Give general characteristics state as the main institution political system:
- find out who owns and how the supreme power in the state is formed, what is the structure and scope of power.
- establish how the territory of the state is organized, into what parts it is divided.
-clarify what methods and means the state uses to exercise power,
as well as the degree of participation of the people in it and the position of the individual.
Lesson plan:
1. The concept of a political institution.
3. Functions of the state.
1. A political institution is a set of roles and statuses designed to satisfy political needs. (First of all, this is the state, parliament, presidency, political parties and pressure groups, legal systems and courts, electoral systems, etc.)
Main function of all institutions - regulation of socio-political processes and phenomena in order to maintain their stability and maintain balance between them.
2. The state as a political institution. Its signs.
The state is the main institution of the political system of society, created to organize and manage the life of a certain population in a certain territory with the help of state power, which is binding on all its citizens.
Signs of the state:
Territory
- population
- power
- sovereignty
- monopoly on the legal use of force
- exclusive right for the publication of laws
- universality
- the right to collect taxes and fees from the population
The state apparatus is a system government agencies, interconnected general principles, unity of the final goal and interaction, endowed with authority, as well as having the material and technical capabilities to carry out their functions.
State bodies are structural links of the state apparatus.
3. Functions of the state.
The social purpose of the state is expressed in its functions, i.e. the main directions of its activities to implement current tasks.
Typically, the functions of the state are divided into internal and external.
Internal functions ensure satisfaction of the diverse interests of the country's population. These include economic, social, cultural, environmental, and law enforcement functions.
External functions are aimed at establishing mutually beneficial economic, political, cultural, technical, environmental and military cooperation with other states, and ensuring the country's defense capability.
4. Shapes government structure V modern world.
State form - totality external signs state, including three elements: form of government, form of government and political regime.
The form of government is the administrative-territorial organization of the state, as well as the system of relationships between central and regional authorities. There are two forms of government: federation and unitary state.
A federation is a form of government in which its constituent administrative-territorial entities (subjects) have limited legal and political independence.
Federal states include: Australia, Austria, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, India, Canada, Russia, USA, etc.
A unitary state is a form of government whose administrative-territorial entities do not have political independence.
Unitary states include: Great Britain, Japan, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, etc.
A confederation is a more or less permanent union of states that fully retain their state sovereignty in order to realize some common goals.
Members of the confederation transfer to the competence of allied bodies the resolution of only a limited number of issues, most often in the field of defense, foreign policy, transport and communications, monetary system.
The form of government is characterized by the order of formation higher authorities state power (head of state, parliament, government), as well as the distribution of powers and functions between them.
Modern states have two forms of government: monarchy and republic.
A republic is a form of government in which all the highest bodies of state power are either elected or formed by national representative institutions (parliaments). Within the republican form of government, it is customary to distinguish between presidential, parliamentary and mixed republics.
A parliamentary republic is characterized by the fact that parliament is formally a sovereign body that forms a government that is politically responsible to it and elects a president, who is only the head of state, but not the executive branch. The classic model of a parliamentary republic exists in Italy and Germany.
A presidential republic is characterized by the fact that the president, who is elected, as a rule, by the people, is legally and in fact the head of state and executive power.
Monarchy is a form of government in which supreme power belongs to one person who holds his position in the established order of succession to the throne.
In the modern world, two types of monarchy remain - absolute and constitutional.
An absolute monarchy is characterized by the legal and actual concentration of all state power in the hands of the monarch. It exercises executive power jointly with the government, and legislative power through legislative advisory bodies (appointed or elected). Currently, there are eight absolute monarchies in the world: Bahrain, Brunei, Vatican City, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Saudi Arabia.
Constitutional monarchy - the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution or laws, as well as the existing legislative and executive bodies of the state.
Constitutional monarchy
dualistic parliamentary
The power of the monarch is limited by the constitution, but the monarch both formally and actually retains extensive powers. The monarch performs his functions purely nominally.
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A state is a political community that has a certain structure, organization of political power and management social processes in a certain area. A variety of reasons have been put forward for the emergence and existence of the state: in theological theory it is Divine power; in contract - the power of reason, consciousness; in psychological - factors of the human psyche; in organic - biological factors; in the materialist - socio-economic factors; in the theory of violence - military-political factors.
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Signs of a state: public power, materialized in government bodies and extending to the entire territory of the country, to all citizens (government, bureaucracy, army, police, etc.); monopoly right to issue laws and legal acts binding on the entire population; a system of taxes, duties, loans necessary for the material support of state policy; territory - the space over which the jurisdiction of the state extends; sovereignty, that is, the supremacy of state power within the country and independence in international relations; monopoly right to coercion and the relevant bodies for its implementation (army, police, security services, court).
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The functions of the state are the main directions of the state’s activities to solve the problems facing it. They are divided into internal and external. Internal functions: economic; social; organizational; legal; political; educational; cultural and educational. External functions: ensuring national security, protecting the fatherland from external enemies; development of mutually beneficial relations with other states, cooperation in the economic, political, spiritual and military spheres; ensuring peaceful coexistence between peoples and states, joint solutions global problems modernity.
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To implement both internal and external functions, the state has a certain organizational structure. In a modern state, the following public authorities are distinguished: representative; executive and administrative; judicial; prosecutors and law enforcement agencies; bodies for the protection of national interests and security of the country.
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Civil society is a human community emerging and developing in democratic states, represented by a network of voluntarily formed non-state structures (unions, organizations, associations, unions, centers, clubs, foundations) in all spheres of society and a set of non-state relations - economic, political, social, spiritual, religious and others.
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Signs of civil society: full provision of human and civil rights and freedoms; self-government; competition between the structures that form it and various groups of people; It is not vertical (subordination) that predominates, but horizontal connections—relations of competition and solidarity. free-forming public opinion and pluralism; general awareness and real implementation of the human right to information; life activity in it is based on the principle of coordination; diversity of the economy; legitimacy and democratic nature of government; rule of law; strong social policy of the state, ensuring a decent standard of living for people.
“Forms of Government” - The government is responsible to the president. The executive branch is formed by parliament. Democracy is rule by an organized majority. The institution of the president may exist (the president is elected by parliament). Aristocracy is rule by a minority. Absolute monarchies: Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain.
“Developed socialism” - Recognition of public self-government as an ideal of social structure. The state defines and consolidates the norms and principles of social justice. Denial of material interest and economic freedom of individuals. The founders of socialism are German Marxists E. Bernstein and K. Kautsky.
“The state in the political system” - The state is the result of the manifestation of the human psyche. Transport arteries. Conditions for the existence of civil society. Typology of states. Interaction between civil society, law and state. Judicial system. Elements of the state. State security bodies. By political regime: Totalitarian; Authoritarian; Democratic state.
"Political Culture" - Typology political cultures. Manifestations of value orientations. Patriarchal culture - lack of interest in politics. Man in political life. Political value orientations. Culture is largely determined by the type of political system. What is political consciousness and political behavior?
“Political power” - State. National relations. Personal enrichment. Politicians. Political parties. The state is an instrument of power. Human. Subjects and objects of politics. How political power different from other types of power? Events and issues domestic and international public life. Why do people need politics? Authority.
“Political conflict” - Conflict resolution. Contradictions between different political actors. Conflicts also arise as a result of political contradictions. Development of political conflict. Basic concepts and terms. Conflict resolution. Three types of agreement. Conflict in politics: is it evil or necessary? Political conflict.
There are a total of 25 presentations in the topic
“Law and the rule of law” - Rule of Law. Parliament. Main task. The state must be legal. Signs of a rule of law state. Development of the idea of the rule of law. Right must be higher than power. Court. What is the rule of law? Democratic state. Various authorities. Making laws. Government.
“Improving public administration” - Development of a self-regulation mechanism. On the organization of the provision of state and municipal services. Education. Improving licensing. Regulatory impact assessment. Delivery optimization paid services. Timetable for improving control and supervision functions. Administrative regulations.
“The concept and characteristics of the rule of law” - Compliance with domestic legislation. Separation of powers. Economic basis. Mutual responsibility of the state and the individual. Moral basis. Signs of a rule of law state. Social basis. Political basis. The reality of individual rights. The concept and characteristics of a rule of law state.
"Fight against corruption" - Coverage in media mass media anti-corruption measures. United Nations Convention. Amendments to the Criminal Code. General Assembly. Republic. Public official. Legislative framework for preventing corruption. Public reporting. Public support.
Centralized method. Functions of the state. Forms of government. Typology of states. The concept of a legal and social state. The state in the political system of society. The state as a political institution. Factors of occurrence. Origin and existence of the state. The essence of the state.
There are a total of 43 presentations in the topic
State as a political institution
The political institution itself general view- this is a) established order normative and standardized behavior; b) a community of individuals whose behavior is regulated by norms and roles; c) functional management and regulatory bodies that ensure the codification of social norms and control over their observance, formulating public purposes and needs and organizing the process of their implementation
The most important institution of the political system, on the normal functioning of which its self-preservation and adaptation crucially depends, is the state.
The concept of “state” (Staat, stati, etat, state) appears during the Italian Renaissance and spreads throughout Europe until the 19th century.
Stages of the emergence of the state in Europe 1 Medieval society was initially divided not along state borders, which were uncertain, but according to classes. The upper classes - the clergy and knighthood - throughout Europe shared common spiritual and legal values, which were a combination of inherited tribal and new Christian ones received from Rome and the Roman Church
Stages of the emergence of the state in Europe The system of feudal loyalty was then more important than state borders, and often feudal lords in relation to different parts their property were in vassal relations with various rulers. Statehood was based on violence and the principle of loyalty to a superior feudal lord, the main overlord - the king.
Stages of the emergence of a state in Europe 2 The next stage in the evolution of European statehood is associated with the 11th - 12th centuries (some researchers call this stage the “anti-papal revolution”), characterized by the emancipation of the papacy from royal (imperial) power
Stages of the emergence of the state in Europe Characterized by the gradual differentiation of spiritual and secular authorities, the strengthening of royal power and legislation, the creation (with the borrowing of the experience of managing the Roman catholic church) systems of state territorial administration, which laid the foundation for a fundamentally new type of statehood - the territorial state
Stages of the emergence of a state in Europe 3 The transition from a territorial state to a national state (XV-XVII centuries) The dynastic factor began to play an increasingly important role
Stages of the emergence of the state in Europe Entire peoples and vast territories, as a result of dynastic marriages and laws of inheritance, found themselves united into common states, sometimes geographically scattered.
Prerequisites for the emergence of a national state Arbitrary control over the destinies of peoples contributed to the gradual awareness by people of their right to control their own destinies. Dynastic rulers were interested in consolidating the population of their states and forming a sense of patriotism.
Prerequisites for the emergence of a national state The decline of the role of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation and the Roman Catholic Church In monarchies - the introduction of common state standards which led to the unification of social life
The “hardening” of state borders in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 was a decisive step in the formation of nation states in Europe
The victory of the principle of the sovereignty of the people over the principle of the sovereignty of the monarch was decisive for the completion of national statehood in Western Europe.
Since the 17th century, the concept of “state” also means a state institution (apparatus, administration), domination, and, finally, a community - the state people (nation)
Properties of the state (according to M. Weber): it has an administrative and legal order, changed through legislation, in accordance with which the organized corporate activities of administrative personnel are carried out; also regulated by law, this system of order claims to have coercive power not only over members of the state, citizens, the majority of whom gained its membership by birth, but also to a very significant extent over all actions taking place in the territory it controls (territoriality and monopoly on violence)
The main approaches to understanding the state: the Hobbesian power state (K. Marx and others), which is, first of all, the monopoly of the apparatus on resolving social conflicts and the use of legitimate violence. In the twentieth century, this approach was developed by M. Weber and his followers: “A forced political association can be called a state to the extent that its administrative headquarters successfully exercises a monopoly of legitimate violence.” This approach captures the political aspect of the modern state.
The main approaches to understanding the state: liberal constitutional state (J. Locke, I. Kant) its goal is to limit, curb the powerful state through the legal system (constitutionalism).
From the point of view of law, the necessary characteristics of a state are three elements: state territory, state people, state power.
The state differs from other political institutions: 1) by the presence of a special group of people engaged exclusively in governing society and protecting its economic and social structure; 2) monopoly on coercive power; 3) the right and opportunity to implement domestic and foreign policy on behalf of the entire society; 4) the sovereign right to issue laws and regulations binding on the entire population; 5) monopoly right to collect taxes and fees from the population, to form the national budget; 6) organization of power on a territorial basis
The state has a complex structure. The structure of the state depends on the form of the state. Features of the functioning of the state depend on the political regime
Structure Political regime Functioning Form of state Form of government Form of government STATE
The form of government is the organization of supreme power, characterized by its formal sources; it determines the structure of government bodies (institutional design) and the principles of their relationships.
Two main forms of government: monarchy; republic.
Monarchy (classical) is characterized by the fact that the power of the head of state - the monarch - is inherited and is not considered derivative from any other power, body or electorate.
Types of monarchy: absolute monarchy - characterized by the omnipotence of the head of state and the absence of a constitutional system; constitutional monarchy - involves limiting the powers of the head of state to more or less developed features of the constitutional system. Depending on the degree of limitation of the power of the head of state, a distinction is made between dualistic and parliamentary constitutional monarchies.
REPUBLIC Parliamentary Presidential
Basic forms of a republic A presidential republic is characterized by the special role of the president; he is both head of state and head of government.
Basic forms of a republic Parliamentary republic: its most important distinguishing feature- formation of a government on a parliamentary basis and its formal responsibility to parliament.
Mixed forms of presidential and parliamentary republics, the prime-presidential form is characterized by the fact that: the president is elected in direct general elections; the president is vested with broad powers; At the same time as the president, the prime minister and cabinet, responsible to the legislative assembly, exist and perform the functions of the executive branch.
The presidential-parliamentary form has the following important features: the presence of a popularly elected president; the president appoints and dismisses members of the government; government members must enjoy the confidence of parliament; the president has the right to dissolve parliament. Mixed forms of presidential and parliamentary republics
Form of government - territorial and political organization of the state, including its political and legal status components and principles of relations between central and regional government bodies
FORM OF GOVERNMENT Unitary Federal
Unitary is single state, which is divided into administrative-territorial units that do not have political independence. Modern unitary states: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%ED%E8%F2%E0%F0%ED%EE%E5_%E3%EE%F1%F3%E4%E0%F0%F1 %F2%E2%EE
A federal state is a union state consisting of several state entities, each of which has its own competence and has its own system of legislative, executive and judicial bodies. Modern federal states: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%E5%E4%E5%F0%E0%F6%E8%FF
The form of government depends on the historical conditions of the formation and existence of the state, traditions, the degree of territorial and ethnic community in the state, etc. Ultimately, the form of government reflects the degree of centralization or decentralization public administration, the ratio of the center and places.
A unitary state is characterized by the following features: a single constitution, a single legal system, a single system of supreme bodies of state power and administration, single citizenship, unity of the judicial system, division into administrative-territorial units, the status of governing bodies in which is determined by national legal norms, the subordination of these bodies central.
A federal state is characterized by the following features: the federation consists of state entities(states in the USA and Australia, states in Germany and Austria, cantons in Switzerland, provinces in Canada and Belgium, republics in Yugoslavia and former USSR etc.) being its subjects and having their own range of powers; subjects of the federation do not have full sovereignty, despite the formal proclamation in some federations (RF); Along with the general federal constitution and laws, the constitutions and laws of the subjects of the federation are in force under the supremacy of the general federal ones;
A federal state is characterized by the following features: in addition to the legislative, executive, and judicial bodies of the federation, there are the same bodies of the constituent entities of the federation, while competence in the field of legislation and administration is (differently) differentiated between the federation and its constituent entities; in the federal parliament is provided in different forms representation of the subjects of the federation (usually the chamber of representation of the subjects); another possible sign- having dual citizenship.
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