Option No. 2597490
1. Task 1.
1) Each substance is presented in one of the states of aggregation - liquid, solid or gaseous - and at the same time has certain invariable properties.
2) When cooled or heated, many substances change their state of aggregation- liquid, solid or gaseous, while acquiring completely different properties.
3) Many substances change their state of aggregation - liquid, solid or gaseous - in the process of cooling or heating, as a result of which they acquire completely different properties.
4) Many substances suddenly acquire new properties when cooled.
5) All substances that we encounter in the world around us are either liquid, or solid, or gaseous.
2. Task 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the second sentence? Write out this word.
Although
These
Thus,
Despite this
Vice versa,
3. Task 3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word WORLD. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
WORLD , -a, pl. -s, -s, husband.
1. The totality of all forms of matter in terrestrial and outer space, the Universe.The origin of the world.
2. A separate region of the Universe, a planet. star worlds.
3. units Earth, Earth, as well as people, the population of the globe.Go around the whole m. The first in the world. World champion. M. tight(about unexpectedly discovered mutual acquaintances, connections; book).
4. United for some reason. signs of human society, social environment, system.Antique m. Scientific m.
5. A separate area of life, phenomena, objects.M. animals, plants. M. sounds. Internal m. of a person. M. hobbies.
6. units (prev. in the world). Secular life, in contrast to monastic life, churches.
7. (prev. on the world). Rural community with its members (obsolete).With the world on a string naked shirt(last).
4. Task 4.
paste over
scarves
dry
lied
will fit
5. Task 5.
Some of the residents affected by the flood were evacuated to safe places in NEIGHBOR villages.
During the testing of new military equipment, fundamentally new TACTICAL methods of organizing field communications were tested.
In the famous park of flowers, about seven million bulbous plants have been planted over the past few months.
The youth project is aimed at THEORETICAL and practical training of a new generation of managers
6. Task 6.
ACHIEVED
less than EIGHT HUNDRED pages
BOTH students
BEAUTIFUL tulle
along LONG avenue
7. Task 7.
A) A year after the exhibition of the painting “Nights on the Dnieper”, A. I. Kuindzhi showed the audience another painting using the same lighting effect. | |
B) One cannot but agree with the statement that those who tirelessly strive to achieve their goal are worthy of deep respect. | |
C) Registration was carried out immediately upon the arrival of the participants of the symposium at the airport. | |
D) Speaking your talk aloud in preparation for speaking to a large audience will help you stay on stage more confidently in the future. | |
E) I. S. Turgenev wrote that "you are my only support and support, O great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language." | |
8. Task 8.
floor..mic
prospect..ktiva
decla..walkie-talkie
zag…relay
s ... rya
9. Task 9.
in.. .section, deprivation.. .yana;
chre ... dimensional, and ... subtly;
pr .. image, pr ... grandmother;
pr.. .hail, pr.. .old;
n..muzzle, not..appreciated.
10. Task 10.
report..out
sweet..nky
almonds..vy
ten..howl
lele..t
11. Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
indescribable..my
drank..t (he)
guessing..my
breaking..my
ardor..t
12. Task 12.
There is an amazing, unbroken silence all around.
In humid air there was a (un)repeated smell of the approaching spring.
No sunrise is (never) like another.
(Not) waiting for my brother, I left.
(Not) knowing the measure will grieve in wealth.
13. Task 13.
(B) THE CONTINUED novel will have (B) TWO more pages than in the first part.
TO (WOULD) find the entrance to the cave, cavers (B) DURING three weeks methodically examined the side of the mountain.
The work (B) will be ready SOON, in about (HALF) HOURS.
(IN) THE END the case was transferred to the district court, after which our opponents went (IN) BACK.
WHEN (THAT) Arkhip understood (ON) FRENCH well.
14. Task 14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which one letter H is written.
The Yu (1) beauty embarrassed (2) smiled and dropped the golden (3) powder (4) itsu from her hands.
15. Task 15. Set up punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Only the owner and Sergey Nikolaevich and Vladimir Petrovich remained in the room.
2) Sviyazhsky was not only smart, but also a very educated person.
4) Everything in the room was quiet and only a faint crackle of wax candles was heard.
5) Somewhere in the hall, a bucket rattles and a quiet splash of water is heard.
16. Task 16.
The technique of deep painting (1) that allows you to draw freely (2) without any physical effort (3) was especially close to Shishkin (4) who retained a free and lively manner of drawing.
17. Task 17. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
Daniil Cherny (1) according to art critics (2) was a painter of the first magnitude. His greatest merit (3) however (4) is that he saw the talent of Andrei Rublev and influenced the development of the individual style of this greatest artist.
18. Task 18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
The certificate (1) for obtaining (2) which (3) I had to undergo a two-year training (4) later came in handy when applying for a new job.
19. Task 19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
But the river majestically carries its waters (1) and what does it care about these flowers (2) that float (3) on the water (4) as ice floes recently floated.
20. Task 20.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
2) As a child, this melody evoked different feelings.
3) This piece of music was written to say goodbye to the Motherland.
5) Vasya the Pole knew personally the composer and author of this melody.
(1) In the backyard of our village, a long room made of planks stood on stilts. (2) For the first time in my life, I heard music here - a violin. (3) Vasya the Pole played on it. (4) What did the music tell me about? (5)0 something very large. (6) What did she complain about, with whom was she angry? (7) I am anxious and bitter. (8) I want to cry, because I feel sorry for myself, I feel sorry for those who sleep soundly in the cemetery!
(9) Vasya, without ceasing to play, said: “(10) This music was written by a person who was deprived of the most precious thing. (11) If a person has no mother, no father, but has a homeland, he is not yet an orphan. (12) Everything passes: love, regret for it, the bitterness of loss, even the pain from wounds - but the longing for the homeland never passes and does not go out. (13) This music was written by my countryman Oginsky. (14) I wrote on the border, saying goodbye to my homeland. (15) 0n sent her last greetings. (16) For a long time there has been no composer in the world, but his pain, his longing, his love for native land, which no one can take away, is still alive.
(17) “Thank you, uncle,” I whispered. (18) "For what, boy?" - (19) "3a that I am not an orphan." (20) With enthusiastic tears I thanked Vasya, this world is nocturnal, the sleeping village, as well as the forest sleeping behind it. (21) At that moment there was no evil for me. (22) The world was kind and lonely just like me. (23) Music about indestructible love for the motherland sounded in me! (24) The Yenisei, not sleeping even at night, the silent village behind me, the grasshopper, working with all its last strength in defiance of autumn in nettles, shimmering with metal - this was my homeland.
(25) ... Many years have passed. (26) And then one day, at the end of the war, I stood near the cannons in a destroyed Polish city. (27) There was a smell of burning, dust all around. (28) And suddenly, in the house located across the street from me, the sounds of an organ were heard. (29) This music stirred up memories. (ZO) Once I wanted to die from incomprehensible sadness and delight after I listened to Oginsky's polonaise. (31) But now the same music that I listened to as a child has refracted in me and petrified, especially that part of it that I once cried from. (32) Music, just like on that distant night, grabbed the throat, but did not squeeze out tears, did not grow with pity. (ЗЗ) She called somewhere, forced to do something so that these fires would go out, so that people would not huddle in the burning ruins, so that the sky would not throw up explosions. (34) Music dominated the city, numb with grief, the very music that, like a sigh of his land, was kept in the heart of a person who had never seen his homeland and yearned for her all his life.
(According to V. Astafiev *)
* Viktor Petrovich Astafiev(1924-2001), an outstanding Russian prose writer. The most important themes of creativity are military and rural.
21. Task 21.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
1) Sentences 17-24 contain a description.
2) Sentences 25-28 contain narration.
3) Sentence 29-32 presents reasoning.
4) Sentences 9-16 list the successive actions of the hero.
5) Sentences 4-8 contain a narrative.
22. Task 22. From sentence 33 write out a synonym for the word "lived, placed"
23. Task 23. Among sentences 25-30, indicate the sentence that is related to the previous one with the help of an adverb and a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.
24. Task 24.
“With music that sounds like a reminder of the homeland, a person will never be left an orphan. The author of the text comes to this conviction. The confirmation of this thought is (A) _____ (“like the breath of your land” in sentence 34). Moreover, music awakens not only feelings, but the desire to do good deeds. As proof, sentence 32 uses such a trope as (B) _____ (“did not grow with pity”). The text uses (B) _____ (“enthusiastic” tears - sentence 20). They give special emotionality to the text (D) _____ (sentences 8, 23).
List of terms:
1) comparative turnover
2) litote
3) epithet
4) irony
5) metaphor
6) parceling
7) question-answer form of presentation
8) expressive repetition
9) exclamatory sentences
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
Option No. 2597497
1. Task 1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?
1) In Nepal, the snow-white cover of mountain peaks is replaced by alpine meadows and even tropical forests.
2) Nepal is the highest country in the world: it is here that the highest Mount Everest and seven more of the fourteen peaks of the planet, whose height reaches 8000 m, are located.
3) The climate of Nepal, the highest mountain country on the planet, is remarkably diverse due to the large difference in altitude above sea level in different parts of the state.
4) The territory of Nepal, according to its natural and geographical features, is divided into altitudinal belts stretching from west to east along the Himalayas.
5) The amazing diversity of the climate of Nepal, the most mountainous country, is caused by a large difference in altitude above sea level in different parts of the state.
2. Task 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third sentence?
However
For example,
Despite this,
Obviously,
Precisely because of
3. Task 3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word HEIGHT. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
HEIGHT , -s, pl. -otam, -ot, -otam, wives.
1. The magnitude, the extent of something. from the bottom to the top.V. brickwork. V. surf. V. cyclone.
2. Space, the distance from the ground up.Look up. The plane is gaining altitude. Fly at high altitude.
3. Elevated place, elevation. Take the height.
4. A high level of development of something.Reach new heights. Master the heights of excellence.
5. In mathematics: a segment of a perpendicular dropped from the top of a geometric figure to its base.B. triangle.
6. One of the main properties of sound is the result of vibrations of the sounding body (special).Absolute, relative c.
4. Task 4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
briefcase
Clala
plum
called
chain
5. Task 5. In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
When asked about my classmates, my friend answered laconicly and DIPLOMATICALLY kept silent about the disagreements between them.
With a few bright, COLORFUL strokes, the artist depicted children running across the lawn.
In a recently released document, this small island nation threatened its neighbors with breaking DIPLOMATIC relations.
The dense IGNORANCE of the visitor amazed even the worldly-wise experienced employees.
It was possible to notice under the bridges the instantaneous reflections of stars in the dark, either swamp or river water.
6. Task 6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
splashing wave
less EASY way
THEIR children
weight in one thousand two hundred tons
several PERSONS
7. Task 7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
A) Having passed the exam for a bachelor's degree, he felt dizzy from unexpected success. | 1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition |
B) Thanks to modern technology, scientists have explored the depths of Lake Samotlor and found the richest oil deposits under the muddy bottom. | 2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate |
C) Many who have been to Pereyaslavl know that this city is younger than Rostov, but its history is also rooted in the distant past. | 3) violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application |
D) To the right of the steering wheel was a compass with a circle of pointer covered with cracked and partly chipped enamel, dotted with numerous divisions. | 4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members |
E) Vladimir said that “it was then that I, in the old Russian town, in Vologda, became interested in history, it was then that I found and began to deal with the archives of my grandfather.” | 5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover |
6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover |
|
7) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech |
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
8. Task 8. Determine the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
navigation
caller shareholder
oz..rit
zag..army
composition
9. Task 9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter.
and .. root, through .. dimensional;
over .. abundance, s.zmala;
pr..huge, pr..education;
in..southern, s.emka;
not..talkative, pro..fuck.
10. Task 10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in place of the gap.
smiling..y
arid..out
rudder..howl
hoped.. hoped
re-glue
11. Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter Y is written in place of the gap.
creeping
number
dormant..t
nama..waving
bre..sting
12. Task 12. Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.
This locality(not) marked on any map.
But they were looking for this truth at all (not) where their ideological opponents were.
Sofya Nikolaevna (not) very aged during this time.
It was (not) easy for the reader at that time to sort out conflicting assessments.
Bought (not) expensive, but cheap furniture.
13. Task 13. Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.
(WHAT) WOULD arrive on time (AT) THE MEETING, we left early.
(FOR) THE REASON for a protracted (NOT) NASTIA campaign was canceled.
The Meshchersky region is SO (SAME) modest, like the paintings of Levitan, and there is THE SAME (SAME) grandeur and tranquility in it, as in the paintings of the artist.
We looked (AT) THE RIGHT, but the road and (NOT) SAW.
(B) CONSEQUENCE of bad weather, we (THAT) SAME remained in the hut until the evening.
14. Task 14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HH is written?
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
The situation on the Russian market began to change in a(1) way due to the supply of all more shares of foreign (2) funds, including those registered (3) in offshore zones.
15. Task 15. Set up punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) The forest smells of needles and rotten leaves and lulls us with the sound of the wind in the crowns
trees.
2) You can get to the wintering place on dogs or on deer.
3) Fog gradually enveloped not only the old pier but the whole city.
4) The moon hid behind clouds and fog rose over the sea.
5) I took a piece of bread and a slice of ham and went up on deck again.
16. Task 16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
The garden (1) became more and more thin and turning into a real meadow (2) descended to (3) a river overgrown with green reeds and willows (4).
17. Task 17. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
An amazingly pleasant experience (1) I remember (2) was for me to lie on my back in the forest and look up. Then the sky (3) seemed (4) to be a bottomless sea spreading before the eyes.
18. Task 18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
The first stage of business conversations or negotiations (1) may be an introductory meeting (2) in the process (3) of which (4) the subject of negotiations is clarified and organizational issues are resolved.
19. Task 19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
Everyone loved me (1) and (2) although I was immensely naughty (3) I was forgiven everything (4) no matter what I did.
20. Task 20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
1) The hero-narrator believes that people choose a secluded island as their place of residence in order to experience a sense of peace and loneliness.
2) According to the hero-narrator, the islanders live slowly because they are separated from the stormy, bustling world by a body of water.
3) The hero-narrator believes that the slowness of the island man is due to his weakness.
4) According to the hero-narrator, the inhabitants of the islands should not be so slow.
5) If you treat your environment and your time carefully, then things can play with new facets.
(1) I wander enchantedly along the sleepy, grassy streets of the city-island of Sviyazhsk, immersed in deep patriarchy. (2) 3here, each house is proud of its difference from the others, each is on its own mind. (H) A lot of brick, very old merchant and bourgeois houses, which were somehow adapted for modern housing. (4) Rotten doors, crooked frames due to old age and skewed porches speak of time.
(5) I go out on a slope under the walls of the Assumption Monastery, from which you can clearly see the boundless Volga expanse with rows of blue islands and the sun leaning towards the horizon. (6) I know that somewhere out there, in the lost distance, is the mouth of the Sviyaga, which flows into the Volga, which gave the name to this wonderful town.
(7) The path under the walls of the monastery is paved with slabs, planted with cultivated trees. (8) I fall into the feather grasses near two trees, intricately woven, as if in a dance, with trunks, I put a backpack under my head.
(9) The sky above my head was freshly blue, as in a windy March. (Y) Closer to the western edge, an elusive pearl turbidity was mixed with its clear azure. (11) I lay under this sky for a long time. (12) Feeling hungry, he chewed crackers. (13) Having eaten crackers and feeling thirsty, he took a couple of sips from a flask.
(14) Having warmed himself in the sun, he even took a nap.
(15) 3and this time no one disturbed me, not a single person passed along the road, on the side of which I was located. (16) This pause, into which I plunged, having fallen out of reality for some time, carried a certain meaning. (17) Having covered one and a half thousand kilometers, I flew here at breakneck speed, with great efforts I crossed over dams, fell into storms, suffered from the scorching sun and rain, fought mosquitoes ... (18) And all in order to find myself in this place on this memorable day and hour, to collapse under the weight of your fatigue into this grass under the white walls of the old monastery ...
(19) Having lived for two days in Sviyazhsk, I, of course, could not help but feel the charm of this place. (20) The answer, apparently, was rooted in the psychology of the local inhabitants - the islanders. (21) An island man lives his life slowly and in detail, he has nowhere to rush, because there is water all around. (22) On the island, the passage of time slows down, as it happens on spaceship flying at near-light speed.
(23) An island person is primarily economical in everything, because every little thing must be imported from the mainland. (24) On the island, any nail and piece of wood are not thrown away, but prudently set aside, so that later they can be used again.
(25) It was here, on the island, that I realized that if you treat your environment and your time carefully, carefully, that is, slowly, thoughtfully and seriously, then things begin to play with their faces, revealing new entities to the owner. (26) Every minute then fills up like rising dough in a tub, swelling with meanings and symbols. (27) Revealing to us the depth of everyday life.
(According to V. Kravchenko *.)
* Vladimir Fedorovich Kravchenko (born in 1953)- Russian publicist.
21. Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
1) In sentences 20-22, reasoning is presented.
2) Sentences 2-4 include a description.
3) Sentences 9-10 contain narration.
4) Sentence 24 clarifies the judgment made in sentence 23 of the text.
5) Sentences 11-14 do not contain successive actions of the hero.
22. Task 22. What word is used in the text in a figurative sense? Write it down.
housing (offer 3)
paved (sentence 7)
clear (sentence 10)
plunged (sentence 16)
23. Task 23. Among sentences 9-14, find one that connects with the previous one using a possessive pronoun.
24. Task 24. Read the review snippet. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.
An excerpt from the work of V. F. Kravchenko “The Book of the River” is a “travel notes” of a person traveling to remote corners of our country. The text, which recreates the author's momentary impressions and his reflections on what he saw, is distinguished by simplicity and vivid imagery. This was reflected in the use of tropes such as (A) _____ (“grassy, deeply patriarchal streets” in sentence 1, “hard-to-find pearl haze” in sentence 10) and (B) _____ (sentences 2, 4). The lexical means of expression found in the text also include (B) _____ (“on your own mind” in sentence 2, “headlong” in sentence 17). Of the syntactic means, the author uses (D)_____ (“of course” in sentence 19, “apparently” in sentence 20).
List of terms:
1) hyperbole(s)
2) appeal(s)
3) introductory words
4) parceling
5) comparison(s)
6) personification(s)
7) phraseological unit(s)
8) epithet(s);
9) contextual synonyms
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
OPTION 18 USE-2015
Part 1
The answers to tasks 1-24 are a number, a word, a phrase or sequence of words, numbers . Write your answer in the answer field in the text of the work, and then transfer
in the ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of the task number, starting from the first cell, Write each letter and number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.
Read the text and complete tasks 1-3.
(1) All substances that we encounter in the world around us are either liquid, or solid, or gaseous. (2)<...>states of substances are called their states of aggregation. (3) Many substances, when cooled or heated, can be transferred from one state of aggregation to another, and in doing so they suddenly acquire completely different properties.
1. Which of the following sentences is correctHOME information contained in the text?
1) Each substance is presented in one of the states of aggregation - liquid, solid or gaseous - and at the same time has certain invariable properties.
2) When cooled or heated, many substances change their state of aggregation - liquid, solid or gaseous, while acquiring completely different properties.
3) Many substances suddenly acquire new properties when cooled.
4) All substances that we meet in the world around us are liquid, or solid, or gaseous.
5) Under the influence of cooling or heating, the aggregate state and properties of many substances change.
2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the second (2) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
On the contrary, Others Even These In spite of this,
Answer:_______________________________________
3 . Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word WORLD. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
WORLD , -pl. -s, -ov, m.
1) The totality of all forms of matter in terrestrial and outer space, the Universe.The origin of the world.
2) units . The globe, the earth, as well as people, the population of the globe.Go around the whole m. The first in the world. World champion. M. tight (about unexpectedly discovered mutual acquaintances, connections; book).
3) United for some reason. signs of human society, social environment, system.Antique m. Scientific m.
4) A separate area of \u200b\u200blife, phenomena, objects.M. animals, plants. M. sounds. Internal m. of a person. M. hobbies.
5) units ( suggestion in the world). Secular life, in contrast to monastic life, churches.
6) ( suggestion on the world). Rural community with its members (obsolete). With the world on a thread - a naked shirt (last).
Answer:_______________________________________
4. One of the following words has an accent error:WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word.
PLUM, having started to inquire, will call the quarter
Answer:_______________________________________
5. One of the suggestions belowWRONG highlighted word is used.Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
In order for a person who speaks a foreign language to learn to communicate freely with native speakers of this language, he needs to overcome the LANGUAGE barrier.
It is not necessary to DECREASE the merits of the coach in the victory of his pupils - young football players - in a match with a more experienced opponent.
Information on the availability of seats on a long-distance train and the cost of railway tickets can be obtained no earlier than 45 days before the date of its departure.
AT early XVIII century with the development of parks and landscape dendrology in France, Hedges have found wide application.
Mastery comes from LONG-TERM observation of a professional at work.
Answer:_______________________________________
6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form.Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
ENGINEER MOST appropriate GO to the city
THEIR books a pair of SOCKS
Answer:_______________________________________
7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
SUGGESTIONS
A) Determining the meaning of incomprehensible words, doubts seized me.
B) Paustovsky’s story “Squeaky Floorboards” tells about the role of Russian nature in the life and work of the great composer P.I. Tchaikovsky.
C) Among the houses built on this street, there were several multi-storey ones.
D) Those who do not study foreign language, is deprived of the opportunity to read the masterpieces of world literature in the original.
E) Scientists said that "we impregnate ancient manuscripts with an organic solution with the addition of antioxidants that could stop the process of paper decay."
Answer:
BUT
8. Determine the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
ex..menator ignition..ranie av..ngard fil..rmonia morning..mbovat
Answer:_______________________________________
9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter.
p..write, with..the voice of ra..rely, in..action
pr..form, pr..sew under..grab, super..interesting
ex..open, ex..follow
Answer:_______________________________________
10. E .
rebuild .. magnetic .. unpretentious .. new smile .. persistent ..
Answer:_______________________________________
11. Write down the word in which the letter is written in the place of the gapAnd .
abandoned.. disturbed.. roasted.. noticed.. spilled.. sh
Answer:_______________________________________
12. Define a sentence thatNOT spelled with the wordONE . Open the brackets and write out this word.
This house is (NOT) BIG, but very cozy.
I have NOTHING to talk to you about.
The computer is (NOT) CONNECTED to the network.
The perishing garden and already (NOT) SUCCESSFUL love are two internally connected themes of the play.
The electric train (NOT) STOPPED at the Perovo platform.
Answer:_______________________________________
13. Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are writtenONE . Open the brackets and write out these two words.
(And) SO, the lyrical hero of Pasternak feels that love helps to overcome the vanity and vulgarity, and (FOR) THEREFORE he recalls the once extinguished spark of love with regret.
(B) FOR Twenty years I traveled Russia in all directions, but EVERYTHING (SAME) best place than the fatherland, did not find.
Based on the concept of predestination, it is possible (FOR) FIRST to justify any act of a person, HOWEVER (WHETHER) repulsive or criminal it may seem to us.
Now Chatsky YES (SAME) has nothing to talk about with Sophia, but EVERYTHING (EQUAL) he loves her.
(I) THIS went on (B) FOR many years.
Answer:_______________________________________
14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which it is writtenNN.
Why do skates made (1) of any material glide only on an ice (2) surface and perfectly (3) do not slide on a smooth stone (4) floor.
Answer:_______________________________________
15. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of offers in which you want to putONE comma.
1) The caravel had three masts with straight and oblique sails and could move in the right direction even with a headwind.
2) The yellowish or pinkish petals of this plant grow singly or in pairs.
3) Bright poppies and delicate tulips and shaggy marigolds were planted in the flower bed.
4) Representatives of the intelligentsia have always strived for semantic accuracy and expressiveness of speech, fought against distortion and clogging of their native language.
5) Work clothes and rubber boots were stacked in the corner of the room.
Answer:_______________________________________
16. Put punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
I saw all around one boundless azure sea (1) all covered with small ripples of golden scales, and overhead the same boundless, the same azure sky - and across it (2) triumphant (3) and as if laughing (4) the gentle sun rolled.
Answer:_______________________________________
17. Put punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences.
Sometimes a thought will come that (1) seems (2) true, but you are afraid to believe it. But then you see that that thought, which (3) may be (4) strange, is actually the simplest truth: once you know it, you can no longer stop believing in it.
Answer:_______________________________________
18. Use punctuation marks
For a long time, whales (1) observed (2) which (3) were previously managed by a few (4) were considered fish.
Answer:_______________________________________
19. Use punctuation marks : enter all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
The sister did not answer (1) and (2) to distract herself from the unpleasant conversation (3) she went to the bird cage and began to absently pour grain into the feeders (4) although they were already full.
Answer:_______________________________________
Read the text and complete tasks 20-25.
(1) The old village with its thousand-year history goes into oblivion today. (2) And this means that centuries-old foundations are collapsing, that centuries-old soil on which our entire national culture grew: its ethics and aesthetics, its folklore and literature, its miracle, language, disappears. (3) The village is our origins, our roots. (4) The village is the mother's womb, where our national character was born.
(5) And today, when the old village is living out its last days, we peer with a new, special, heightened attention at the type of person that was created by her, peer at our mothers and fathers, grandfathers and grandmothers.
(6) Oh, a little kind words fell to their lot! (7) But it is precisely on them, on the shoulders of these nameless workers and warriors, that the building of our entire life today stands firmly!
(8) Recall, for example, only one feat of a Russian woman in last war. (9) After all, it was she, the Russian woman, who, with her superhuman work, opened the second front in the forty-first year, which the Soviet Army so longed for. (10) But how, by what measure to measure the feat of the same Russian woman in the post-war period, in those days when she, often herself hungry, undressed and undressed, fed and clothed the country, with true patience and resignation of a Russian peasant woman, carried the heavy cross of a widow - soldiers, mothers of sons who died in the war!
(11) So what is surprising that the old peasant woman in our literature for a while pressed, and sometimes even overshadowed other characters? (12) Recall "Matryonin Dvor" by A. Solzhenitsyn, "The Deadline" by V. Rasputin, the heroines of V. Shukshin, A. Astafiev and V. Belov. (13) No, this is not an idealization of village life and not a longing for the outgoing hut of Russia, as some critics and writers broadcast with thoughtless ease and arrogance, but our filial, albeit belated gratitude.
(14) This is the desire to comprehend and hold spiritual experience people of the older generation, that moral potential, those moral forces that did not let Russia fall into the abyss during the years of the most difficult trials.
(15) Yes, these heroines are dark and illiterate, yes, naive and too trusting, but what spiritual placers, what spiritual light! (16) Infinite selflessness, a heightened Russian conscience and a sense of duty, the ability to self-restraint and compassion, love for work, for the earth and for all living things - yes, you can’t list everything.
(17) Unfortunately, a modern young person, brought up in other, more favorable conditions, does not always inherit these vital qualities. (18) And one of the main tasks of modern literature is to warn young people from the danger of mental hardening, to help them learn and enrich the spiritual baggage accumulated by previous generations.
(19) Recently, we have been talking a lot about the preservation of the natural environment, monuments of material culture. (20) Isn't it time, with the same energy and vigor, to raise the question of the preservation and protection of the enduring values of spiritual culture, accumulated by centuries of folk experience ...
(According to F. Abramov*)
*Fyodor Alexandrovich Abramov (1920-1983) - Russian writer, literary critic, publicist; one of the most prominent representatives of "village prose" - a significant trend in Soviet literature of the 1960s-1980s.
20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.
1) The old village will soon cease to exist.
2) The well-being of current generations became possible thanks to millions of nameless workers and warriors - our ancestors.
3) The works of writers about the Russian village are imbued with longing for the outgoing hut of Russia.
4) It is necessary to preserve and protect the enduring values of the spiritual culture of our people.
5) Modern literature should entertain, create conditions for have a nice rest after work.
Answer:_______________________________________
21. Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.
1) Sentence 2 explains the content of sentence 1.
2) Sentences 8-10 contain an illustration of the statement given in sentence 7.
3) Sentences 11-13 contain a narrative.
4) Sentences 15-16 present the narrative.
5) In sentences 19-20, reasoning is presented.
Answer:_______________________________________
22. From sentences 3-6 write out antonyms (antonymic pair).
Answer:_______________________________________
23. Among sentences 10-13, find one that is connected with the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun. Write the number of this offer.
Answer:_______________________________________
Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks 20 – 23.
This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps (A, B, C, D) with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write in the table under each letter the corresponding number.
Write the sequence of numbers in the ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of the task number 24, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and other additional characters.
Write each number in accordance with the samples given in the form.
24. " The author is not indifferent to the fate of the Russian village, so his reasoning is deeply emotional. The emotionality of the text is given by the syntactic means of expression: (A) ___________ (sentences 6-7) and (B) _________ (sentence 11), as well as the technique - (C) _________ (sentences 3-4). Speaking about the spiritual sphere, F. Abramov uses such a trope as (D) ___________ (for example, in sentence 18).
List of terms:
1) litote
2) phraseological unit
3) book words
4) anaphora
5) metaphor
6) exclamatory sentences
7) parceling
9) question-answer form of presentation
Answer:
BUT
Part 2
25. Write an essay based on the text you read.
Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid over-quoting).
Formulate position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).
The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.
A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.
Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.
ANSWERS
OPTION 18 USE-2015
to the tasks of part 1
№ tasks
starayanov newold oldnew newold
TEXT INFORMATION
PART 2
Approximate range of problems
4. The problem of the meaning of the image of the Russian peasant woman in the literature of the 60-70sXXcentury. (What is the meaning of the image of a Russian peasant woman created in the works of Russian literature of the 60s and 70sXXcentury?)
I saw all around one boundless azure sea (1) all covered with small ripples of golden scales, and above my head the same boundless, the same azure sky - and across it (2) triumphant (3) and as if laughing (4) the gentle sun rolled.
1) 1, 2, 4 2) 1, 2, 3 3) 2, 3, 4 4) 1, 3, 4
In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in the place of which commas should be in the sentences?
Sometimes a thought will come that (1) seems (2) true, but you are afraid to believe it. But then you see that that thought, which (3) may be (4) strange, is actually the simplest truth: once you know it, you can no longer stop believing in it.
1) 3, 4 2) 1, 3 3) 1, 2 4) 1, 2, 3, 4
Specify the sentence in which you need to put one comma. (No punctuation marks.)
The caravel had three masts with straight and oblique sails and could move in the right direction even with a headwind.
The yellowish or pink petals of this plant grow singly or in pairs.
The flower bed was planted with bright poppies and delicate tulips and shaggy marigolds.
Representatives of the intelligentsia have always strived for semantic accuracy and expressiveness of speech, fought against distortion and clogging of their native language.
How do you explain the use of a colon in this sentence?
The Impressionists E. Manet, O. Renoir, E. Degas brought freshness and
immediacy of the perception of life: they began to depict instantaneous, as if
random movements and situations, unexpected angles of figures.
The second part of the unionless complex sentence explains, reveals the content of the first part.
The generalizing word stands before a number of homogeneous members.
The first part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the condition for performing the action, which is mentioned in the second part.
The second part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the consequence of what is said in the first part.
Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
For a long time, whales (1) which (3) were previously observed by a few (4) were considered fish.
1, 3 2) 2, 4 3) 2, 3 4) 1, 4
Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
The sister did not answer (1) and (2) to distract herself from an unpleasant conversation (3) she went to the bird cage and began to absently pour grain into the feeders
although they were already full.
1, 2, 4 2) 1, 2, 3, 4 3) 1, 3 4) 2, 3
Read the text.
All substances that we encounter in the world around us are either liquid, or solid, or gaseous. These states of matter are called their states of aggregation. Many substances, when cooled or heated, can be transferred from one state of aggregation to another, and in doing so they suddenly acquire completely different properties.
Which of the following sentences correctly conveys home information,
Each substance is presented in one of the states of aggregation - liquid, solid or gaseous - and at the same time has certain invariable properties.
When cooled or heated, many substances change their state of aggregation - liquid, solid or gaseous, while acquiring completely different properties.
Many substances suddenly acquire new properties when cooled.
All substances that we encounter in the world around us are either liquid, or solid, or gaseous.
Read the text and complete tasks A28-A30; B1-B8; C1.
(1) Wilhelm, read your poems,
For me to fall asleep sooner.
Tell me, Wilhelm, was it not so with us,
My own brother by muse, by fate?
What different assessments of one person - with the same, friendly, pen!
Where is the truth? (5) What year?
Once, at a gloomy hour, Wilhelm Küchelbecker will write to the husband of his older sister, the famous scientist and teacher Grigory Glinka, that everything in the Lyceum displeased him, that there are no friends and no business. (8) The relative answered: “... I regret with you
about your failures, ”advised to stick tighter to the sciences, but blamed Kühly himself:
“You hope in vain to find friends among the anemones of your age, not yet ripe for a feeling of friendship yourself. (Yu) In general, try to take advantage of the golden times of your youth, being engaged exclusively in sciences in which the good of our life; do not lose sight of your future appointment in society and make yourself worthy of it. (11) Do not cry about everything and at any time; a whiny face, just like a too sad mood, does not in the least combine with youthful age. (12) Accustomed to looking at all things from the worst side, you will inevitably be unhappy.
Believe me also that in almost all cases of life we ourselves are the instrument of our own happiness or misfortune.
Yes, Kuchelbecker himself in another minute will call his friends "cute and beautiful."
And so it will continue: friendship and mockery, friendship and a ruthless epigram. (16) Kyukhlya will call Pushkin to shoot; from ridicule at his lanky, awkward figure will come to despair; one day he rushes to drown himself in the Tsarskoye Selo pond - they will pull him out and will love him, as they loved before, marveling at the combination of inspiration, talent and terrible inconsistencies. (17) Loving, they will again scoff, put up ...
And why not?
Does it matter in what century former classmates were young and old? (22) Does it matter if they have light bulbs or candles in the classroom? (23) Do they wear jeans or camisoles, cocked hats? (24) Of course, the difference of centuries is not indifferent to us. (25) Of course, each era has its own unique voice and style ... (26) But how much is there in common! (27) Didn't they, young great-grandfathers, love like great-grandchildren, didn't dream, didn't they die? (28) Wouldn't we, contemporaries of space rockets and now digital television, find something to talk about, what to ask those guys, and they ask us?
Looking at ourselves and our friends, as if from the outside, “through another century”, through the deeds, thoughts and documents of long-gone people, we suddenly notice something that was almost indistinguishable up close, up close...
(According to N.Ya. Eidelman*)
*Natan Yakovlevich Eidelman (1930-1989) - writer, historian, literary critic.
What sentence should be in place of the pass under the number 6?
Pushkin will never admit it...
Evidence of Pushkin's true relationship to Kuchelbecker has been lost...
Nowhere...
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
Sentences 21-26 contain reasoning.
Sentences 11-13 present reasoning.
Sentences 16-17 list the events that took place.
Sentence 9 contains a description.
Indicate a synonym for the word LANKY from sentence 16.
grandiloquent 2) tall 3) undersized 4) low
When completing the tasks of this part, write down your answer in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the task number (B1-B8), starting from the first cell. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form. Separate words or numbers with commas when listing. Put each comma in a separate box. Spaces are not used when writing answers.
Answers to tasks B1-B3 write down in words.
21 I From sentences 12-13 write out the word formed by the prefix-suffix method.
From sentences 8-11 write out the adverb in the comparative degree.
From sentence 7, write out the subordinating phrase with the connection CONNECTION.
Write down the answers to tasks B4-B8 in numbers.
I Among sentences 9-18 find a simple one-part indefinite personal sentence. Write the number of this offer.
| Among sentences 15-28, find sentences that have a separate application. Write the numbers of these proposals.
20 | Among sentences 7-16, find a complex sentence that includes three homogeneous clauses. Write the number of this compound sentence.
27 Among sentences 7-12, find one that is related to the previous one using contextual synonyms. Write the number of this offer.
Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A28-AZO, B1-B7. This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should be in the place of the gap, write the number 0. The sequence of numbers in the order in which they are written by you in the text of the review in the place of the gaps, write down in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the task number B8, starting from the first cell. Write each number in a separate cell in accordance with the samples given in the form. Numbers when transferring separate with commas. Put each comma in a separate box. Spaces are not used when writing answers.
“The talented Pushkinist N.Ya. Eidelman, who devoted his scientific and literary activity to the history of the Decembrist movement, compares friendly relations modern young people and lyceum students of Pushkin
release, using a technique such as (sentences 9-13), and
syntactic means: (for example, in sentence 16) and
(proposals 27, 28). (“friendship” - “mock”,
"friendship" - "epigram" in sentence 15) emphasize the peculiarity of relations between lyceum students.
List of terms:
rhetorical questions 6) metaphors
contextual antonyms 7) question-answer form of presentation
emotional-evaluative words 8) comparative turnover
colloquial words 9) quoting
rows of homogeneous members
To answer the task of this part, use the answer sheet L® 2. First write down the task number C1, and then write an essay.
Write an essay based on the text you read.
Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid over-quoting).
Formulate the position of the author. Write whether you agree or disagree with his point of view. Explain why. Argument your answer, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).
The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.
A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated.
If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.
Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.
Option 13
When completing the tasks of this part in the answer sheet No. 1, under the number of the task you are performing (A1-A30), put the “x” sign in the box, the number of which corresponds to the number of the answer you have chosen.
D1 | In which word is the letter denoting the stressed vowel correctly highlighted?
brought down 2) ahead of time 3) sorrel 4) poured over
A2 | In which answer is the underlined word used incorrectly?
Parents should remember that a good LANGUAGE Kid `s camp may be located not only in London.
Working with CASH is a serious issue for every enterprise.
Experienced gardeners believe that properly grown Hedge much more durable and reliable than the strongest fences.
A BUSINESS lunch can be considered as a variant of working communication, provided that you did not come to this lunch in order to satisfy your hunger or thirst.
DZ I Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form.
about five hundred photographs
go to town
couple of socks
most relevant
d^ | Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.
Examining the rock paintings of the Stone Age,
the drawings can be understood by people of different nationalities.
you see the most important events in people's lives, scenes of hunting and battles.
understanding of such figures can be ambiguous.
realities of the distant past are visible.
dd I Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
Thanks to an article in the newspaper, we learned about the resumption of the tourist boat route to the Northern Islands.
Kem is one of the oldest cities in Russia located on the White Sea.
Everyone who wrote a review for “excellent*” gave a deep analysis of the work and substantiated their point of view.
Paustovsky's story "Squeaky Floorboards" tells about the role of Russian nature in the life and work of the great composer Tchaikovsky.
In which sentence is the subordinate clause complex sentence it is forbidden
be replaced by a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover?
The estate stands at the very edge of the hill, which is covered with a picturesque centuries-old oak forest.
This village arose in a later period next to the remains of an ancient city, the name of which it secured.
AT late XIX century, the estate was acquired by the Kursk merchant of the first guild Georgy Alexandrovich Novosiltsev, who was the last owner of Lebyazhye.
The workshop in Sergiev Posad, which was organized by the Moscow Zemstvo in 1891, largely owes its existence to S.T. Morozov.
Read the text and complete tasks A7-A12.
(1)... (2) Many of these changes cause serious disturbances in the functioning of organs and systems. (3) But living organisms are able to protect themselves from adverse influences and maintain the stability of the internal environment due to the fact that they are able to adapt. (4) Adaptation is understood as the totality of all physiological reactions that ensure the adaptation of the structure and functions of an organism or an individual organ to a change environment. (5) If the organism did not have the ability to adapt, a change in the conditions of existence could lead to its death. (6) ... adaptation plays a very important role in the life of organisms.
Which of the following sentences should be first in this text?
There are various pharmacological preparations that promote adaptation.
Rational nutrition ensures a normal metabolism, which increases the level of adaptation.
Adaptability to certain conditions external environment - essential condition survival of a living organism.
The environment in which living organisms exist is constantly changing.
Which of the following words should be in place of the gap in sixth text sentence?
First 3) However
Therefore, 4) However,
A9 I What words are the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of the complex sentence of the text?
violations cause (sentence 2)
organisms are capable (sentence 3)
they are able to adapt (sentence 3)
change could (sentence 5)
Indicate the correct description of the third (3) sentence of the text.
Complicated 3) simple complicated
compound non-union 4) compound
Select the sentence that contains a personal pronoun.
1) 5 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
Indicate the meaning of the word ABILITY (sentence 5).
condition 2) talent 3) skill 4) reason
In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in place of which HN is written?
The sun was golden in the east, behind the fog (1) blue of the distant (2) forests, behind the white snowy lowland (3) cool, which the ancient Russian city looked at from the low shore.
1 2) 1, 2 3) 2, 3 4) 1, 2, 3
In which row is the unstressed checked vowel of the root missing in all words?
nalom..nanie, vocabulary, vyl..live
sprawled, orbital, polemical
examine, paved, ed..
preserve, horizontal, k..rrierist
In which row in all words is the same letter missing?
accrue, be .. compromise, unbending
discard, on .. write, on .. cross out
pr..funny, contact, pr..school
from..reveal, deprivation..yana, inter..linguistic
In which row in both words is the letter I written at the place of the gap?
- Unified State Examination Russianlanguage(March 23 2012
year) Each rural ... write Trial in the top center USE-2012
. Russianlanguage OPTION - All secondary schools must ... commissions to verify the trial USE on Russianlanguage should arrive at 12. ...
When studying the material of the previous paragraphs, you have already become acquainted with some substances. So, for example, a hydrogen gas molecule consists of two atoms chemical element hydrogen -
Simple substances are substances that contain atoms of the same type.
Simple substances, from among the substances known to you, include: oxygen, graphite, sulfur, nitrogen, all metals: iron, copper, aluminum, gold, etc. Sulfur is made up of only atoms of the chemical element sulfur, while graphite is made up of atoms of the chemical element carbon. It is necessary to clearly distinguish between concepts "chemical element" and "simple substance".
For example, diamond and carbon are not the same thing.
Carbon is a chemical element, and diamond is a simple substance formed by the chemical element carbon. In this case, a chemical element (carbon) and a simple substance (diamond) are called differently.
Often a chemical element and a simple substance corresponding to it are called the same. For example, the element oxygen corresponds to a simple substance - oxygen. It is necessary to learn to distinguish where we are talking about an element, and where about a substance! For example, when they say that oxygen is part of water, we are talking about the element oxygen. When they say that oxygen is a gas necessary for breathing, we are talking about a simple substance, oxygen. Simple substances of chemical elements are divided into two groups - metals and non-metals.
Metals and non-metals fundamentally different in their physical properties. All metals are solids under normal conditions, with the exception of mercury - the only liquid metal.
Metals are opaque, have a characteristic metallic sheen. Metals are plastic, they conduct heat and electric current well. Non-metals are not similar to each other in physical properties. So, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen are gases, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus are solids. The only liquid non-metal - bromine - is a brown-red liquid. If you draw a conditional line from the chemical element boron to the chemical element astatine, then in the long version
of the Periodic System above the line are non-metallic elements, and below it - metal. In the short version of the Periodic Table, the non-metallic elements are located below this line, and both the metallic and non-metallic elements are above it. This means that it is more convenient to determine whether an element is metallic or non-metallic using the long version of the Periodic System.
This division is conditional, since all elements in one way or another exhibit both metallic and non-metallic properties, but in most cases such a distribution is true.
Compound substances and their classification
If the composition of simple substances includes atoms of only one type, it is easy to guess that the composition of complex substances will include several types of different atoms, at least two. An example of a complex substance is water, you know its chemical formula - H2O.
Water molecules are made up of two types of atoms: hydrogen and oxygen.
Complex Substances Substances that are made up of different types of atoms
Let's do the following experiment. Mix powders of sulfur and zinc. We place the mixture on a metal sheet and set it on fire with a wooden torch. The mixture ignites and quickly burns with a bright flame. After finishing chemical reaction a new substance was formed, which includes sulfur and zinc atoms. The properties of this substance are completely different than the properties of the original substances - sulfur and zinc.
Complex substances are usually divided into two groups: not organic matter and their derivatives and organic substances and their derivatives. For example, rock salt is an inorganic substance, while the starch found in potatoes is an organic substance.
Structure types of substances
According to the type of particles that make up substances, substances are divided into substances molecular and non-molecular structure. The composition of a substance can include various structural particles, such as atoms, molecules, ions. Therefore, there are three types of substances: substances of atomic, ionic and molecular structure. Substances of different types of structure will have different properties.
Substances of atomic structure
An example of substances of an atomic structure can be substances formed by the element carbon: graphite and diamond. The composition of these substances includes only carbon atoms, but the properties of these substances are very different. Graphite- fragile, easily exfoliating substance of gray-black color. Diamond- transparent, one of the hardest mineral on the planet. Why do substances composed of the same type of atoms have different properties? It's all about the structure of these substances. The carbon atoms in graphite and diamond bond in different ways. Substances of atomic structure have high boiling and melting points, as a rule, they are insoluble in water, non-volatile. Crystal lattice - an auxiliary geometric image introduced to analyze the structure of a crystal
Substances of molecular structure- These are almost all liquids and most gaseous substances. There are also crystalline substances, the composition of the crystal lattice of which includes molecules. Water is a substance of molecular structure. Ice also has a molecular structure, but unlike liquid water, it has a crystal lattice where all molecules are strictly ordered. Substances of a molecular structure have low boiling and melting points, are usually brittle, and do not conduct electric current.
Substances of ionic structure
Substances of ionic structure are solid crystalline substances. An example of an ionic compound substance is table salt. Its chemical formula is NaCl. As you can see, NaCl consists of ions Na+ and Cl⎺, alternating in certain places (nodes) of the crystal lattice. Substances of an ionic structure have high melting and boiling points, are fragile, as a rule, are highly soluble in water, and do not conduct electric current. The concepts of "atom", "chemical element" and "simple substance" should not be confused.
- "Atom"- a concrete concept, since atoms really exist.
- "Chemical element" is a collective, abstract concept; in nature, a chemical element exists in the form of free or chemically bound atoms, that is, simple and complex substances.
The names of chemical elements and the corresponding simple substances coincide in most cases. When we talk about a material or component of a mixture - for example, a flask filled with gaseous chlorine, an aqueous solution of bromine, let's take a piece of phosphorus - we are talking about a simple substance. If we say that a chlorine atom contains 17 electrons, a substance contains phosphorus, a molecule consists of two bromine atoms, then we mean a chemical element.
It is necessary to distinguish between the properties (characteristics) of a simple substance (a collection of particles) and the properties (characteristics) of a chemical element (an isolated atom of a certain type), see the table below:
Compounds must be distinguished from mixtures, which also consist of different elements. The quantitative ratio of the components of the mixture can be variable, and the chemical compounds have a constant composition. For example, in a glass of tea, you can add one spoonful of sugar, or several, and sucrose molecules С12Н22О11 contains exactly 12 carbon atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms and 11 oxygen atoms.
Thus, the composition of compounds can be described by one chemical formula, and the composition mixture is not. The components of the mixture retain their physical and Chemical properties. For example, if you mix iron powder with sulfur, then a mixture of two substances is formed.
Both sulfur and iron in this mixture retain their properties: iron is attracted by a magnet, and sulfur is not wetted by water and floats on its surface. If sulfur and iron react with each other, a new compound is formed with the formula FeS, which does not have the properties of either iron or sulfur, but has a set of its own properties. In conjunction FeS iron and sulfur are bound together and cannot be separated by methods that separate mixtures.
Conclusions from the article on the topic Simple and complex substances
- Simple substances- substances that contain atoms of the same type
- Elements are divided into metals and non-metals
- Compounds are substances that contain different types of atoms.
- Compounds are divided into organic and inorganic
- There are substances of atomic, molecular and ionic structure, their properties are different
- Crystal cell is an auxiliary geometric image introduced to analyze the crystal structure
In which sentence the subordinate clause of a complex sentence cannot be replaced
a separate definition expressed by the participial
turnover?
1) The protagonist In Dostoevsky's The Idiot, Prince Myshkin is both comical and tragic, like the Don Quixote with whom he is associated.
2) By 1856, the creative interests of Shishkin, who stood out among his comrades with undoubted talent, were finally determined.
3) The road indicated by Pugachev turned out to be saving for Petrusha and disastrous for others.
4) Beethoven's Ninth Symphony served as a model for artists of the Romantic era who were fond of the utopia of synthetic art.
Read the text.
All substances that we encounter in the world around us are either liquid, or solid, or gaseous. These states of matter are called their states of aggregation. Many substances, when cooled or heated, can be transferred from one state of aggregation to another, and in doing so they suddenly acquire completely different properties.
Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?
1) Each substance is presented in one of the states of aggregation - liquid, solid or gaseous - and at the same time has certain invariable
properties.
2) When cooled or heated, many substances change their state of aggregation - liquid, solid or gaseous, while acquiring completely different properties.
3) Many substances suddenly acquire new properties when cooled.
4) All substances that we encounter in the world around us are either liquid, or solid, or gaseous.
Read the text and complete tasks A28 – A30; B1-
B8; C1.
Today I realized for the first time: it will be sad to leave. (2) Just sad, without any metaphors or unnecessary comparisons. (3) Eleventh grade is like an hourglass. (4) Above - school, below - you. (5) And now you take from the school everything that it gives, and do not wait for the lesson to end, when you can close it behind you
class door, rush down the corridor at full speed, run down the stairs, jump like a grasshopper: “Home, home!” (6) Don't feel like it now!
(7) In the eleventh grade, learning is fun. (8) We joke more often, we laugh louder, we quarrel less often. (9) We don’t quarrel at all! (10) In the classroom, there’s no time for studying, because I like to look at my maturing classmates, sigh: “What ...” (11) Remember who was in love with whom, who liked who. (12) Who is funny, who is touchy, who is eccentric, who will always help, and who will postpone. (13) In the eleventh grade it is easy to love everyone, and everyone seems to be the best. (14) Who annoyed becomes imperceptibly best friend. (15) The one whom you considered stupid, you now consider just very simple. (16) And good. (17) And you don’t call anyone names, you even try to forget about school “klikuhi”: to everyone by name.
(18) Respectfully and as a friend. (19) Recently, in literature lessons, it seems to me that between us, classmates, windows are beating, curtains are being torn off,
everything becomes clear...
(20) We break away from a work of art, from the stories of Bunin and Kuprin, we spring with literary lines, we jump and fly away beyond the horizons of the school curriculum, to where life begins ... (21) We delve into the topic of love, which touches the most, makes us argue talk loudly and passionately...
(22) Everyone believes in love the same way. (23) And it is unfair to single out someone: boys, girls ... (24) There are no more or less romantic or sentimental ones. (25) Surprisingly, young men are even more often more interested in discussing love, personal relationships. (26) And they turn out to be more active, raise their hand to answer which of the heroes of the story or story is to blame for the separation, who was mistaken, as he himself would have done in such a situation. (27) And now we are doing literature with great zeal, we are in a hurry to start studying right away, as soon as the bell rings. (28) And our teacher is also interested, she watches us, is mysteriously silent, smiles, throws up new questions, topics for
discussion. (29) And the books from the school curriculum suddenly have an unexpected continuation.
(30) And I understand with surprise: we are not children, we are not schoolchildren, already men, already women ... (31) Those about whom books are written and written ...
(According to N. Mikhailova)
Which statement contradicts the content of the text?
1) In the senior class, it is pleasant to remember how relations developed between classmates during the school years.
2) In the eleventh grade, schoolchildren begin to treat each other more respectfully than before.
3) Discussion works of art at the lessons of literature brings together eleventh graders.
4) Eleventh-graders cannot yet be called adults.
