuse is triggered, the expelling charge is first detonated, the body takes off to a height of up to 1.5 meters above the ground, and only after that the main charge is triggered. A hail of shrapnel falls asleep all around, the OZM case contains 2400 ready-made submunitions. OZM-4 is no longer in production.
Characteristics of OZM-72 and OZM-4
There are also known enlarged versions of OZM-160 and OZM-152, which are used in a controlled version. As a warhead of these ammunition, a 152 mm OFZ and a 160 mm mortar mine are used.
Manual placement of anti-personnel mines of this type is extremely time-consuming, since a well of decent depth must be dug to place them.
Anti-personnel mines of the Russian army
POM-2
Cluster-mounted anti-personnel fragmentation mine, also used for manual deployment. The device is similar to OZM, there is also an expelling charge. Setting is carried out from cassettes, stabilization in flight is carried out due to perforated stabilizer shields.
Manual installation only POM-2R. The weight of the mine is 1.5 kg, the mass of explosives is 140 grams, the defeat is by fragments of a metal case and ready-made submunitions of two types. Similar to MON-50.
POB, replacement for "Witch"
To replace the OZM-72, a new anti-personnel fragmentation munition was developed, an analogue of the American M86, it seems, as it were, not a mine.
The steel of the hull was changed to plastic, striking elements in the form of flat rings with teeth stacked in a hull around the explosive charge.
The expelling charge was transferred, this achieved a vertical position of the hull when lifting above the ground. The lifting height has significantly decreased 0.4-0.6 meters. POB weight - 2.3 kg, explosive weight 510 gr.
Surprise mines type MS and ML
Mines designed specifically for catching sappers and curious people. Use fuses of all types. Contact, non-contact, vibration and electroinduction triggered mine detectors.
Mina ML-7
It is used to install sapper ammunition in the "non-removable" position. The weight is only 100 grams, with a charge mass of 40. The type of target sensor is unloading, in other words, to operate, it is enough to remove a load weighing at least 300 grams from the sensor.
Using the same surprises is quite simple, it’s enough to put a cocked ML-7 under the OZM or TM-57 case, after the long-range cocking time has elapsed, the fuse will cock and when the load is removed from the target sensor, there will be an explosion, from which, most likely, the mine being removed will also detonate .
MS-5, mine cigarette case
One of the rare booby traps that mimics a specific item. Weight 660 gr, explosive weight - 110 gr. Unloading type target sensor, reaction to opening a cigarette case or opening its lid.
ML-2 or MS-6M, sapper trap
Mines of this type have a fuse that reacts to the operation of the electromagnetic inductor of the metal detector, no further than 30 cm. The second version is MS-6Sch, with a contact target sensor. Weight 4.4 kg, with electric induction fuse 8.4 kg. The mass of explosives is 1.2 kg.
It is used for organizing mine protection of strong points and for mining anti-tank minefields of particular importance.
The only option to deal with mines of this type is one. Do not pick up anything from the ground, be it even a box of matches or an empty magazine.
Conclusion
Mina is a defensive weapon, but extremely dangerous. Unlike bullets and shells, a mine can lie on a combat platoon for ten years, waiting in the wings. For this reason, the restriction on the development of this type of ammunition was adopted in Ottawa in December 1997.
But even this, as we saw, did not reduce the number of mines in the world. But at the same time, now mines are being improved, including with self-destruction systems, no one wants to have such dangerous enemy.
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According to one version, the name "mine" comes from the French mine - mine. Apparently, we are talking about the charges that were used in medieval wars for the collapse of fortress walls after digging under them. But modern mines are far from always just tunnels. This is a complex, accurate and in many ways high-tech weapons designed to destroy enemy forces in various conditions.
During the time that has passed since their invention, these means of combat use have not lost their relevance and are present to this day in all the armies of the world without exception.
About what mines are, and are also preparing to enter service in Russian army, what is their combat potential, Alexei Yegorov will tell in the next issue of the Military Acceptance program, aired on the Zvezda TV channel.
Unique "Medallion"
New domestic anti-personnel mine POM-3(its working title is "Medallion") is called the most modern and most advanced in its class. The troops do not yet have this weapon, but the mine has already passed all the necessary tests and is ready to take up service. The "Medallion" has no "stretch marks", it does not need to be stepped on to activate it. Combat use produced by sensitive sensors. The same sensors do not allow to neutralize the mine with modern mine-clearing equipment.
The Okhota system, tested by sappers of the Limited contingent, became a kind of prototype for POM-3. Soviet troops in Afghanistan. A clear algorithm for the use of this device did not allow the Mujahideen to "neutralize" minefields by grazing cattle on them. The device reacted only to human steps, worked sequentially, and when trying to neutralize the electronic unit, it self-destructed.
According to Andrey Popov, the head of the department of the Research Engineering Institute (JSC NIIII), today the Hunt, built on the principle of human step selection, has been replaced by a more technologically advanced and smart device used just on the Medallion.
The combat filling for POM-3 is a single striking element, made in the form of a disk. When undermined, it shatters into its component parts, each of which twists in flight, ensuring the conservation of energy. In addition, this form (in the form of teeth) encounters less air resistance and, when it hits the target, provides a more effective defeat.
In deadly danger
But the main know-how of "Medallion" is its electronic component. It is she who determines the type of target (human or animal), she also decides on self-destruction when trying to clear mines. By the way, using an electronic device, you can remotely set the time for canceling the combat position of the mine, adjust it, or return the mine to transport mode.
According to CEO OA "NIIII" Igor Smirnov, the entire element-component base of the new mine is Russian.
« We have analogues of basic matrix crystals, in which we put up to five or six microcircuits- Igor Mikhailovich notes. - This is one of the elements of artificial intelligence. And no imported components».
The family of anti-personnel fragmentation mines of the POM series was developed on the basis of the already mentioned Scientific Research Engineering Institute. Mina POM-2 has a circular principle of destruction. Due to fragments of the hull and ready-made lethal elements (balls or rollers) placed along the walls from the inside, it is able to provide a 360-degree defeat.
At that moment, when a person, hooked with his foot, touched one of the eight target sensors (thin broken wires), an explosion occurred. At the same time, a tension of only 300 grams was enough for a triggered mine to cut all life with fragments within a radius of more than one and a half dozen meters.
Remote mining
« POM-2 can be placed both on forest and mountain paths, and on a regular road, - says the head of the department of JSC "NIIII" Mikhail Zhukov. - The orientation device allows, during installation, to orient the hull on the ground and provide a fragmentation stream only in the direction of the possible location of the enemy. Not a single fragment flies into the ground or up: everything is only horizontal».
POM-2 mine target sensors can be installed on any surface. In this case, the mine is placed only by means of remote mining. This can be a universal mine layer (UMZ) or a rocket containing cassettes with POM-2. One UMP installation is capable of dispersing up to 180 mines from six containers. It is possible to install such a minefield, according to the developers, at a time on an area of several kilometers.
By the way, the wheelbase for UMP has also been improved. It is now mounted on the chassis of an armored KamAZ, and you can control the process of laying mines without leaving the cab: using the remote control
In all elements
The first domestic anti-personnel mines appeared back in the Russo-Japanese War. These were the so-called "stone-throwing landmines", which were laid on the paths of a possible advance of the enemy and were blown up with the help of electrical cords. The filling for these land mines were, as you might guess, stones.
During the Great Patriotic War, about 40 types of mines were already in service with the Red Army. Some of them worked on a unique principle. For example, in anti-amphibious mines for naval use, sugar served as a fuse. The transfer of the mine into a combat position was carried out after it was dissolved in water. True, such mines were contact mines and could explode from an accidental collision with any object.
A new word in antiamphibious mining - non-contact mines. For example, the PDM-4 mine is immersed in water to a depth of 3 to 10 meters and is here in standby mode. Undermining landing craft the enemy is carried out after the closing of the anchor device (float) located on the surface of the water. Moreover, the fuse is triggered by fixing magnetic field floating equipment of the enemy, say, an armored personnel carrier or infantry fighting vehicle.
Defeat by mining a larger object (for example, a submarine) is possible with the use of a mine operating on the principles of an anti-submarine corrected aerial bomb. Such aviation ammunition, which received the code "Zagon-2", combines the functions of an aerial bomb, a mine and, in part, a torpedo. A bomb dropped from an aircraft is lowered by parachute and, after splashing down, takes up a position at a shallow depth.
Fixing in place with the help of a float, "Zagon-2" after detecting the target independently produces a rapprochement with it. Hunting for a submarine is carried out using a special acoustic guidance head that “feels” the target at a depth of up to 600 meters. Just one such mine is enough to pierce the hull of any submarine. At the same time, it is impossible to detect the mine itself by means of echolocation: it does not have an engine, there are no steering devices.
According to the First Deputy General Director of JSC "NIIII" for scientific work, chief designer Viktor Popov, the mine moves silently towards the target, under the influence of its own gravity, it actually sinks. An attempt to set interference, as in the case of, say, a torpedo, is useless in this case.
Operation "Self-Destruction"
The “horse” of new domestic mines is in their ability to clearly distinguish objects of potential destruction, in the ability to act remotely. For example, the PTM-4 anti-tank mine "feels" disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field, classifying it as the movement of heavy equipment. At the same time, the mine is able to distinguish a tank from, say, a truck, acting only on a significant magnetic mass.
The system for countering attempts to clear this mine is also unique. The fuse picks up the slightest change in orientation in the magnetic field, classifying it as a dismantling attempt. Immediately after this, the command to undermine is given. In addition, in all such mines, the so-called "ball contactor" is placed. One has only to move it a little, as the mine comes into combat position and explodes.
If we talk about POM-3, then, according to representatives of the Scientific Research Engineering Institute, there are no anti-personnel fragmentation mines in the world that have the same non-contact target sensors as hers. At the same time, which is important, all modern Russian mines meet the requirements of the Geneva Convention. This applies, among other things, to engineering ammunition for remote installation. The fact is that, according to the algorithm introduced into their electronic filling, they either self-detonate or deactivate a few hours after installation, turning into a harmless piece of iron.
