The climate of the Far East cannot but surprise with its uniqueness not only the guests of our country, but also many of its inhabitants, who, it would seem, could already get used to its inconstancy, temperature extremes, whims and unpredictability.

In fact, one can talk about this phenomenon for an infinitely long time, analyzing the regions separately and dwelling on each of them in detail, in the smallest detail.

However, the purpose of this article is precisely to describe the climate of the Far East as a whole, while compiling a general picture of the natural phenomena occurring there. It's no secret that it is the weather conditions in most cases that become a prerequisite for the formation of one or another flora and fauna, and therefore, in general, predetermine one or another of the entire region.

What determines the weather in the Far East?

Geographically, the Far East is the most distant part of Russia from the capital. It includes Yakutia, Sakhalin, Chukotka, Kamchatka, Amur and Primorsky Territories.

It is impossible to talk about the climate in the Far East without mentioning a number of its geological features. So, approximately 75% of the above-mentioned territory is occupied by plateaus and low uplands (up to 2000 m). In addition, there are many geysers in Kamchatka, more than 150 volcanoes, of which about 30, by the way, are fully active.

Possessing this kind of information, it is unlikely that anyone will be surprised to learn that the Kuriles and Kamchatka belong to a dangerous seismic belt. Russian Federation.

The Far East, whose climate has been the subject of close attention of many scientists for several decades, stretches for 4,500 thousand km along the Pacific coast. Here passes the line of collision of the Eurasian and which contributes to the formation of mountain systems, which, by the way, continues to this day, sometimes creating significant problems and troubles.

Very often, weather conditions in this region are created under the influence of processes occurring at the junction, as well as the interaction of warm and cold air currents.

General characteristics of the observed phenomena

As you know from school geography lessons, the Far East is located beyond the Arctic Circle, so the snow cover here does not completely disappear even in summer.

The northern part of this territory is particularly severe, namely permafrost and tundra. In turn, the southern part is represented by a riot of spruce groves and subtropical plants.

It should be noted that the climatic conditions throughout the territory are very different from each other, although there is still one common feature: high humidity is observed everywhere. By the way, not everyone knows that the Pacific Ocean has a huge impact on the Far Eastern climate.

In general, three climatic arctic and subarctic ones dominate here. In summer there is a lot of precipitation, and in winter the snow cover can reach 3 meters in thickness.

Climatic zoning

In general, the climate of the Far East belongs to one of five types:

• Chukotka's weather is immediately determined by two types of climate: arctic and subarctic;
• The Kamchatka Territory and the coast of the Magadan Region are located in the temperate climate zone;
• Khabarovsk region- in a temperate zone with sharply continental and monsoon climate types;
• The Jewish Autonomous Region and the Amur Territory are included in the monsoon climate zone.

Far Eastern precipitation and air masses

In the cold season to the territory of the Far East westerly winds they bring Siberian dry and at the same time very frosty air (the so-called anticyclones), and in warm weather the wind blows from the ocean, bringing cyclones, i.e. very torrential downpours and cloudy weather.

It should be noted that precipitation falls unevenly throughout the territory, even in the same region.

Features of the temperature regime

The Far East, whose climate is very diverse, has a number of characteristic features in terms of

Why? The thing is that as we move away from the shores of the Pacific Ocean deep into the continent in the cold season, there is a significant increase in frost. But in the warm season, the average monthly temperature of the entire territory does not differ much, as a result of which the climate of the Far East is very similar to the weather conditions that form on the coastal territory.

An exception, perhaps, is the north of Chukotka, where in July average temperature air can sometimes reach up to -2 ° C.

In almost the entire remaining territory of the Far East, the average July temperature varies in the range of + 10 ... + 15 ° C. In the southern part of the region - at the level of +17… +21°C.

Climate and its influence on local flora and fauna

The variety of vegetation in this region is a direct consequence of the presence of a complex relief system and closed basins, as well as the impact of air masses of different temperatures.

In general, the flora here is represented by various plant species, characteristic of both frozen Siberia and sultry and stuffy Asia. How does it manifest itself? Judge for yourself, isn't it amazing when creepers, lemongrass and grapes grow very close to the fir trees, pines and nuts?

It is impossible not to pay attention to the fact that the climate of the Far East has led to the presence of many varieties of animals, the most common of which are reindeer, squirrels and elks, which, by the way, coexist perfectly with Amur tigers, black deer and raccoon dogs that are rare today. .

Economic activity of the region

The favorable climate of the Far East of Russia was the reason for the intensive development of agriculture and industry.

For example, potatoes, rice, soybeans, wheat, beans and various vegetables are grown in the center and south. Horticulture is also developed here. The north is mainly engaged in the preparation of furs, and fishing dominates on the coast.

In the Far East, there are also various valuable iron and non-ferrous ore, graphite, copper, gold, natural gas, oil, etc.

The climate of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is subarctic, on the coasts - maritime, in the interior - continental. The climate features of Chukotka are due to its location at the extreme northeastern tip of Eurasia - in the zone of influence of two oceans, with complex atmospheric circulation, which differs significantly in the warm and cold seasons. The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is located in the northeast of Russia and occupies the entire Chukotka Peninsula, part of the mainland and a number of islands. On the territory of the district there are extreme points of Russia: the eastern point is Ratmanov Island, the eastern continental point is Cape Dezhnev. Here, too, are located: the northernmost city of Russia - Pevek and the easternmost - Anadyr, as well as the easternmost permanent settlement - Uelen.

Cheap flights to Anadyr

Most of the territory of the district is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Therefore, the climate here is harsh - much more severe than in neighboring Alaska. The climate has a monsoon-like character (especially on the Bering coast), with long winters (windy in the east and very cold in the west), with short and cool summers. The weather is extremely variable in space and time, and can change dramatically (especially on the coasts), within one or two hours, and for 10 - 20 kilometers. Locals joke that the weather in Chukotka is bad for one month a year, very bad for two months, and bad for nine months.

Pressure drops per day can be 50 Mbar, and drops winter temperatures- 30°C. Permafrost is ubiquitous.

The extremeness of the climate increases on the continents of the Northern Hemisphere, in general, from south to north, and from west to east, thus reaching its maximum at the extreme northeastern tip of Eurasia - Chukotka. The average annual temperatures throughout the entire territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug are deeply negative, falling from south to north from -4°C (Cape Navarin) to -12°C (Raucha). From the tip of the Chukotka "wedge", inland, the continentality of the climate rapidly increases. Chukotka holds many climatic records: here is the smallest, for these latitudes, radiation balance, maximum days without sun (Wrangel Island), minimum hours of sunshine (northeast coast), maximum average annual wind speed, and the frequency of storms and hurricanes in Russia (Cape Navarin).

The harsh climate of Chukotka significantly affects the way of life of the population. In winter, due to severe blizzards and frosts, the number of non-working days is 10-15, and on the Arctic and sea coasts of the Bering Sea, it exceeds, in total, a month. It seems that Chukotka is one of the places created to test a person for strength. But, practically, nowhere in the world is there such untouched nature.

Winter in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is the longest period of the year, it lasts 9 months. Winter starts in mid-September. At the beginning of the month, the cranes fly away, saying goodbye to Chukotka until next spring. There are frequent heavy rains and frosts. There are no trees here, and the grass, which turned yellow in August, takes on a gray color in September. Events are developing rapidly, in the second half of the month, snowfalls come to replace the rains. In October, temperatures are already below zero at night, and from the middle of the month, daytime temperatures become negative. All animals and insects prepare for hibernation.

Winter in the region is very severe. Close proximity to the coldest region of the Northern Hemisphere - the Pole of Cold (Verkhoyansk - Oymyakon), and the Arctic Ocean contributes to a greater severity of the climate, compared with territories located at the same latitudes in the European part of Russia. Frequent ice, heavy snow accumulation, prolonged winter blizzards, constant lack of heat and severe wind conditions are common winter phenomena for this area.

In winter, Chukotka is covered by an area of ​​high pressure, which is faced by cyclones of the Euro-Asian front, Arctic anticyclones and southern cyclones. Because of this, the weather in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug changes dramatically in very short periods of time: frost with moderate and strong northerly winds is suddenly replaced by damp, relatively warm weather, with heavy snowfall or blizzard. Simultaneously, over the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, where the temperature is higher, an area of ​​low pressure is formed. As a result, masses of cold air move from the cold continent towards the ocean - this is the winter monsoon. During winter, sharp warmings are not uncommon - “breakthroughs” of cyclones from the ocean with heavy snowfalls and snowstorms.

January is the crown of winter, it is the coldest winter month. This month's average daily temperature ranges from -15°C to -39°C, and the absolute minimum temperature is -61°C. But, throughout the winter, the air temperature often reaches -44 - -60 ° below zero, especially often in the western continental regions. Especially strong winds are raging in the eastern regions, snowstorm sometimes lasts for many days in a row.

The Arctic Circle crosses Chukotka almost in the middle. The astronomical boundary of the Arctic is drawn along the Arctic Circle, where polar days and nights are observed: at the latitude of the Arctic Circle, they last only one day, and on Wrangel Island, the polar day lasts from the second decade of May to the twentieth of July, the polar night - from the second decade of December until the end of January. The northern part of Chukotka and Wrangel Island fall within the astronomical limits of the Arctic, and these territories are characterized by round-the-clock polar days and nights. In winter, the northern lights can often be seen in the region. But the northern lights do not cause any delight among the local population, rather the opposite. The fact is that the northern lights happen during strong solar activity. The strength of the northern lights also depends on the strength of the magnetic storm. Leading up to and during the aurora, many people get severe headaches associated with magnetic storms. Therefore, for the beautiful bright colors in the night sky, many people pay with a severe headache.

At the end of January, it already becomes noticeable how the day increases. In February, the sun is already high above the horizon. From the abundance of white snow and the fact that the sun shines very brightly, it is necessary to wear Sunglasses so as not to damage your eyesight. This is a very important and necessary attribute at this time of the year; calls to protect your eyes are heard even on local radio and television.

March is the beginning of the calendar spring, but in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug it is a winter month, and only a very bright sun, which begins to warm, testifies to the approach of spring. April, too, is a winter month, despite the fact that the sun bakes well, it can be bitterly cold. May is the last winter month, there are no more severe frosts, but the average daily air temperature is slightly negative, approximately -6 - -8°С. At the end of the month, heavy snowmelt begins.

Spring in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug begins only at the beginning of June, when summer is already in full swing in the middle lane. Spring is swift, and lasts, as a rule, no more than two weeks. At this time, powerful fronts of breezes, fogs, and heavy precipitation are observed in the region.

Spring in Chukotka is amazingly beautiful. In early June, it is still black here, and it freezes at night, but the first flowers, which the locals call both snowdrops and sleep-grass, are already reaching for the first warmth. As soon as the snow melts, the Chukotka Peninsula changes - the sparse vegetation of the region begins to bloom with all colors - red, purple, yellow, blue ... It turns out a very colorful carpet. You can not miss this spectacle, it is incredible, but it lasts, literally, a matter of days.

Cheap hotels in Anadyr

Summer in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug begins in mid-June. In general, the summer is very short, rainy and cold, in some places the snow does not even have time to melt. In summer, only the upper 20-40 cm of the earth's surface thaw. The ice begins to melt around June, on the north coast the ice stays all year, except for July and August. Permafrost occurs everywhere and starts very shallow from the surface.

In summer, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is dominated by regions reduced pressure, over the Pacific Ocean - anticyclones, over the coast of the Arctic Ocean - cyclones of the Euro-Asian front and cold masses of Arctic air. As a result of the interaction of these circulation factors, there is a frequent change of weather: warm to cold, sometimes with frosts. In any summer month, snowfall can begin.

The warmest summer month is July. Its average daily temperature in the interior of the region is +13°С, on the coast it is much colder, here the average daily temperature in July is +7°С. In the western part of the coast of the Chukchi Sea, the average daily air temperature does not rise above +5°C at all. But, on some days, real heat can set in in the interior of the region, when the thermometer rises to + 30 ° С. From the second half of July, berries begin to be picked in the tundra: blueberries, shiksha, princess, cloudberries, lingonberries. There are a lot of berries, literally everything is covered with a carpet, mushrooms appear.

August is the month of transition from summer to autumn. During the day the temperature fluctuates from +8°С to +16°С during the month. At the beginning of the month, the sun still warms with its mean warmth. By the middle of the month, the tundra turns yellow, fogs begin, and the imminent approach of winter is felt in the air.

Autumn in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug begins in the second half of August and lasts no more than a month. At the end of August, everyone is actively picking berries, mushrooms, and fishing. Daylight hours are getting noticeably shorter, the air temperature is dropping every day, events are developing quite quickly. In September it becomes noticeably colder, birds fly south, it rains heavily. From the second half of September, a long winter period begins in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug ...

About 500 - 700 mm of precipitation falls annually in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Most precipitation falls on the coast, less - in the continental regions of the region. During the winter period, approximately 80 - 90 cm of snow falls.

The Chukchi coast, one of the most stormy in the world, the Bering Sea, is one of the most windy regions of Russia. During 5 months of the year, the wind speed, in some places, happens to be over 15 meters per second! Quite often on the coasts there are winds with a speed of more than 40 meters per second (!), lasting several days, or even weeks (!). Well, record flurries reach 80 meters per second!!!

When to go to the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Attention! The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is a territory with a border regime. The entry of citizens of the Russian Federation into the part of the territory of the district adjacent to the sea coast and to the islands is regulated, that is, permission from the border service of the Russian Federation is required or documents allowing stay in the border zone.

Chukotka is great! Due to the harsh climate and little development, Chukotka offers many opportunities, primarily for extreme and scientific tourism. But, nevertheless, the most acceptable time of the year for a trip to the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is the relatively warm months - from June to September.

The first half of June is spring in Chukotka, every thorn is blooming here, this is an amazing time to explore the local vegetation and admire nature. Scientific expeditions are constantly working in the district and conferences of ecologists, ornithologists, ichthyologists, ethnographers, linguists are held. There are 4 nature reserves and 21 natural monuments in Chukotka. It is especially worth highlighting the regional natural and ethnic park "Beringia", on Wrangel Island, which was an isthmus between two continents. It stores the frozen carcasses of woolly rhinos, bison and mammoths.

Fans of rafting and fishing will be attracted by trips along the rivers, they are best done in July - August. About 40 species of fish live in the fresh waters of Chukotka (chir, whitefish, hunchback, vostryak, vendace, valka, peled and others). For lovers of hunting, Chukotka provides an opportunity to get an elk, a reindeer, a brown bear, a sable, a lynx, a wolf, an ermine, a fox. But, it is worth remembering that hunting is prohibited on some animals, for example: polar bear, bighorn sheep, weasel, black-capped marmot, swans, white goose, and some other birds. On the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, there are many hiking and cycling trails for lovers of eco-tourism.

Connoisseurs of the traditional culture of indigenous peoples will be attracted by the village of Uelen, the easternmost village in Russia, where people settled two thousand years ago. Here you can get acquainted with the life of modern Chukchi and Eskimos, and their traditional trade - sea hunting. And those who are interested in modernity should definitely visit the capital of the region - the city of Anadyr.

You should not visit the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the winter - the time from September to the end of May. Winters here are extremely severe, one must be prepared for all the disgrace of nature, prolonged snowstorms, frosts down to -60 ° C, and gusty winds. Not everyone can stand it, so the decision to visit Chukotka in the winter should be carefully considered.

The climate of the Magadan region

The climate in the Magadan region is subarctic, on the coasts - maritime, in the interior - continental. The Magadan region occupies the northeastern outskirts of the Asian continent, and is a vast territory with a complex and diverse relief, washed, from the southeast, by the waters of the cold Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The Magadan region is located in the harsh zones of the Far North, practically the entire territory of the region is located in the permafrost zone.

Cheap flights to Magadan

As a result, the Magadan region (together with Yakutia) falls into the region of the lowest temperatures in the northern hemisphere. The climate of the Magadan region can be compared with the climate of Greenland and Antarctica. Annual temperature fluctuations in the Magadan region reach 100°C: in winter, frosts of -60°C are not uncommon here, and in summer the heat is about +30 - +40°C.In Magadan itself, due to the softening effect of the sea, the climate is much milder: in winter, here, on average, -15 - -20 ° C, the temperature rarely drops below -30 ° C, and in summer it rises no more than + 25 ° C.

The average annual air temperature on the territory of the Magadan region has negative values ​​everywhere - throughout the entire territory, it does not rise above -2.8 ° C (Taigonos Peninsula, Zavyalov Island). The lowest average annual air temperature is observed in the most continental regions, in the Kolyma basin, and reaches -14°C.

The thermoregulatory role of the sea provides a relatively long frost-free period: negative minimum air temperatures, as a rule, stop in the first decade of June and set in, on most of the coast, in the third decade of September, while in continental regions, in some years, a frost-free period is not observed. at all.

Winter in the Magadan region is the longest season (from 5.5 months on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, up to 7-7.5 months in the continental and northern regions of the region). The Magadan winter is characterized by low temperatures and stable snow cover, and begins, on average, in early to mid-October. Sharp weather changes, frequent storms, severe frosts, thick fogs, long snowstorms, heavy rainfall - these are the components of the Magadan winter.

In mid-October, everywhere in the Magadan region, a stable snow cover is established. There is a lot of snow in river valleys and on the leeward slopes of mountains, and in open, windy areas, it almost does not linger. In the forest, snow lies in a loose layer, and only in spring does a crust form. In the highlands, where the winds blow, the snow lies in a dense layer. In the mountain valleys of this region, in winter, there is often clear, windless frosty weather, in which everything around is covered with a thick layer of frost. Average monthly temperature air in November is -12°С.

In winter, strong winds are often observed, accompanied by prolonged snowstorms. For a year, on the coast of the Magadan region, on average, there are 30 - 40 days with a snowstorm, and in some places (Shelikhovo, Spafaryeva, Magadan, Brokhovo) - there are more than 60 days with a snowstorm. In the central regions of the region, blizzards are observed, on average, 10 - 20 days per year.

The city of Magadan is located at a latitude of 60° - just like St. Petersburg, Helsinki and Oslo. But, the climate of Magadan is noticeably more severe than in the cities listed. The coldest winter months in the Magadan region are December, January, February. Sometimes, with the passage of warm air masses, the air temperature can rise significantly. Fog and ice in winter are rare.

Over the territory of the region there is a constant movement and struggle of air masses formed over the continent with air masses formed over water spaces. In winter, a powerful Asian anticyclone (high atmospheric pressure) has a great influence on the climate. Namely, clear, quiet, very frosty weather is associated with its existence. But, in contrast to Eastern Siberia, where winter temperatures are usually -50 ° C and below, in the city of Magadan frosts rarely overcome the mark of -25 ° C, and only occasionally reach -30 ° C or more, the absolute minimum is -34, 6°C, which is comparable to the absolute minimum of most cities in the south of the European part of Russia. Nevertheless, in continental regions the air temperature often drops to -50--57°C, and in some years in Susuman, Seymchan it can drop to -67°C.

March and April are calendar spring months, but, in fact, it is still winter here, with fairly low air temperatures. But, since these are the last months of a long winter, daylight hours increase noticeably, the sun begins to bake, and these are the first signs of the approaching spring. The rays of the bright sun against the backdrop of white snow can damage your eyes, so during these months, it is highly recommended to wear sunglasses outside to protect your eyes. On top of the frosts that are still holding, you can sunbathe on skis - the sun heats so much during this period.

Spring in the Magadan region begins in the third decade of April - on the Okhotsk coast, and in early May - in its continental part. Magadan spring is the most amazing time of the year - in winter it is white around, but almost like in summer it is warm: the sun heats quite strongly - both from above and below, reflecting from the dazzling white snow. By the beginning of May, warm sunny weather sets in, sometimes with severe night frosts, in general, spring lasts about 1.5 months.

The transition of the average daily temperature through 0°C occurs, on average, in the second decade of May. Snow melts and evaporates intensively. The winds weaken in spring, gradually change direction, the winds of the northern directions are replaced by southern ones, and there is little precipitation. At the end of May and beginning of June, the rivers break up and the water rises. The number of days with fogs is increasing. A mass arrival of birds begins throughout the region.

Cheap hotels in Magadan

Summer in the Magadan region begins in early - mid-June and lasts until mid-late August. In general, the Magadan summer is cool, the average summer temperature in Magadan is lower than in St. Petersburg (both cities are at the same latitude). According to the temperature regime, the summer of Magadan is similar to the summer of Murmansk, located almost 1,000 kilometers to the north. For Magadan in the summer the characters are foggy. Most often, dense cold fog forms over the coast of Nagaev Bay, in the second half of the day, a little less often over Gertner Bay. The wind carries him to the city. Often only part of the city is covered with a veil of fog. This phenomenon happens from 15 to 25 days a month.

The low temperatures of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk entail low temperatures on their coasts. Thus, summer on the coast is rather cool, and over the continental regions of the region, on the contrary, warm, even hot weather sets in. Above the warmed land surface, a reduced atmospheric pressure is formed, and above the water spaces in the southeast there are areas of increased pressure. atmospheric pressure. The summer monsoon brings moisture, fogs and rains from the cold seas, which is why the summer on the coast is cooler than in the continental part of the region. During the passage of powerful cyclones, long and heavy rains fall on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River.

Frosts are possible in any of the summer months. The warmest month of the year is August, with average daily air temperatures of +15 - +17°С. But, often there are thunderstorms with squally winds, showers and hail. Half of the annual precipitation falls on the summer months - about 150 mm. But it also happens that the summer is dry and hot, then there are numerous Forest fires. The prevailing wind direction is west. In summer, daytime and nighttime breezes often form. Although the summer weather is unstable, with fogs and rains, local residents try to make the most of this fertile time - working on land, harvesting mushrooms, berries, fishing, outdoor activities are very popular at this time of the year.

Autumn in the Magadan region begins in the continental regions - at the end of August and lasts until the end of September, and on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, autumn begins in September and lasts until mid-October. Autumn, like spring, is a fairly short time of the year, starting with a drop in temperature. This is the time of berries and mushrooms - blueberries, lingonberries, cloudberries, honeysuckle ripen everywhere in the forests.

September in Magadan is golden autumn. The first half of the month is a pleasant warm time, but already in the second half of September the hills can be powdered with snow, and the water can freeze solid overnight. The average daily air temperature in September is +7°C. There are changes in nature. Foliage and needles turn yellow and fall off. In September, northerly winds intensify. On the sea coast, they increasingly reach storm strength. In continental regions, at the beginning of autumn, there are constant frosts at night. On the coast, they begin much later - the influence of the sea affects.

By the end of autumn, rains are replaced by sleet. Steady snow cover on Kolyma lies at the end of September, and on the sea coast - in the second half of October. By the end of October, a steady snow cover falls throughout the Magadan Region, although in some years there may not be snow until December.

The distribution of precipitation over the territory of the Magadan region is extremely uneven. In its southwestern part, up to 600 mm of precipitation falls annually. In the continental regions, the amount of precipitation decreases, and in the north of the region they fall about 350 mm. On the coast of the Gizhiginskaya Bay, about 200 mm of precipitation falls annually, and in the area of ​​the Tauyskaya Bay - up to 400 mm. More than half of the normal precipitation falls in the summer, the least amount of precipitation is observed in the spring.

The Magadan region is famous for its very strong winds. In the central regions, the winds are relatively weak, and closer to the coast they reach great strength. If in continental regions the value of the average annual wind speed is 2 - 3 m/s, then on the coast it can reach 7 m/s. Well, the maximum wind speed on the coast sometimes exceeds 40 m/s, and in the continental regions about 20 m/s.

When to go to the Magadan region. The best time to travel to the Magadan region is the relatively warm summer time, from June to September. In summer, lovers of water tourism can make trips along the Kolyma and small rivers - Ayan-Yuryakh, Tapaya, Buyunda, Yama. The optimal time for hiking in mountainous areas may be from the end of June to the end of August. Do not forget about such summer entertainment as fishing. In summer, the salmon species of fish begin to spawn in the rivers, so there are quite enough fishermen here.

The end of August - the beginning of September is a "hot time" for collecting generous gifts of nature in the nearby forests. Lingonberries, blueberries, mountain ash, honeysuckle, siksha and other types of berries are full of all kinds of vitamins, and are of great value for immunity. They are not bitter in taste, as in the central regions of Russia, but sweet and sour and very tasty. Nature is generous at this time for mushrooms (porcini, boletus, boletus, boletus, russula and others), and dwarf cones (tastes like cedar, only smaller), so avid mushroom pickers should go to the Magadan region during this period of the year.

There is a balneo-mud resort Talaya in the region. Beautiful surroundings, silence, cleanliness and transparency of the air have a beneficial effect on a person, have a calming effect on the nervous system. It treats diseases of the musculoskeletal system, gastrointestinal tract and liver, diseases of the peripheral nervous system and gynecological diseases.

For lovers of winter sports, the winter months are suitable - from the end of February to April. At this time there is a lot of snow, and the weather, most of the time, is very pleasant for the body, the sun is shining brightly and quite warm.

Not the best time to travel to the Magadan region is the months from October to mid-February. Autumn is characterized by cold rainy weather and piercing winds. It is very cold here in winter, not everyone can endure such frosts, it is difficult for an unaccustomed body to adapt. It is unlikely that in such weather you will experience the pleasure of the trip, rather your trip will turn into a struggle for survival.

Climate of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

The climate of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is sharply continental, subarctic. Yakutia occupies 1/5 of Russia in terms of area - its area exceeds the area of ​​France by 5 times, the area of ​​Italy by 10 times, and the area of ​​Great Britain by almost 13 times. The territory of Yakutia is within four geographical areas: taiga forests (almost 80% of the area), tundra, forest tundra and arctic desert.

Cheap flights to Yakutsk

The climate of Yakutia is extreme. The fact is that the entire territory of the republic belongs to the regions of the Far North. Here, for a person, the temperature regimes are on the verge of the survival limit! Winter lasts up to 9 months a year, temperatures here often reach -60°C! From such a cold, the face begins to reduce after ten minutes of being on the street. The frost presses so hard that the fish, which has just been taken out of the water, dies and freezes in 30 seconds, to such a state that later it can be used as a club. Having turned off the car in the Yakut frost for an hour, you run the risk of not starting it at all until you warm the car in a warm box.

Almost all Yakuts have garages where a warm (compared to street) temperature is maintained - about 0 ° C. And if the car suddenly does not start, this is not a reason for panic - in large cities, the work of emergency services is well established - tow trucks arrive within 10 minutes. In frost -40°C, Yakut children ride on ice slides, and there are so many people in the city centers that it is not overcrowded. And of course, here, even in winter, ice cream is eaten on the street! Sometimes you can feel the shudder of the earth and a dull rumble - this is how the earth cracks from frost. But from frost here, not only the earth cracks, the metal parts of cars burst, and the trees freeze so that an ax does not take them.

Yakutia is a whole heap of combinations. It's a long winter here short summer. The maximum amplitude of the average temperatures of the coldest month - January, and the warmest - July is 90 - 95 °C. The cold pole of the northern hemisphere is located on the territory of the republic. Two of the coldest cities in the world are located in Yakutia - Oymyakon (-71.2°C) and Verkhoyansk (-68°C). The absolute value of the minimum air temperature reaches -72°C!!! In terms of the total duration of the period with a negative temperature (up to 9 months per year), the republic has no analogues in the Northern Hemisphere. Yakutsk is the most contrasting city in the world in terms of temperature, its annual temperature difference is 102.7 °C, it is also the largest city in the permafrost zone.

Yakutia is a zone of continuous permafrost, which only in the extreme southwest passes into the zone of its discontinuous distribution. The ice lies thirty centimeters from the surface, it is impossible to build a metro here, there are no underground passages, all power lines have to be pulled above the ground. The average thickness of the frozen layer reaches 300 - 400 meters, and in the Vilyuy River basin - 1500 meters - this is the maximum freezing of rocks on the globe, this is nowhere else! And in the mountains of Eastern Yakutia there are 485 glaciers, with a total area of ​​413 km², and with a fresh water reserve of about 2 thousand km³. Houses in Yakutia (not higher than fourteen floors) stand on stilts, otherwise the ground will thaw over time, and the houses will “float”. That is, before building a house, a foundation pit is not dug, but a concrete pile is driven into the ground.

Winter in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) begins in early October and lasts, in most of the territory, until the end of April. The Yakut winter is long, with little snow and very cold. The first month of winter is October, at which time the earth still nourishes the air with its warmth. Daytime air temperatures are slightly negative (-6 - -8°C). But the surge of the cold wave is already being felt, especially strongly at night.

November is already a real winter month, the daily air temperature quite sharply at the beginning of the month marks its position at -20°C, varying slightly in the direction of decrease. Toward the end of the month, the daily air temperature no longer rises above -30°C. Trees, lampposts - everything is frozen, numb, turned to ice. It's time for the icy fog. They are dense, white, because of the density, traffic lights are sometimes barely visible. They arise due to the additional entry of moisture into the air, as a result of fuel combustion and other industrial and domestic human activities. These fogs are observed only in settlements and are purely local in nature. On the continental territory of Yakutia, at altitudes up to 600 meters above sea level, the number of days with ice fog in winter varies between 40 and 90 days.

December is the first month of bitter frosts. The average daily air temperature this month is around -40°C. In December, Yakutia receives the minimum amount of solar radiation in a year. To the north of the Arctic Circle, at this time of the year, a large area is occupied by the region of the polar night. In December, the number of days without sun varies from 31 days at a latitude close to the Arctic Circle to 9-8 days in the extreme south of the republic. The low altitude of the sun causes a short day throughout Yakutia, and polar nights set in beyond the Arctic Circle - darkness and twilight reign for several months. Sometimes, the sky lights up with bright flashes of the northern lights.

In winter, over the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the air becomes very cool, and an anticyclone area of ​​high pressure is formed here. The spur of the Asian anticyclone almost completely fills the territory of the republic at this time. The advancement of cyclones from west to east, in the north of the republic, is often accompanied by strong winds and prolonged snowstorms. Warming, most often, is accompanied by snowfalls, the spur of the Asian anticyclone is weakening. The lowest temperatures are observed in the eastern mountainous regions, in depressions, basins, in narrow valleys and other depressions, with difficult cold air flow.

During December, January and February, thaws are excluded throughout Yakutia! In the continental part of Yakutia, the coldest month is January, its average daily air temperature is -45°С. In the southern and southwestern regions, the minimum temperatures can drop to -58 - -62°С, and in the central regions, the minimum reaches -66°С. In the areas of Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk, the average January temperatures reach -50°C. But, in these areas, the temperature often drops to -68 - -70 ° С. February is the coldest month on the islands and in the coastal part of Yakutia. On the coasts of the seas and islands, daytime temperatures do not drop below -46 - -52°C. When the temperature drops by one degree in the interval between -40--45°C, such a decrease is not very felt, but in the interval -50--65°C, each degree of decrease is very strongly felt by the human body.

March is a winter month, but the temperature is slowly declining, and by mid-March it does not exceed -20°C. Believe it or not, but for the Yakuts, such a temperature is practically hot! In March, the number of hours of sunshine increases sharply, almost the whole month is clear, there is little rainfall, and the sun is already starting to bake a little. Due to the reflection of the bright sun off the white snow, there is a chance of damaging your eyesight, so it is highly recommended to wear sunglasses during this time.

April is the last month of winter in most of the territory of Yakutia. For the Yakuts, April is the height of spring, although by climatic standards it is still a winter month. Average daily air temperatures in April are always slightly negative, which makes it impossible to speak of this month as spring. The average daily air temperature at the beginning of the month is -10°C, and by the middle of the month it already rises to -5°C. After frosts of -60°C, this temperature is practically summer. At the end of April, snowmelt begins, and the very near approach of the long-awaited spring is felt in the air.

Spring in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) begins in early May. Spring is short, fast and sunny. In early May, snow melts abundantly, ice begins to drift on the rivers, in the southern regions earlier, in the northern regions later. The northern part of the rivers is still covered with ice, there are frosts, and in the south the river has already gone. Due to the uneven heating, as a rule, the ice drift simply does not pass, the flood begins. At first, the ice floes will crawl on top of each other, break, some of them will remain on the shore. In narrow places, ice jams begin, the water has nowhere to go, it begins to overflow its banks. Well, if spring rain still passes in the upper reaches, then the water level begins to get out of control. In such cases, the Ministry of Emergency Situations comes into play. They begin to lay explosives and blow up the formed ice jams to give way to the water. Otherwise, the flood will simply flood everything around, because this is a region of permafrost, and the soil practically does not absorb water. In the mountains, blocks of ice do not melt, and go into the next winter.

By May 10, in most of the territory of the republic, the daytime temperature reaches +5°C, and by May 20, the daytime air temperature is already +10°C. Spring in Yakutia is different from the spring of central Russia. Here, nature needs to make the most of it in such a short time. The snow has not yet completely melted, and the trees around are already green. In those areas where the snow has almost melted, the first spring flowers - snowdrops - make their way. The air temperature is increasing every day, nature blooms and comes to life literally before our eyes, but do not forget about the frosts that are present at night.

Summer in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) begins, on average, from the second decade of June. Summer is short and very hot in places. Due to the long duration of the day, the transparency and dryness of the air, certain areas of Central Yakutia resemble the Tashkent region in terms of the amount of heat received in June and July. In summer, the time of white nights comes: the duration of daylight hours reaches 20 hours at the latitude of Yakutsk, and beyond the Arctic Circle the sun does not disappear at all, for several weeks.

As soon as the summer heat sets in in June, large red mosquitoes and beetles appear everywhere in Yakutia, in large numbers, which are popularly called "hair-biters". These are harmless, but creepy black creatures with long mustaches.

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The Yakut summer is characterized by very strong daily fluctuations - at night, even on a hot day, it is cool, although warm or hot weather prevails during the day. In the tundra, the frost-free period barely reaches two months; in some years, frosts can be observed throughout the summer, with interruptions of less than 30 days. There is no frost-free period at all on the islands. In mountainous areas, the duration of the frost-free period is different.

The warmest summer month is July. At this time, daytime temperatures often exceed +30°C. But the African heat, below +40°C, is not uncommon for Yakutia. The highest temperatures are observed in Central Yakutia, on the islands and in the coastal part of the region, summer is slightly colder, due to the influence of sea air masses. In mountainous regions, the distribution of temperatures is very varied, due to the difference in altitude, the nature of the relief and various microclimatic factors.

Due to the abundance of heat and light, in the summer months, the vegetation of plants has time to end in a relatively short frost-free period, although none of the districts of the republic is guaranteed from destructive frosts for agricultural crops in the summer months.

Fog is frequent in summer. At high relative air humidity, which is characteristic of the islands and the coastal parts of the northern seas, the frequency of fogs is very high.
In summer, the area of ​​high pressure occupies the regions of the Arctic Basin and the seas of the Pacific Ocean. The low pressure spur of the South Asian Low is directed to the northeast, towards the Oymyakon Highlands, where an independent low pressure core is formed. Significant precipitation is brought by the rarer southern cyclones. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in July and August. In general, prolonged rains in Yakutia are not uncommon, especially in the foothills.

Autumn in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) begins, on average, from August 15-20. Daytime air temperature at this time drops below +15°C. Autumn events are developing rapidly, already after August 20, the first snow may fall in the region, and the daytime air temperature, in early September, barely reaches +10°C.

In the fall, annoying mosquitoes are replaced by no less annoying midges, from which there is even more anxiety for both man and beast. She can climb wherever she can - she can climb into the ear, or into the eyes. Midges are more annoying than mosquitoes. A person, before going out into the taiga, dresses in such a way that there is no free access to open areas of the body, otherwise the midges will “eat up”.

In September, the earth cools down, begins to freeze slightly. Gray lingering rains are quickly replaced by snowfalls, but snow, depending on weather conditions, usually does not last long. By October 10, most of the rivers freeze, the average daily temperature becomes negative, a stable snow cover falls - a long cold winter begins ...

Precipitation on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is distributed extremely unevenly. Under the influence of mountain ranges, plateaus, depressions (hollows) and lowlands, precipitation is redistributed across the territory. A decrease in precipitation occurs on the islands and coasts of the seas. The cold period (November - March) accounts for approximately 20 - 25%, and the warm period (April - October) about 75 - 80% of the annual precipitation. The minimum precipitation is observed in February - March. On the Oymyakon Highland, the Nersky Plateau and in the Verkhoyansk region, the minimum precipitation is observed in March-April. On the islands and sea coasts - in January - March. The maximum precipitation occurs in July - August.

On average, annual precipitation in Yakutia in solid form varies from 25% in the south to 50% on the islands; liquid precipitation from 30% on the islands to 70% in the south. Due to the insignificant amount of precipitation falling in winter, the snow cover, in the vast majority of the territory, has a small thickness. The number of days with snow cover on the territory ranges from 200 - 210 days - in the south of Yakutia, to 250 days - in the tundra zone. The smallest number of cloudy days (120 - 130) is observed on the Central Yakut Plain and in the Verkhoyansk region, the largest (160 - 180) - on the islands and the coast of the northern seas, here the smallest number of hours of sunshine per year is also observed (1000 - 1 300 hours).

In most of the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), weak and moderate winds prevail - up to 1 - 2 m / s. On the islands of the polar seas, winds prevail at a speed of 4 - 5 m / s. Strong winds (up to 15 m/s) are most often observed on the islands and coasts of the Laptev and East Siberian seas, as well as in the Lena valley (down from the mouth of the Aldan), and in the tundra zone.

When to go to the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Yakutia is a beautiful harsh region, the entire territory is located in the permafrost zone, which is a kind of paradise for lovers of extreme tourism. Nevertheless, the summer months - June and July - are the short time when inquisitive travelers, ecologists and naturalists can visit Yakutia. It is warm, almost hot, and very sunny here, and untouched by man nature, and excellent opportunities for active recreation, attract many travelers to this region.
Yakutia is very rich in rivers and lakes. In summer, cruises along the Lena are very popular, during which you can admire the river bends, nicknamed "Lena Cheeks".

Yakutia is a real paradise for ecologists and zoologists. The untouched nature of Yakutia became the basis for the creation of several huge reserves here for conservation wildlife. Many birds living in Yakutia are so rare that they are listed in the Red Book. Traveling along ecological routes, tourists observe the life of forest, tundra, river inhabitants, get acquainted with their habits.

Fans of history and architecture should definitely visit Yakutsk, the capital of the region. Get acquainted with the history and customs of local people, visit the mammoth museum, look at the Yakut diamonds - this is not all that this city can offer you.

In August, it will be interesting for mushroom pickers and berry pickers in Yakutia. At this time, delicious and healthiest berries in taiga. Northern berries have a special, strong taste, and are saturated with juicy shades.

Not the best time to travel to Yakutia is the Yakut autumn (second half of August - September) and the Yakut spring (May). It is cold, damp and dirty, it is raining, or, on the contrary, everything is melting everywhere, there may be floods, inexperienced travelers and fishermen risk falling through the ice.

You should not go to Yakutia in winter - from October to May. Despite the fact that winter holidays in Yakutia are becoming more and more popular and promoted, here you can admire the northern lights, ride reindeer and dog sledding, hikes to the North Pole are actively organized here - all this is a vacation for extreme people, an ordinary unprepared person is better do not participate in this.

In winter it is cold here, very cold, not every person can withstand air temperatures of -60 ° C and below, and independent travel in your car in such temperatures is simply not possible. But, if you still love adventure, and decide to travel to Yakutia in winter, remember - you need to dress very very warmly. A fur coat or sheepskin coat, a fur hat and special insulated shoes - high fur boots (shoes made of reindeer skin with felt soles) must be of high quality, waterproof and warm.

The climate of the Kamchatka Territory

The climate of the Kamchatka Territory is quite diverse, in the northern part it is subarctic, on the coasts it is temperate maritime, and in the interior it is temperate continental. The Kamchatka Peninsula stretches from north to south for almost 1,500 km, and this alone determines the difference in temperature in its southern and northern parts. For example, if in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky the thermometer shows -10°C, then in the central part of the peninsula, at that moment, at least -25°C. Also, active volcanoes and glaciers influence Kamchatka weather (there are more than 400 of them in Kamchatka). The Kamchatka Territory is dotted with mountain ranges and ridges (up to 2,500 m high, not counting volcanoes, the average height of which is 3,200 m), which trap cyclonic masses coming from the sea and do not let them deep into the peninsula.

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The climate here is quite severe and very changeable. The cold currents of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Bering Sea reduce the average annual air temperatures, which is especially unfavorable during the warm season. A sharp cooling or warming can occur, literally, in a few hours. In half an hour the temperature can rise by ten degrees! And the record for Kamchatka's weather temperature is 36°C per day! Clear calm weather in the morning, by lunchtime can change to stormy, with heavy precipitation and hurricane winds.

A feature of the Kamchatka weather is strong winds, often turning into hurricanes and storms, which is caused by cyclones constantly walking over the Pacific Ocean.
The entire territory of the Kamchatka Territory belongs to the regions of the Far North. Temperature regime, the nature of precipitation, as well as the geological structure determined the modern glaciation. In total, there are 414 glaciers in the region with a total area of ​​871.1 km². They are located mainly in high mountain ranges and on volcanoes. The influence of glaciers on the climate of Kamchatka and its nature, in general, is insignificant.

Winter in the Kamchatka Territory begins in early October - November and lasts, in total, in the north - 7 months, in the south - 5 months. If we compare it with the winter of the central regions of the Far East, then it is somewhat milder, since the Kamchatka Peninsula is surrounded on all sides by large bodies of water.

Winter begins when snow caps appear on the hills, and every day, the snow line drops lower and lower until it covers the entire territory. In general, Kamchatka winters are cold and very snowy. Snow falls early, and almost immediately, a stable snow cover is formed. Sometimes, in one day, 100% or more of the monthly snow norm can fall. There is a lot of snow, in the foothills the height of the snow cover reaches 2.5 meters. In coastal areas, hills and sandy spits, it is often blown away by the wind and blown into the sea, exposing the soil. In most areas of the Kamchatka Territory, the snow cover lasts for almost half a year.

The coldest month of the year is January, its average air temperatures in the north and in the center are -24°C, in the south of the peninsula - -8°C. The coldest part of the peninsula in winter is the Central Kamchatka Lowland, where the average January temperature reaches -26°C. The Kamchatka lowland is protected from the influence of cyclones by powerful ridges, therefore, in winter, frosty, relatively quiet, slightly cloudy weather of the continental type prevails here. But the lowest temperature was observed in the area of ​​Milkovo village - -57°C. Despite such low temperatures, the “pole of cold” is located in the village of Verkhne-Penzhino, where a temperature of -64 ° C is registered!

In winter, cyclones quite often move across the southeast coast, where they carry the warm and humid air of the Japan and Yellow Seas, cause prolonged snowfalls, snowstorms and storm winds. At the same time, thaws are observed throughout the region, and there are frequent cases of temperatures rising to +5°C in January and February. Thaws last for several days, then frosts come back into their force.

Spring in the Kamchatka Territory begins in early April, and in the northern regions of the peninsula - in early May. In general, the Kamchatka winter is cold and short, and lasts about 2 months. The course of spring is influenced by the seas washing Kamchatka. Ice, in the coastal part of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Bering Sea, occurs during May, and in some bays and bays it stays until June. During this period of time, it is cold on the coasts, and only at the beginning of June the air temperature rises to +5 °С.

In the central part of the peninsula, spring is warmer. The temperature rises to +5°C in mid-April, and in mid-May the daytime air temperature reaches +15°C. Spring is characterized by extremely unstable weather - frequent returns of cold weather, frosts can persist or even blizzards rage.

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Summer in the Kamchatka Territory begins in early June, and in the northern regions of the peninsula - almost a month later. Kamchatka summer is short, cold, cloudy and rainy. There are few hot days, but the farther from the coast, the more there are, the higher the average temperature. In addition, due to the large length of the Kamchatka Peninsula from north to south, summer passes here, everywhere, in completely different ways. While there is snow everywhere on the Parapolsky Dole, the Karaginsky Bay is clogged with ice fragments, and there is a flood along the rivers, bird cherry and meadow grasses are blooming in the Central Kamchatka Lowland, and in the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky area, many plants are already flowering, and the beach of Avacha Bay is visited by bathers , although half of Avachinsky Sopka is still covered with a white snow cap. In addition, weather conditions depend not only on the latitude of the area, but also vary in different places during the day. For example, in the eastern regions, within one day, the summer heat can be replaced by cold drizzling rain, reminiscent of late autumn, or fog, with a piercing wind, and heat can return to replace them again.

The warmest summer month is July, and on the coasts it is August. The average daily temperature in July, in the continental part of Kamchatka, is +18°C, and on the coast, in August, +14°C. The “hottest” place is the valley of the Kamchatka River, where in summer there is real heat and the air warms up to +30°C. The highest temperature was observed in the village of Dolinovka - +37 °С. In general, the number of warm days with temperatures above +20°C in the Kamchatka Territory reaches: on the coast - from 1 to 6 days, in the mainland - from 20 to 30 days, and in the valley of the Kamchatka River - from 35 to 55 days .

Warm days alternate with rainy ones. But thunderclouds rarely form, as there are few hot days in Kamchatka. With high humidity, there is not enough heat to form thunderclouds. In the central regions of the peninsula, every year there are 2-3 thunderstorms, on the coasts they happen once every few years.

In summer, on the coasts, southerly winds blow, fogs are frequent. A milky-white veil envelops the coasts and islands. The number of days with fog ranges from 70 to 115 on the coasts. A special place is occupied by Cape Lopatka, where in the warm season there are more than 100 days with fog.

Autumn in the Kamchatka Territory begins in mid-September, and in the north - in mid-August. Perhaps autumn is the best time of the year in Kamchatka. This is a rather pleasant warm, sunny season, although rather short. In early autumn, in the valley of the Kamchatka River and in the northern regions, the average daily air temperature reaches +10°C, on the coasts +5°C, and on some days it rises to +15 - + 20°C. On such days, the bright blue of the sky, the transparent air, the hills and forests, colored in various colors, give the Kamchatka autumn a unique charm.

But every day the temperature drops. For a month and a half, it drops below zero, snowfalls come to replace the rains, many rivers and lakes freeze, and winter gradually comes into its legal rights in these parts ....

Nature did not deprive the Kamchatka Territory of precipitation. More precipitation falls here than in any other region of Russia. Their largest number falls on the southern regions of the peninsula, where up to 2,500 mm falls annually. In the Central Kamchatka Lowland, protected from the influence of cyclones by the Sredinny and Vostochny ranges, the average annual precipitation is 400 mm. On the northeastern coast, the amount of precipitation increases to 500 - 600 mm per year. The least amount of precipitation falls in the extreme north-west of the region - up to 300 mm per year. As a rule, more precipitation falls in the warm season than in the cold.

On the coast of the Kamchatka Territory, strong winds are often observed - up to 40 m / s. The most windy part of the region is the east coast. The west coast is not windy. The wind tends to change its speed depending on the season, the windiest are the winter months.

When to go to the Kamchatka Territory. Kamchatka is beautiful and amazing at any time of the year. But the capricious weather never allows you to relax here. But, if you, nevertheless, decide to visit this unique land, you will never regret it.

It is best to plan your trip to Kamchatka during the warm season - from May to the end of September. A variety of activities and entertainment will not let you get bored even for a minute - after all, Kamchatka is a mega paradise for active tourists. Walking tours to mountain lakes and hot springs, climbing Avachinsky, Mutnovsky, Gorely, Tolbachik volcanoes, where you can feel like a conqueror of peaks, horseback riding tours and excursions during which you can visit natural monuments and hot thermal springs, river rafting and excellent fishing , sea excursions and diving - this is not the whole list of what you can get carried away with here in the summer.

There are 5 nature parks, 2 nature reserves, 17 nature reserves and about 170 unique natural objects that attract ecologists and zoologists from all over the world to these places in a relatively small area.

It is worth visiting the capital of the Kamchatka Territory - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Here you can visit the Kamchatka United Museum, whose exhibits tell about the history of the region, the indigenous peoples of Kamchatka and their ancient culture, fauna and flora of the peninsula. The Museum of Volcanology is also interesting, where a unique collection of samples of volcanic lava is collected, not only from Kamchatka, but also from Japan, New Zealand, America, Mexico, and Iceland.

Summer holidays in Kamchatka are amazing. But, it is worth remembering that in the warm season the region is especially prone to cyclonic activity, in other words, it rains quite often, at which there is a rather low pressure. In general, the average pressure throughout Kamchatka is below normal - 757 - 758 mm Hg. Given the frequent change of weather and frequent magnetic storms, weather-sensitive people should definitely take the necessary medicines with them so that the long-awaited vacation does not turn into a nightmare!

Winter time - from November to the end of March is suitable for lovers of winter sports and entertainment. Ski trips, helicopter tours to hot springs and volcanoes, exciting ice fishing and snowmobile safaris - choose whatever you like! But, given the inconsistency of the Kamchatka weather, you should dress warmer, and be especially careful when choosing hiking equipment, paying special attention to the waterproofness of shoes.

The least successful months for a trip to Kamchatka are Kamchatka autumn (October) and Kamchatka spring (April, in the north - May). These months are the pinnacle of the unpredictability and changeability of the weather. No weather forecast and no weather forecasters are able to predict what will happen in the next few minutes. In addition, the cold autumn time is not the best time to contemplate the unique nature of Kamchatka. And in the spring, it is strongly not recommended to climb the hills and mountains, melting snow can form an avalanche that will sweep away everything in its path.

The climate of the Khabarovsk Territory

The climate of the Khabarovsk Territory is moderate monsoonal, characterized by cold winters and humid hot summers. The territory of the Khabarovsk Territory belongs to the Amur-Ussuriysk climatic region, which is part of the Pacific monsoon region of the temperate zone.

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The large length of the Khabarovsk Territory from south to north determines various climatic conditions, which depend on the distance to the sea, altitude, exposure, steepness and length of mountain slopes, wind regime and temperature inversions.

The most severe indicators are noted in the north of the region, in the south the climate is relatively warmer, the climate is milder on the coast of the Khabarovsk Territory. Very severe climatic conditions are also observed in the flat areas, where the frost-free period is almost a month shorter than in the foothills, and in the middle mountain belt. In areas of the haze landscape, under swampy larch forests and damp reed grass-sedge meadows, there is long-season permafrost.

Winter in the Khabarovsk Territory begins in the north and in the mountains - in early October, in the south - in early November. Khabarovsk winter is characterized by sunny weather with severe frosts, quite often accompanied by winds, and, on the coast of the region, frosts are noticeably weaker.

In October-November, ice forms on the rivers, which is preceded by a period of freezing. The average duration of freezing of the Amur River is about 10 - 25 days, the Kur River freezes in 23 - 51 days, the Uda River in 11 - 44 days, the Tugur River in 25 - 89 days. Freezing, however, occurs on the rivers of the Ulchsky region, approximately, on November 10 - 15, on the tributaries of the Amur, in the southern regions - in mid-November.

The formation of a stable snow cover begins in the north - in early October, and in the south - in the first ten days of November, and reaches, on average, 18 cm, maximum - 25 cm.

On the slopes of the Dzhugdzhur Ridge facing the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the amount of solid precipitation is much greater than on the slopes facing the interior of the continent. This is due to powerful cyclones breaking through the Sea of ​​Okhotsk from Japan, bringing heavy snowfalls and intense snowstorms. Therefore, on the coastal slopes, the height of the snow cover is much higher - up to 100 cm, and on the western slopes, in total, 50 - 80 cm. During the winter, the depth of freezing of rocks reaches 3.2 m.

Due to the abundance of snow cover, in the Khabarovsk Territory, a rather long avalanche period, which averages 90 - 150 days, on the slopes of the Suntar-Khayat, Dzhugdzhur, Stanovoy and upper marks of the Sikhote-Alin ridges, and up to 30 - 90 days on Bureinsky, Badzhalsky ridges and the lower parts of the Sikhote-Alin. As a rule, the volume of avalanches does not exceed 10,000 m³, however, on the Dzhugdzhur Ridge, on the Stanovoi Ridge, as well as in sections of the Bureinsky and Badzhalsky Ranges, snow avalanches are possible, with a volume of up to 50,000 - 70,000 m³.

January is the coldest month of the year, with an average daily temperature of -22°C in the south, -40°C in the north and -18°C on the coast. In February, frosts do not subside, the air temperature, on average, is 3 - 4 ° C lower than in January. This month is the most likely to experience snowstorms and snowstorms accompanied by strong gusts of wind.

March is a calendar spring, but in the Khabarovsk Territory, it is still a winter month. The amount of solar radiation in March increases markedly, the sun begins to bake, and the snow cover, in this month, reaches its maximum value. As a rule, there are no severe frosts in March, the air temperature is moderately negative, in the south of the region, at the end of the month, thaws occur.

Spring in the Khabarovsk Territory begins in the south of the region - at the end of March, in the north and in the mountains - only at the end of April. The beginning of spring is characterized by very unstable weather - warm days quickly replaced by cold and rainy. However, the air temperature is rising almost daily.

The destruction of ice begins, on the rivers of the southern regions - in the second half of March, on the rivers of the northern regions - in the second half of April. At the same time, heavy snowmelt begins. The section of the middle Amur is completely cleared of ice, from the village of Nagibovo to the village of Kazakevichevo, at the beginning of the third decade of April, and already from here, the opening front gradually moves north, reaching, in early May, the latitude of the city of Komsomolsk and by May 10 - 15 the northern regions the Amur basin.

May is the height of spring in the Khabarovsk Territory, in the south of the region, leaves bloom, grass turns green, flowers bloom. Waking up from hibernation forests and meadows, insects around buzz, sing, fly ... In the north of the region, nature also comes to life, only in slow motion. Here, in some places, there is still snow, and ice floes are floating on the rivers, nevertheless, the birds chirp merrily, the sun is hot, and the air is filled with the heady aroma of wet earth.

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But, even at this beautiful time of the year, nature does not allow a person to relax. Apart from Have a good mood and warm sunny days, May also brings with it unpleasant consequences - namely, river flooding. Every year in the Khabarovsk Territory, part of the rivers get out of control. This is due to floods, ice drift, and just heavy rainfall. For example, the Bira river floods from May to September, for about 3 - 5 days in each month. At Tunguska, in the area of ​​the lower reaches of the Kura, in May, the floodplain is flooded, on average, for 6 days, in August and September for 14-21 days, and in October for 2-7 days. And on the Amgun River, water spills, on average, last 10 - 11 days in each month, from May to September, but in June the duration of flooding can increase to 15 - 16 days.

Summer in the Khabarovsk Territory begins in the south of the region - at the end of May, in the north and in the mountains - at the end of June. Khabarovsk summer is very hot (except for the sea coast) and humid. June is a rather dry hot month, there is little rainfall, but the number of hours of sunshine is the largest in the year, throughout the entire Khabarovsk Territory. This is facilitated by the maximum duration of daylight hours - 15 - 16 hours a day.

A completely different situation is observed in July and August. During this time there is heavy rainfall. Cloudy skies during these months average 60% of the days. In the southern regions of the region, rains are observed due to the penetration of humid tropical air masses here.

July is the warmest month of the year, the average daily temperature in July is +28°С in the south of the region, +20°С in the north, and +18°С on the sea coast. High peaks and slopes of mountains (+5 - +15°С) are characterized by low temperatures in summer.

August is the last month of summer. In the south of the region, the weather is still warm, with heavy rains, so August is a great time for mushroom pickers and berry lovers. At this time, hundreds of people flock to the forests to replenish their vitamin supplies for the long cold winter. In contrast to the south, in the north of the Khabarovsk Territory, August is already a rather cool month, the temperature at this time rarely rises above + 18 ° C, and at the end of the month, at night, frosts can occur.

Autumn in the Khabarovsk Territory begins in the south of the region - in mid-September, in the north of the region and in the mountains - in mid-August. The beginning of autumn is the best time of the year, this warm sunny time, without sweltering heat and strong winds. Nevertheless, there is a noticeable decrease in air temperature, not in the north of the region - faster, in the south - slower. The second half of September brings prolonged cold rains to the south of the region, and in the north, at this time, snowfalls are frequent guests.

In October, in the north of the region, the real winter begins, while in the southern part, nature is still preparing for winter, completing the final touches. At this time, frosts are frequent, and by the end of the month, at night, slightly negative air temperatures are set. Rains give way to snowfalls, but a stable snow cover falls only in the first half of November.

Atmospheric precipitation in the Khabarovsk Territory, during the year, falls unevenly. In the south of the Khabarovsk Territory and on the eastern slopes of the Bureinsky Range, precipitation is 600 - 800 mm. The greatest amount of precipitation is observed in the area of ​​the Sikhoe-Alin ridge - 800 - 1,000 mm. In the coastal strip of the region, the amount of precipitation decreases to 400 - 700 mm. In the valley of the Amur River, 500 - 600 mm of precipitation falls. The largest amount of precipitation in the southern and central parts of the Khabarovsk Territory falls in August, and on the coast of the Tatar Strait (south of Cape Surkum) - in September. The shortest duration of precipitation is observed in spring and autumn, when cyclonic activity weakens. Humidity in summer reaches 80 - 100%, in winter 80 - 85%.

When to go to the Khabarovsk Territory. Since ancient times, this vast region has been shrouded in a halo of romance. Tourists are attracted here by the amazing, in its beauty and richness, nature of the region: full-flowing rivers, centuries-old taiga, unique flora and fauna.

The best time to travel to the Khabarovsk Territory is the summer months - from June to September. These months are great for fishing - the full-flowing rivers of the Khabarovsk Territory - the Amur, Ussuri, Gur - are rich in fish, among which the giant fish kaluga, taimen and trout stand out. It is in the local rivers that their world trophy specimens are caught.

For lovers of ecological tourism, there is also expanse here - recreation centers, boarding houses and tourist centers of the Khabarovsk Territory offer a variety of programs to get acquainted with the beauties of the region, its sights and opportunities for an interesting, exciting, rich experience, recreation. To the south of Khabarovsk is the Bolshekhekhtsirsky nature reserve, which was established specifically to preserve the unique landscapes of the Amur region. Lakes Evoron, Udyl, Chukchagirskoye, Bolon are known as stations for migratory birds - ducks, geese, cranes and storks, and swans can be seen on Lake Mukhtel in spring and autumn.

The undoubted attraction of the region is the Shantar Islands, where among the forests, penetrated by a network of rivers, streams, waterfalls and lakes, many birds nest, some of which are listed in the Red Book.

Cruise tours along the Amur River are very pleasant in the warm season. On these cruises, you can get acquainted with the picturesque nature of the banks of the Amur, learn the culture, life and crafts of the peoples of the Amur region - Ulychs and Nanais.

The winter months - from December to March - are a great time for winter sports, since there is plenty of snow here. Snowmobile travel, horse and sleigh rides, cross-country skiing, ice skating, ice fishing - there is nothing here. Komsomolsk-on-Amur has modern ski slopes that run along the hills Znatnaya, Polygon, Amurstal. There are ski slopes in the Sunny area. But, it is worth remembering that winters are cold here, it is worth taking only the warmest clothes on a trip.

The most inappropriate time to travel to the Khabarovsk Territory is the autumn months - October, November, and the spring months - March, April, and May - in the north of the region. These are transitional months, with unstable air temperatures, heavy rainfall, and often strong winds. Roads, in many places in the region, during these months, can become impassable, and rivers overflow their banks.

A characteristic feature of the climate of the Khabarovsk Territory are sharp drops in atmospheric pressure. In such cases, people who are especially sensitive to pressure drops may experience great discomfort - headache, pain in the heart and other organs, exacerbation of sciatica and diseases of the sciatic nerve, tinnitus. It is recommended to take these features into account when traveling to the Khabarovsk Territory, and take the necessary medicines with you.

The climate of the Sakhalin region

The climate of the Sakhalin Region is temperate monsoonal. This is the only island region in Russia, which includes the island of Sakhalin, with the islands of Moneron and Tyuleniy located near it, and two ridges of the Kuril Islands.

Cheap flights to Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

The climate of the Sakhalin Region is greatly influenced by the surrounding seas and their currents. From the north, along the eastern coast, the cold Kuril Current passes, which forms lower temperatures in the summer months, compared with the corresponding latitudes of the western coast. South Sakhalin and its western shores are under the influence of the warmer Sea of ​​Japan and the relatively warm terminal jets of the Tsushima Current. And if we compare Sakhalin with similar territories of European Russia, then the seasons on the island succeed each other with a delay of about three weeks. True, the climate here is more severe than in other areas of the temperate zone. The northern tip of the Sakhalin Region lies at the latitude of Tula, and the southern tip at the latitude of Sochi. However, the climatic features of these regions differ significantly. For example, the climate of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is characterized by severe, with strong winds and snowstorms, winters and cool, with frequent rains and fogs, summers.

During the year, between the Pacific Ocean and the eastern margin of Eurasia, there is an intensive exchange of air masses, on the way of which Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands are located. The seasonal change in air currents determines the thermal contrast between the continent and the ocean. During the year, on average, about 100 cyclones pass over Sakhalin, causing increased winds, cloudy weather with precipitation, and in late summer and early autumn, typhoon outcrops are observed, which are accompanied by storm winds reaching speeds of more than 40 m/s, and heavy rains. Frequent cyclones are often accompanied by floods. Often on Sakhalin there are also heavy snowfalls, snowstorms and snowstorms, severe frosts, ice phenomena, snow avalanches, lightning discharges, showers and, accompanying them, powerful rain floods, mud landslides, and on the coasts - volumetric tides, surges, tsunamis. The nature of the Sakhalin region is very fragile and unusually capricious.

Winter in the Sakhalin region begins at the end of October - in the north of Sakhalin, and at the beginning of November - in the south of Sakhalin. On the northern Kuril Islands, winter begins in the second decade of November, on the southern Kuril Islands - in the first decade of December. In general, the winter in the Sakhalin region is severe and snowy, with frequent and long blizzards. There are such snowfalls here that it seems that tons of snow bury everything in its path, benches, cars, poles, fences, houses. It sweeps so that the illuminated windows of the houses only faintly smolder.

In the north of Sakhalin, snow cover sets in at the end of October, in the south - almost a month later. In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, stable snow cover appears, on average, on November 22. On the Kuril Islands, snow cover is established in the north - at the end of November, in the south - in early December. Intense long snowstorms are very often observed, giving even more severity to the Kuril winter. Winter is characterized by significant cloudiness associated with cyclonic activity due to the proximity of the Aleutian Low.

Soils freeze to a shallow depth: in the north and in the middle part of Sakhalin up to 140 - 160 cm, in the south - up to 40 - 70 cm, which is due to large snow cover and high groundwater levels. In the north of Sakhalin, there are separate areas of permafrost.

The duration of sunshine in December is minimal, and decreases from north to south. In the north of the western coast of Sakhalin, it is about 90 hours per month, in the south of the west coast - 40 hours, and on the east coast - within 70 - 100 hours. On the Kuril Islands, the duration of sunshine varies from 30 to 50 hours per month, and in the south of the Kuril Islands it reaches 100 hours.

The influence of the stable Siberian anticyclone makes the winter in the north of Sakhalin more severe and snowy, while the southern part is under the influence of southern cyclones, and more often finds itself in a stream of relatively warm air. The Kuril Islands in winter are characterized by intense precipitation and blizzards, especially snowballs, which greatly impair visibility. January is richest in precipitation, this month, approximately, from 20 to 25 days with precipitation, but their intensity is low.

The coldest month of the year in the Sakhalin region is February, its average daily temperature in the north of Sakhalin is -16 - -24°С, in the south - -10 -18°С. On some days, minimum temperatures can drop to -50°С in the north and -40°С in the south. The coldest place on Sakhalin is the central part of the Tym-Poronai lowland, where the average monthly temperature in January is -26°С, and the absolute minimum air temperature reached -54°С. The amplitude of temperature fluctuations in this area is more than 90°C. On the Kuril Islands, the average daily air temperatures in February are -6 - -8°C. Temperature differences in winter between the northern and southern parts of the islands are insignificant and amount to about 2°C. However, thaws can be observed in any part of the Sakhalin region, in any of the winter months.

February has the least rainfall of the year. In the north of Sakhalin, their number varies from 15 to 20 mm, in the south - 25 - 35 mm, in the central regions 20 - 30 mm of precipitation falls.

March is a full-fledged winter month in the entire Sakhalin Region. In March, the snow cover reaches its greatest value, on average, from 50 cm in the north of Sakhalin, up to 70 cm in the south, and up to 100 cm in the east. On the Kuril Islands, the height of the snow cover decreases from north to south and reaches, on average, up to 60 - 30 cm. On the islands of the Lesser Kuril Range, in warm and little snowy winters, unstable snow cover is noted. Due to strong winds, the snow cover is uneven; from the windward slopes of the mountains, and from unprotected areas, snow is blown off and accumulates in river valleys, where its height can reach several meters. The accumulation of a large amount of snow in the Sakhalin mountains leads to the formation and descent of snow avalanches.

Spring in the Sakhalin region begins in the south of Sakhalin - in early April, in the north of Sakhalin - in early May. In the Kuriles, spring comes, on the northern islands - at the end of April, on the southern islands - at the end of March. In general, the Sakhalin spring is protracted, cold, with late snowfalls and fogs, partly, the cold Sea of ​​Okhotsk is to blame for this, which affects the climate of the region like a giant thermal accumulator. With the beginning of spring, intrusions of air masses from the Pacific Ocean into the territory of the region and adjacent water areas become more frequent, causing southerly and southeasterly winds.

The spring temperature rise is very slow, there are frequent returns of cold weather, sometimes with very low negative air temperatures, with precipitation in the form of rain and snow.

The destruction of the snow cover begins in the south of Sakhalin - in early April, in the north - in early May, in the mountains the snow melts slowly and can persist until July. The average dates for the complete melting of the snow cover are from April 22 (Kholmsk) to May 28 (Cape Elizabeth). On the Kuril Islands, the destruction of the snow cover occurs: on the northern islands - in early May, on the southern islands - in early April.

Frosts in May and even in June are common. In addition, it can snow in May and June. As summer approaches, clouds and precipitation increase everywhere in the Sakhalin Region, fogs become more frequent.

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Summer in the Sakhalin region begins in the south of Sakhalin - in mid-June, in the north of Sakhalin - in early July. On the northern Kuril Islands, summer time begins in mid-June, on the southern Kuril Islands - in early June. As a rule, summer weather is very unstable.

In general, summer in the Sakhalin region is short, rainy and cool, in all months, except August, frosts can be observed, and in the central part of the Tym-Poronai lowland, in some years, frosts are possible throughout the summer. The eastern windward shores of Sakhalin, subject to the intense influence of the cool summer monsoon, are everywhere colder than the western ones. This is due to the influence of ice, which, during this period, is carried away by the current from the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the south, along the eastern coast of the island. Summer on the Kuril Islands is characterized by high humidity, more than 97%.

The distribution of cloudiness changes in summer: the windward eastern coasts and the south of the Tym-Poronai lowland become more cloudy. The western coast is characterized by a decrease in cloudiness - the lowest value is observed in the middle part, and it increases to the north and south.

High air humidity in the summer contributes to the formation, on the islands of the Sakhalin Region, of frequent and prolonged fogs. In June, the maximum number of days with fog is observed in the Sakhalin Region. Fogs are especially frequent on the eastern coast of Sakhalin, on average, 12 - 18 days. On the Kuril Islands there are 26 - 28 days with fogs in each summer month. Usually fogs keep continuously, for several days.

July sees the longest duration of sunshine. On the eastern coast of Sakhalin, the duration of sunshine, on average, is 100 - 150 hours per month, in the south of the Tym-Poronai lowland - 130 hours, in the area of ​​the Susunay lowland - 140 hours. On the Kuril Islands, the duration of sunshine varies from 70 to 150 hours - there are a lot of days without sun, on average, 10 - 15 days per month.

The warmest month of the year is August. Its average daily air temperatures in the north of Sakhalin are +12 - +17°С, in the south of Sakhalin - + 12 - +17°С. On the northern Kuril Islands, the average daily temperature in August reaches +10°С, on the southern Kuril Islands - +16°С.

At the same time, days with very high daily air temperatures are no exception. For example, in the north of Sakhalin, the air temperature, on some days, can reach +33°C, and in the central part of the Tym-Poronai lowland - up to +38°C. The maximum temperatures on the northern Kuril Islands do not exceed +26°С, on the southern Kuril Islands the daily air temperature can reach +32°С.

The lowest summer temperatures occur on the eastern coast of Sakhalin, where the influence of the cold East Sakhalin current affects. In August, the maximum amount of precipitation is also observed, associated with increased cyclonic activity over the ocean. Especially the number of days with heavy rainfall increases.

Autumn in the Sakhalin region begins in the north of Sakhalin - in mid-August, in the south of Sakhalin - in the second decade of September. Autumn comes to the northern Kuril Islands at the end of August, to the southern Kuril Islands - in the third decade of September. In general, autumn in the Sakhalin region is mostly sunny and warm.

Early autumn is the most favorable time of the year. The air temperature is still quite high, often daytime air temperatures reach + 26 ° C, cloudiness is decreasing, cloudy skies are, on average, 50%, the number of foggy days is sharply reduced, relative humidity is decreasing, it is still high and solar Activity, which fluctuates within 150 -180 hours per month. On the Kuril Islands, in autumn, air humidity decreases and the number of days with fogs is sharply reduced, and the northwest becomes the prevailing wind direction.

Gradually, the air temperature drops, frosts are periodically observed. But it happens that in the valley of the Tym River frosts come, already, in the first days of August, and then again, often until November, fine warm days are established. From October, the total amount of precipitation begins to decrease. This is due to a decrease in the number of days with heavy rains. At this time, also, a sharp cooling is observed in most of the territory of the Sakhalin Region. At the end of October - November, the winter period begins ...

Various physical and geographical features determine the uneven distribution of precipitation over the territory of the region. During the year, up to 600 - 850 mm of precipitation falls on the western coast of Sakhalin, up to 500 - 750 mm in the middle parts, more than 400 mm in the north, and up to 1,000 - 1,200 mm in the mountains. The highest average annual precipitation falls in the city of Aniva - up to 990 mm, the least - at the Kuegda weather station, on average, 476 mm. In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, an average of 753 mm of precipitation falls per year. On the Kuril Islands, 1,100 - 1,700 mm of precipitation falls annually, with a maximum on Simushir Island. Most of the precipitation (up to 76%) falls during the warm period, in the form of rain. Heavy rains fall during typhoons and lead to a rise in water in rivers up to 4 meters.

The Sakhalin region is also famous for its heavy, powerful winds. The highest wind speeds are usually observed in the cold season. On the Kuril Islands, the average annual wind speed is 5.7 m/s in the south, 6.4 m/s in the north, and 7.8 m/s in the middle Kuriles. On Sakhalin, the average annual wind speed reaches 8 - 12 m/s. In winter, winds of the north-western direction prevail, in summer - the south and south-east.

When to go to the Sakhalin region. On the islands of the Sakhalin region there is neither a warm sea nor a dazzlingly bright sun, but there are many other opportunities for a full and educational vacation.

The best time to travel to the Sakhalin region, the warm summer months are from June to October. The Sakhalin Region is a paradise for active sports! Here they overcome insurmountable obstacles, cross rivers and seas, climb mountains and descend into caves, take off on a paraglider and go in for windsurfing. And what kind of fishing is here! Huge herds of salmon from the ocean rush into the rivers, there are so many fish that you can catch it with your hands! It will also be good for hunting lovers. Hunting in the Sakhalin Region includes hunting brown bear, red deer, fur-bearing animals, upland and waterfowl.

You can feel the breath of the planet by visiting the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk mud volcano. There are also hot mineral springs. Since ancient times, Daginskiye thermal springs of mineral waters and mud have been very popular. Patients with skin and nervous diseases, as well as diseases of the organs of movement and the gastrointestinal tract can be treated here.
Fans of ecological tourism in the Sakhalin region can try the crystal clear water of the Aiichka River, which has healing properties. On the whole, eco-tourism in the Sakhalin Region is trips to hard-to-reach corners of the islands, where the “primordial” balance of the natural world is still preserved.

If you are desperate and are not afraid of bad weather and severe frosts, you can go to the Sakhalin region in winter, from December to April. Among lovers of winter recreation, skiing in the Sakhalin Region is especially popular, with slopes of various levels of difficulty, suitable for both beginners and advanced skiers. But remember, the weather in winter is extremely capricious, storms, hurricanes, snowstorms, snowstorms and severe frosts are a very frequent phenomenon, therefore, a trip to this harsh region in winter should be carefully considered.

Not the best time to travel to the Sakhalin region is the autumn months - October, November, and the spring months - April, May. These are transitional months with extremely erratic weather, with strong temperature fluctuations, and piercing winds. It is unlikely that you will experience the pleasures of the trip, struggling with weather conditions.

Climate of the Jewish Autonomous Region

The climate of the Jewish Autonomous Region is temperate monsoonal. According to its climatic conditions, the region belongs to one of the most favorable corners of the Russian Far East. Climatic conditions here are favorable for the development of forest and grass vegetation and the cultivation of various agricultural crops.Fertile lands and extensive forest lands are the main wealth of the Jewish Autonomous Region. And from the southwest, south and southeast, for 584 km, the territory of the region is washed by the waters of one of the greatest rivers of Eurasia - the Amur.

In the north of the region the climate is quite severe, to the south it softens, the most favorable climate is along the Amur River. In general, there are frosty winters and warm, rainy summer. The northern regions of the Jewish Autonomous Region are located in the permafrost zone, which is distributed fragmentarily and is confined mainly to the mountainous part of the region.

Winter in the Jewish Autonomous Region begins in late October - early November, and lasts until the end of March. In general, dry sunny frosty weather is observed in winter. There is little precipitation in winter - only about 10% of the annual precipitation. A stable snow cover forms at the end of October.

In early November, small rivers and lakes are covered with ice, the Amur freezes at the end of November. The thickness of the ice during the winter reaches 2 meters, which makes it possible to carry out freight and passenger transportation along the river. In December, the shortest daylight hours, the level of solar radiation, at this time, is the lowest of the year. Because of this, December is a rather cold month with low air temperatures. However, slight fluctuations in temperature are observed in any of the winter months. Characteristic for winter and sharp warming, thaws persist for 3-5 days.

The coldest winter month is January. The average daily air temperature in January is -21°С in the south, and -26°С in the north of the region. The absolute minimum can reach -52°C (Kuldur village). February is warmer than January, on average, by 3 degrees.

In March, the calendar spring comes, but in the Jewish Autonomous Region it is still a winter month. There are persistent frosts, but more often than in the rest of the winter months, thaws are also observed. March is a rather sunny month, the sun is already a little hot, which is why, in some places, thawed patches form on the ground. Everything points to the imminent approach of spring.

Spring in the Jewish Autonomous Region begins at the end of March and lasts until early June. In general, the spring is windy, cold and protracted, often with late frosts at night. In the spring, cyclonic activity is activated, the amount of cloudiness increases, and this leads to a decrease in sunny weather by up to 80%, compared with the winter period, despite the increase in the duration of sunshine.

The average daily temperature in April reaches +3°С in the north of the region and +5°С in the south. In mid-April, rivers break up. A winter with little snow does not contribute to the formation of spring floods, so the spring flood is insignificant. But, sometimes, due to the accumulation of a large amount of snow by the end of winter, and its rapid melting, or due to ice jams, the rise in water level can reach up to 10 meters. In general, large marks of spring floods for the rivers of the region are not typical.

In May it becomes noticeably warmer, the average daily temperature reaches +12°С in the north of the region, and +15°С in the south. The leaves are blooming on the trees, the grass is green, the birds are chirping - this is the most wonderful time of the year. Despite the rather high daytime temperature, in May, at night, frosts on the soil are not uncommon.

Cheap hotels in Birobidzhan

Summer in the Jewish Autonomous Region begins in early June. In general, summers are warm and humid, with increased cloudiness. In the first half of summer, as a rule, there is little rain, the region experiences a large deficit in precipitation, in some years, in some areas of the region, a drought may even begin.

July is the warmest month of the year. The average daily temperature in July is +22°C, on some particularly hot days, the thermometer can reach +35 - +38°C. In the second half of July, cyclonic activity in the region increases sharply, and the amount of precipitation exceeds the norm in the first half of summer, almost twice. This continues until the end of August.

Heavy rainfall can cause rivers to overflow and in some years reach flood levels. This is due to the fact that the channels of most of the region's rivers are slightly incised, they cannot accommodate all the incoming water.

Autumn in the Jewish Autonomous Region begins at the end of August. Autumn is characterized by a sharp drop and fluctuation of temperatures from month to month, a gradual decrease in precipitation. The beginning of autumn is a relatively warm, often quite sunny period, and towards the end of September clouds cover the sky and prolonged cold autumn rains begin. At the same time, the first autumn frosts appear on the soil.

The beginning of October is characterized by a sharp drop in temperature. But the rainfall is much less. Trees shed their last foliage, birds freeze in the forests, the air smells of the imminent approach of winter. Before the appearance of snow cover, the soil freezes significantly - 150 - 200 cm. At the end of October, everywhere, snow cover sets in, and the winter period begins.

The Jewish Autonomous Region belongs to the zone of sufficient moisture. Precipitation is 750 - 800 mm per year - in the mountainous part, and 500 - 700 mm - on the plain. The warm period of the year accounts for 85% of precipitation, which is unevenly distributed over the months.

The duration of sunshine in the Jewish Autonomous Region is 2,170 - 2,449 hours, and varies throughout the year, depending on astronomical factors and the annual cloud cover.

When to go to the Jewish Autonomous Region. The best time to travel to the Jewish Autonomous Region is during the warm summer months, from June to September. At this time, the region provides travelers with an extremely diverse vacation. There are about 5,917 rivers flowing here, rich in fish, therefore, the region is very interesting for fishing enthusiasts. Moreover, the rivers also attract fans of extreme sports - rafting on the rivers is becoming more and more popular.

The Jewish Autonomous Region is an invaluable treasure for ecological tourism. Relic corners of nature, such as Turtle Bay, ancient cedar grove, Monk rock and unique picturesque Swan Lake, overgrown with a delightful relic dark pink lotus Komarovka - attract tourists to these places.

May and September are not as hot as the summer months, therefore, they are perfect for sightseeing tours and health tourism. Several healing mineral springs have been discovered on the territory of the Jewish Autonomous Region. The most famous is the Kuldursky thermal, on the basis of which a network of sanatoriums operates. It has its own unique mineral springs with healing high-thermal hydrocarbonate-sodium and nitrogen-siliceous mineral water.

History and culture lovers will not be disappointed by the Jewish Autonomous Region either. In the capital of the region, the city of Birobidzhan, it will be interesting to look at the Volochaevsky Memorial Museum, the Birobidzhan Regional Museum of Local Lore, the Birobidzhan Regional Universal Scientific Library named after Sholom Aleichem, which is the main book depository of the region. And the local history museum is interesting for its collection on the formation and development of the Jewish administrative unit - for the first time in history, after the destruction of the second temple in Jerusalem, more than 2000 years ago.

Winter months - from December to March are suitable for winter sports. Ski tourism in the Jewish Autonomous Region is organized near the town of Obluchie, on the slopes of the picturesque Lesser Khingan. On the mountain slopes there is a snowboarding track and two ski slopes.

The spring months - March and April, and the autumn months - October and November - are the best time to travel to the Jewish Autonomous Region. The weather is extremely unstable, frosts are replaced by thaws and vice versa, the sky is overcast and it often rains, temperature fluctuations are very high. The sharp changeability and unpredictability of the weather can disrupt all your plans and ruin your vacation.

The climate of the Amur region

The climate of the Amur Region is continental, with monsoon features. The Amur Region is considered unique in the Russian Far East. Among its natural landscapes, there are probably almost all that exist on the mainland: endless plains and high mountains, fast wayward rivers and vast swamps.

Cheap flights to Blagoveshchensk

In general, the climate of the Amur Region is characterized by frosty sunny winters and hot summers. Zeya, Selemdzhinsky and Tyndinsky districts of the Amur Region, as well as the cities of Zeya and Tynda, are equated with the regions of the Far North. In the Amur region, according to climatic indicators, there are four seasons of the year: winter, spring, summer and autumn. Each season is characterized by changes in temperature, precipitation, humidity, and the prevailing type of weather.

Winter in the Amur region begins in early November - in the south of the region, and in mid-October - in the north of the region. The duration of winter in the north can reach 202 days, and in the south the winter season is shorter - up to 150 days. Over the territory of the Amur region, during the winter, masses of stable dry and cold continental air dominate. Winter is characterized by thin snow cover and low air temperatures.

Snow cover is established in mid-October - early November. At the beginning of winter, the height of the snow cover reaches only 3-5 cm. Snowlessness adversely affects the overwintering of crops, fruit trees, bushes. In November, the rivers freeze, but the Amur, Zeya, Selemdzha, and Bureya remain navigable. In many rivers, intra-water and bottom ice forms, producing sludge. Air temperatures in November are usually slightly negative.

December is a full-fledged winter month, at which time constant low air temperatures are established. This month is generally colder than February, partly because December has the shortest daylight hours and the least amount of solar radiation.

January is the coldest winter month. The average daily air temperature in the north of the region is -33 - -35°C, in the south - -25 - -28°C. The city of Voronezh is located at the latitude of Blagoveshchensk, where the average January temperature is -8°C, but in Blagoveshchensk the climate is much harsher, here January temperatures reach -24 - -27°C. Sometimes, in the region there are frosts down to -40°C. And the absolute minimums in the north of the region, according to average indicators, can reach -55°С, and in the south – -45°С.

February is a warmer month compared to December and January, but colder compared to March. March is characterized by rising temperatures and often heavy snowfalls. During the whole winter, due to severe frosts, very little precipitation falls, but when the frosts decrease, an anticyclone comes to the region, and brings heavy rainfall. Winter blizzards, accompanied by strong winds, can create snow drifts and complicate the movement of people and vehicles.

At the end of winter, the average snow depth is 30 cm, but the snow is carried by the wind, accumulates in depressions and on leeward slopes, where its height can be more than a meter. In winter, it grows slowly, and in March it reaches its maximum: from 17 - 20 cm in the south, to 35 - 42 cm in the north, in mountainous areas - up to 50 - 60 cm. The thickness of the ice by the end of winter exceeds 1 m, in the most severe winters - about 2 m. In the south of the Amur region, in winter, a layer of seasonal permafrost is formed up to 2.5 - 3 m, completely thawing, only by the beginning of July. In the middle and northern zone, the maximum thickness of island permafrost reaches 70–80 m.

Spring in the Amur region begins in early April - in the south of the region, and in early May - in the north of the region. According to average indicators, the duration of the spring season increases from south to north from 45 days to 52. In spring, returns of cold weather, sudden temperature changes due to the invasion of cyclones, and with them, both cold and warm air, are possible. In spring, over the warming land surface, the pressure decreases, favorable conditions are created for the displacement of cyclones from the seas to land.

The weather in April is more capricious than in March. There are up to 17 cloudy days, and the number of hours of sunshine decreases to 200, against 217 in March. At the same time, the amount of precipitation is tripled. April is characterized by increased winds, with a speed of up to 8 m/s, and sometimes reaching up to 15 m/s.

In the south of the region in April, under the influence of increasing solar radiation, the snow cover is destroyed, thawed patches appear, the first green shoots appear, the color of the needles of pines and spruces changes. In the first decade of April, fields and flat areas are completely free of snow. Greenish-sparkling ice gradually disappears on floodplain lakes. At the end of the first decade of April, all floodplain lakes are covered with water. Since mid-April, significant changes have been taking place on the Amur and Zeya. River hummocks are smoothed out. Riding water crowds and destroys its icy fetters. The earth is gradually freed from the freezing shackles of frost.

In the north of the region, spring begins only at the end of April. At this time, abundant snowmelt begins, freed from ice and rivers. The air smells of damp earth, but at night, still, often frosts.

In May, bird cherry begins to bloom in the south of the region. The sun is starting to get hotter. The entire feathered population of the forests is noticeably revived. There is a rapid awakening of insects, especially butterflies, bugs and ants, there is a massive arrival of lapwings and white wagtails.

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In the north of the region, in mid-May, the last snow cover comes off, nature begins to wake up from its sleep. Insects are actively waking up, forests and fields begin to “come to life”. At the end of May, the first foliage appears on the trees. Willows are blooming in the floodplains. Their bare branches are covered with fluffy balls of yellow and white inflorescences.

Summer in the Amur region begins in early June - in the south of the region, and at the end of June - in the north of the region. The Amur summer is characterized by warm, even hot weather and frequent heavy rains.

June is a summer month in the south of the region, and the last spring month in the north of the region. This time is characterized in different ways, while nature finishes the last spring touches in the north of the region, in the south, at this time, it can be real hell, and people swim in the reservoirs with pleasure. As a rule, June is a sunny, dry month, quite warm and serene.

The hottest summer month is July. The average daily temperature in July, in the south of the region, is +23°С, in the north of the region - +18°С, in the mountains - up to +12°С. In the mountainous northern regions, frosts are observed throughout the summer. Summers are also warm in the intermountain valleys of the north, where summer temperatures rise to +17 °C. Often, real summer heat comes to the region, and then the thermometer can rise to +38°С in the north of the region and up to +42°С in the south of the region. Despite such hot weather, July and August bring with them high clouds and very heavy rainfall.

In general, in the summer there is a significant increase in precipitation - more than 70% of the annual norm. High water on large and small rivers is associated with summer precipitation. The consequences of this are floods. Summer floods caused by monsoon rains are sometimes catastrophic. In addition, thunderstorms are not uncommon, with strong winds and hail. But, along with heavy rains, droughts also occur, which are accompanied by a weak dry wind.

Autumn in the Amur region begins in early September - in the south of the region and in mid-August - in the north of the region. Fluctuations in daily temperatures give the autumn period an unstable character. The Amur autumn is characterized by sudden changes in temperature. Cold waves are moving from the northwest, from the subarctic zone, the north of Eastern Siberia, which is cooling faster. They are replaced by periods of warming, which can be long and intense.

Autumn in September is often rainy, especially in the first half, but with the onset of cold weather, there are more and more clear sunny days. Dry, warm, sunny weather sets in. There is a weakening of cyclonic activity in the Amur River basin, which entails the cessation of rains. In the Zeya-Amur interfluve, in September, almost half as much precipitation falls as in August. Gradually, a light frost is replaced by persistent cold weather, heralding the onset of winter. Often frosts begin before snow falls.

In October, late thunderstorms can still be observed, although usually the thunderstorm season ends in mid-September. This month, average daily air temperatures often drop to negative values, this period is called pre-winter - nature is preparing for winter.

The Amur region belongs to the zone of sufficient moisture. In the northeastern mountainous and eastern regions, the amount of precipitation ranges from 900 to 1,000 mm. In areas gravitating towards the Amur and the lower reaches of the Zeya River, precipitation is less - up to 500 mm, in Blagoveshchensk - up to 550 mm, and in the Arkhara region - up to 600 mm. During June, July and August, up to 70% of the annual precipitation can fall.

The duration of sunshine in the Amur region, expressed in the north, reaches 1,900 - 2,000 hours, and in the south - more than 2,500 hours. These are quite high figures. In Blagoveshchensk, the average value of sunshine is 2266 hours, at the Byssa weather station - 2187.

When to goto the Amur Region. The Amur region is famous for its natural resources, diversity and indescribable beauty of wild nature. These places are so amazing, in their pristine purity and beauty, that they attract many vacationers who prefer a full-fledged outdoor recreation and eco-tourism.

The best time to travel to the Amur Region is during the warm summer months, from June to September. At this time, the Amur Region offers travelers to take ecological and extreme tours, as well as river cruises along the majestic Amur. Mighty cliffs, majestic rocks, dense forests, thousands of birds - this is what the banks of the Amur are like. Fans of ecological tourism will be captivated by this natural splendor.

Moreover, there are over a hundred species of fish in the Amur. And this means that fishing here is beyond praise! In the waters of this great river there are white and black carp, silver carp, yellow-cheeked, skygazer, taimen, snakehead, Amur sturgeon, carp, catfish, kaluga, crucian carp. Fishing lovers will never be left without a catch here!

There is also expanse for hunters. Numerous tourist bases in the region invite hunters to an exciting hunt. Here you can catch reindeer, roe deer, elk and red deer, hare, fox, column, ermine, squirrel, mink, sable, lynx. In addition, the local forests are rich in their gifts - mushrooms and berries, delighting fans of eco-tourism with this.

Animal lovers should definitely visit the Khingan Reserve, which is located in the spurs of the Lesser Khingan. The owner of the forests of the Amur region is the Amur tiger - a beautiful wild cat that has no equal in strength and grace. In the reserve, you can admire these unique animals to your heart's content, and experts will tell you how to behave in case of a tiger, and what to do when you meet him.

May and September are the months that are perfect for sightseeing tours and getting to know the history and traditions of this land. The most interesting among travelers is Blagoveshchensk - here you can visit the Amur Regional Museum named after Novikov-Daursky, as well as several natural monuments - the Dinosaur Cemetery and Lake Rotanye.

Winter time - from December to April - is suitable for lovers and connoisseurs of winter nature and secluded relaxation. In winter, there is much less entertainment - here you can go hunting or ice fishing. Due to the small amount of snow cover, winter sports are poorly developed here. But beauty winter forest, the uniqueness and purity of the local nature, will make an indelible impression.

Transitional months - April, October and November - are not the most successful for a trip to the Amur Region. The unpredictability of the weather, gusty winds and cold rains, snowfalls, sharp warming and cold snaps, for a person who is not used to, can cause severe discomfort, and sometimes real stress. Strong fluctuations in temperature and changeable weather conditions are unlikely to give you real pleasure from the trip, and in the fight against the elements it can turn into a real test. It is recommended to refrain from traveling to the Amur Region during these months.

The climate of Primorsky Krai

The climate of Primorsky Krai is moderate monsoonal. Primorsky Krai is located on the southeastern outskirts of Russia, on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan. Being on the border of the world's largest continent and the greatest of the oceans, Primorsky Krai is constantly under the influence of these two giants. In winter, the territory of the region is under the predominant influence of very cold and dry air masses that form in the area of ​​a powerful Asian anticyclone. The air flow is directed from the regions of China to the southeast, to the area of ​​lower pressure, located over the Pacific Ocean and marginal seas. In summer, the movement of air masses takes the opposite direction.

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The predominance of clear sunny days, the absence of exhausting summer heat, healing springs and large deposits of various muds make the climate of Primorsky Krai extremely beneficial for people. And the abundance of moisture contributes to the development of a powerful vegetation cover. Unusual, for the Russian Federation, crops ripen here - rice, soybeans, grapes, apricots and other heat-loving plants.

Winter in Primorsky Krai begins in early November - in the north of the region, and in mid-November - in the south. The duration of the winter period, in most of the territory of Primorsky Krai, is 130-160 days, and only in the northern part of the western foothills and on the peaks of the Sikhote-Alin, it increases to 180 days. The seaside winter is dry, frosty, with clear weather. Wherein, feature Seaside winters are frequent thaws. On some days, daytime air temperature can rise up to +7 - +12°C.

In November, throughout the territory of the region, except for the southern capes, and the islands of Peter the Great Bay and the southeastern coast, the average monthly air temperature is negative and ranges from -4 to -13°C. The number of days with strong winds also increases in November (up to 15 m/s). This month also marks the formation of a stable snow cover, with the exception of the western and southern regions of the Khanka Plain and the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan. The average height of snow cover, by the third decade of November, in the western foothills of the Sikhote-Alin, reaches 8 - 15 mm.

The Sikhote-Alin Ridge plays a decisive role in the distribution of winter temperatures in Primorsky Krai, and is a natural climatic boundary between the eastern coastal and western foothill regions. The increase in winter temperatures on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan is explained by the warming effect of the sea, as well as the presence of “foehn” processes here; winds blowing from the Sikhote-Alin mountains towards the sea, on some days, significantly increase the air temperature, and therefore, in winter, the warmest areas are the southern and eastern coasts of the region. The warmest winter is in the south of the Khasan district and in the vicinity of the city of Nakhodka, the coldest is in the mountainous regions of the central and northern parts of the region.

The coldest month of the year is January. The average daily air temperature in January is -14°C on the coast, and from -12°C to -23°C in mainland areas. The absolute minimum -54°C was registered in the Krasnoarmeisky district, near the village of Glubinnoye.

In winter, there is a big difference between the atmospheric pressure over the Asian continent and the Pacific Ocean, therefore, the frequency of storm north winds increases: in some years, the number of days with a wind of more than 15 m/s in the region can reach 15 - 20 days.

There is little precipitation during the winter, mainly in the second half of winter. Heavy snowfalls and blizzards are a rather rare phenomenon for Primorsky Krai.

March is a winter month. The average air temperature in March is higher than in February by 5 - 10°C, and is -4 - -9°C - in the continental regions of the region, and -1 - -3°C - on the coast. The continuous increase in heat inflow in March leads to a sharp increase in air temperature from day to day.

Spring in Primorsky Krai begins at the end of March - in the south of the region, and at the beginning of April - in the north of the region. The seaside spring is long, cool, with frequent temperature fluctuations. In continental areas, the air temperature rises from 0 to +10°C in 30-45 days, on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan and in coastal areas this period increases to 50-70 days.

The snow cover melts in the first half of April. The average daily air temperature in April is +7°С in the continental regions of Primorsky Krai, and +12°С on the coast. The rate of precipitation in spring, compared with the winter period, increases significantly. In the spring, the number of fogs also increases from 1 - 3 days - in the continental regions, to 11 - 13 days - on the coast.

Frosts are typical for spring. They stop in the third decade of April in the southern and coastal regions, in the rest of the region - at the end of April and in the first decade of May, but frosts are possible in the east and in early June.

In May, average air temperatures increase by about 8 - 10 ° C, precipitation also increases, more and more heavy rains fall, sometimes with thunder and hail. Leaves bloom, grass turns green, insects come to life, birds sing, nature wakes up - in May everything is transformed with bright colors ...

Summer in Primorsky Krai begins in early June - in the south of the region, and in mid-June - in the north of the region. The main feature of the Primorye summer is heavy rainfall and fog. In addition, summer is the time for typhoons and tropical cyclones, which cause huge damage to the region's infrastructure and agriculture every year.

In the first half of summer, the weather is usually hot and dry - in the continental part and cool, with frequent fogs and drizzle, the weather - on the coast, and the second half of the summer is usually hot, humid, and with heavy rains.

In the first ten days of June, the cessation of the last frosts is noted in the eastern regions. The average air temperature in June, on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, is 3-5°C higher than in May, on the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin and along the entire coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, the average daily temperature in June is +15°C. As the distance from the coastline deep into the territory, the temperature increases markedly, and the highest values ​​of the average monthly temperature are observed in the valley of the Arsenyevka River, and the middle reaches of the Ussuri River - +20°C. In the first decade of June, in the eastern regions, the cessation of the last frosts is noted. On the coldest nights of June, the air temperature drops to 0 - +3°C in the flat part, and in the south of the region to +5 - +7°C. At the end of June, the swimming season begins on the coast of Peter the Great Bay, which lasts until October, and the sailing and rowing season exceeds 250 days.

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The summer monsoon in July - August acquires the greatest stability. For continental regions, July is the warmest summer month, its average daily air temperature is +25°C. The absolute maximum +41°C was registered in the Pogranichny region. On the coast, the warmest summer month is August, with an average daily air temperature of +20°C.

The summer monsoon brings heavy rainfall. Heavy and prolonged rains can go on for more than 2-3 days, without a break. Heavy rains are usually associated with the passage of typhoons and southern cyclones over the regions of Primorsky Krai. The bulk of heavy and heavy rainfall falls in the second half of summer. Due to the fact that cyclones formed in the tropics and subtropics reach the coastal coast, mainly in August and September, the strongest typhoon storm winds are also observed in these months.

Autumn in Primorsky Krai begins in early September - in the north of the region, and in mid-September - in the south. Seaside autumn is usually warm, dry, with clear weather. Precipitation, the number of days with fogs and thunderstorms noticeably decrease in autumn.

The air temperature from August to September drops in continental regions by 6 - 7°C, and on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan by 2 - 4°C. The average daily air temperature in September is +16°С in the continental regions, +11°С on the coast.

In September, the first frosts are possible. In the upper reaches and in the middle parts of the valley of the western foothills of the Sikhote-Alin, in the upper reaches of the valleys of the eastern foothills, on average, frosts are observed in the third decade of September.

The average daily air temperature in October is +7°С in the north of the central regions and +9°С in the south. In the basin of the Bikin, Bolshaya Ussurka, Malinovka, Samarka rivers, as well as in the upper reaches of the Zhuravlevka and Ussuri rivers, and on the mountain peaks of the Sikhote-Alin, in the third decade of October, the average daily air temperature passes through 0 ° C. The lowest values ​​of average air temperatures in October are observed in the foothills and mountainous regions of the Sikhote-Alin, down to -2 - -4°C.

Atmospheric precipitation in October begins to fall in the form of snow, or snow with rain. But the snow cover, due to high air temperatures, is short-lived. But there are quite heavy snowfalls in October, when 20 mm or more falls in 12 hours. Blizzards in October are rare.

In the first ten days of November, in the southern half of the region, the average daily air temperature passes through 0°С, downwards. Winter is coming.

Primorsky Krai belongs to the area with a sufficient level of moisture. On the eastern coast of the region, the amount of precipitation per year can reach 800 mm, in the central mountain-valley regions - 1,000 mm; on the Khanka Plain - 800 mm; on the southern coast of the region - 1200 mm. The distribution of precipitation here has its own "seasonality". Most of the precipitation falls in the summer - 60% of the annual amount. In the second half of summer, the rains have the character of showers. During this period, up to 160 - 250 mm of precipitation falls per day.

Primorsky Krai occupies one of the first places in Russia in terms of solar energy. It really is in abundance here. On average, Primorsky Krai has 310 sunny days a year, with more than 2,000 hours of sunshine. In Vladivostok, the average number of hours of sunshine is 2,140 hours, in Nakhodka - 2,400 hours, in contrast to other Russian cities (in Moscow - 1,731 hours, in Sevastopol - 2,340 hours, in Novosibirsk - 2,077 hours).

Winds in Primorsky Krai, as noted earlier, are monsoon in nature. In winter, monsoons blow mainly from the north and northwest, and in summer - from the south and southeast. However, the significant ruggedness of the territory of the region greatly affects the movement of air masses, therefore, in a number of places, deviations of the monsoons from their main, for this season, direction are observed.

The average annual wind speed in the southern regions of Primorsky Krai is 2 times higher than in the northern regions. At Askold Island it is 11.2 m/s, and at Cape Zolotoy it is 5.3 m/s.

When to goin Primorsky Krai. Primorye is the pearl of the Russian Far East, a storehouse of unique natural objects of indescribable beauty. There are ancient extinct volcanoes, a large number of caves, waterfalls, rivers and lakes.

The best time to travel to Primorsky Krai is the warm months - from June to October. The main magnet for tourists in the region is, of course, the warm Sea of ​​Japan. Every year, many tourists come here to bask in the sun and swim.

The Sea of ​​Japan also attracts fishing enthusiasts. There are more than 179 species of commercial fish, crabs, sea ​​stars, sea urchins, trepangs. A good catch awaits fishermen in the rivers and lakes of the region - here you can fish for grayling, galz, Dolly Varden, coho salmon, chum salmon, pink salmon and other fish. The hunting type of tourism is also developed in Primorsky Krai. Here you can hunt ducks, pheasants and waders, brown bears, roe deer, elks, wild boars.

It is also interesting to visit the tourist capital of Primorsky Krai - Vladivostok. Vladivostok and the area around the city is an amazingly beautiful place, and there are many attractions in the city itself!

Primorsky Krai is also known for its health-improving resources. All types of therapeutic mud are found here: peat, silt, sea and sapropel, and there are more than 100 deposits of various mineral waters. On their basis, unique hospitals and balneological centers are created.

Ecologists, no doubt, will like the nature reserves located here: Ussuriysky and Khankaysky, and the only marine reserve in Russia. Fans of ecological tourism will find here many exotic landscapes, a great variety of fauna and flora. Extreme tourists will not remain indifferent to the local mountain rivers and wilds of the taiga, steep hills and magnificent waterfalls.

The winter months - from December to April - are well suited for recreation in Primorsky Krai. Usually, at this time, balneological treatment is most common, since winter sports are not developed here due to frequent thaws and a small snow cover, therefore, in winter it is better to just relax and enjoy the winter landscapes.

Not the best time to travel to Primorsky Krai is the autumn months - September and November, and the spring months - April and May. Spring is long and unpredictable, autumn is windy and cold, it is very difficult to predict the weather during these months. It is unlikely that you will experience the pleasure of contemplating the beauties of the nature of the region in inclement weather.

Tours to the Far East – special offers of the day

Page 16

INTRODUCTION

Qualitatively and quantitatively, the physical state of the atmosphere and the processes taking place in it are expressed using certain quantities, the so-called meteorological elements and atmospheric phenomena. The most important for human life and economic activity are the following: air pressure, air temperature and humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, wind, fog, snowstorms, ice, thunderstorms, dust storms. These elements are often referred to as weather elements. They are closely interconnected with each other and always act together, manifesting themselves in very complex and variable combinations. The state of the atmosphere over the given territory and beyond given time, determined by the physical processes that take place in it when interacting with the underlying surface, is called the weather.

Observations over the weather over a long period allow us to determine the climate of the area. Climate is a natural sequence of atmospheric processes that is created in a given area as a result of the interaction of solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and physical phenomena occurring on the underlying surface, and which determines the weather regime characteristic of this area.

In addition to these factors, human activity also has a certain influence on the climate, since it can change the physical properties of the underlying surface, as well as the atmosphere and its properties.

The terms "weather" and "climate" are often confused. There is a big difference between these concepts. Weather is the physical state of the atmosphere over a given territory and for a given time, characterized by a certain combination of weather regimes, and the long-term weather regime is understood to mean not only prevailing, but generally possible weather conditions in a given area.

The science that studies the conditions of climate formation and the climatic regime of various countries and regions is called climatology. Climatology considers the relationship between individual climate-forming factors and their interaction with the underlying surface. She is engaged in the study of patterns in the distribution on the surface the globe various meteorological phenomena and types of climate, as well as the resolution of issues related to climate change under human influence.

In our work, we consider the climate of the Far East and its features.

1. General characteristics of the climate of the Far East

The Far East region captures the Amur basin and a strip stretching along the coasts of the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. This area also includes Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

The entire Far Eastern region, with the exception of its northern tundra regions, is a forest zone and belongs to the monsoon climate of temperate latitudes. The subzone of mixed forests occupies only the southern Amur region and Primorye, having the northern boundary line Albazino - Blagoveshchensk, up to 50 ° N. sh.

Due to the vast extent of this region from south to north (from 42.5 ° N to 67 ° N), topographic diversity and features of atmospheric circulation, sharply different climatic regions are distinguished here: the Amur-Primorsky, the Okhotsk coast, the northern region , Sakhalin and Kamchatka.

In the Far Eastern region, the maritime climate, as it were, meets the continental climate, and the gradual transition from one to the other is disturbed by the alternation of lowland and mountainous spaces. Due to high pressure monsoonal circulation dominates over the mainland in winter and low in summer.

During the summer period, when the monsoon blows, the baric relief over this territory is of such a nature that it can be considered as a low-pressure trough running along the sea coast at some varying distance, with cyclones passing through it. Consequently, the main circulation is monsoonal as a consequence of thermal differences between the mainland and the ocean, as well as cyclonic activity.

O. G. Sarochan believes that the monsoon, as a complex phenomenon, consists of primary and secondary monsoons, which are most simply found in the example of the general summer monsoon.

Primary monsoon, a smaller monsoon occurring between the land (coastal area) and the nearby sea, is due to local baric systems that occur in late spring and early summer (maximums in the seas of temperate latitudes and minimum in the coastal region, due mainly to thermal causes), air the currents of the primary monsoons come from the nearby sea to the land and have a southern component; however, they do not give precipitation, being dry and cold, which is determined by the region of their formation.

The secondary monsoon is a macroscale phenomenon. It is due to the interaction of the greatest of the continents - Asia and the greatest of the oceans - the Pacific, manifesting itself as a member of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Associated with high-order baric systems such as the Pacific High and the Asian depression (in summer).

A study of summer conditions shows that the main air currents, which represent the secondary monsoon, are formed in the southern regions, mainly in the zone of increased near-tropical pressure ring.

A.I. Voeikov points out that the monsoon penetrates to the west as far as the Nerchinsk plant, and to the north - to the lower reaches of the Amur and the coast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The monsoon associated with the low pressure zone gives little rainfall, but in the event of a long rainy period, the rivers overflow. Sometimes the maximum precipitation occurs in September due to typhoons. At Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, the precipitation is significantly moving inland due to the absence of elevations. Here their maximum is late, since the Sea of ​​Okhotsk warms up late. Typhoon precipitation, in contrast to monsoons, is more dangerous, but covers only the Ussuri region.

Table 1

Characteristics of climatic elements

Item names

Station height (in m)

Air temperature

Relative humidity

Average annual cloudiness (in %)

Precipitation (in mm)

Number of days with precipitation

Moisture coefficient

coldest month

most warm month

average annual

average annual

average of the driest month

annual amount

summer

winter

Markovo

0,73

North of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk

1,09

Blagoveshchensk

0,82

Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky

1,68

Klyuchevskoe

1,43

Bolsheretsk

3,10

In general, the monsoonal climate of the Far East region is characterized by cold dry and sunny winters, cool and humid summers, stable circulation, frequent fogs and the passage of typhoons. The average annual temperature ranges from -10° in the north to +6° in the south, annual precipitation ranges from 200 mm in the north to 800 mm in the south (up to 1000 mm in Kamchatka), relative humidity all year round above 65% (Table 1).

The Far East region receives less heat than it should geographic location. The reasons for this must be sought, firstly, in the relatively cold eastern seas, which take away a lot of heat in summer; secondly, in the influence of the vast Asian continent with its severe winters; - 70%). In winter, heavier cold air rushes towards the ocean (the baric gradient is high), freezing its coastline, creating an exceptionally dry and clear atmosphere along the path of the air currents. In summer, temperate sea air flows deep into the mainland, forming clouds, fogs and lowering insolation. Mountains and ranges receive a lot of precipitation. Warm continental temperate air is observed, as a rule, in transitional seasons and, being characterized by relatively high temperatures, forms powerful inversions with radiation fogs and poor visibility. In summer, although temperate sea air prevails (summer monsoon), but as soon as it crosses the coastal mountain ranges, transforming, it greatly changes its properties, leaving a significant part of the moisture on the mountain slopes. During periods of monsoon change (spring and autumn), continental tropical air flows, sometimes occupying the Amur basin; the weather with this air is warm and dry, without precipitation. The southern regions are characterized by the passage of typhoons, more frequent in summer and autumn, extremely rare from February to April.

table 2

Average number of typhoons (1893 - 1919)

							VIII

The region of typhoon precipitation occupies the southern coast of both the Yellow Sea and the Sea of ​​Japan, reaching the line Nikolaevsk-on-Amur - Ussuriysk. In terms of their magnitude, these precipitations in July, August and September are significant: sometimes 70 - 90% of the total monthly amount falls in 5 - 6 days. In May and June, precipitation from typhoons is low, especially in Primorye, compared with the areas of Port Arthur and Dalny, where the influence of cyclones on the climate is more pronounced. The climate of these areas with non-freezing ports is milder and warmer. Tropical air can be observed here at any time of the year.

The winter regime is generally established in October, the summer regime in May, and in the north in September and June, respectively. A characteristic of the Far Eastern monsoons is the delay of the summer regime and its early termination as the distance from the coast goes inland. In winter, the wind from the northwest and north prevails, in summer - from the southeast or from the east. The monsoon circulation is well expressed not only in the distribution of wind and precipitation directions, but also in the annual course of relative humidity with two maxima (summer and winter) and two minima (spring and autumn). In summer there are more cloudy and less clear days, in winter - on the contrary.

2. Climate of the Amur-Primorsky region

The climate of the Amur-Primorsky region has the most pronounced monsoonal character. In Voroshilov, in summer, the winds of the southern quarter are 53%, in winter only 8%, the winds of the northern quarter are 6% in summer, and 20% in winter.

In Vladivostok, from June to September, 386 mm of precipitation falls, i.e., 65% of the annual amount, while in winter it is only 28 mm (5%). Relative humidity is maximum in summer (88%), minimum in autumn (65%). The duration of sunshine in June is minimal (34% of the possible), in December it is maximum (75%). The sunniest season in Primorye is winter, when the sun is on average up to 70%, and in the mainland up to 90-95% of the possible (Khabarovsk). The daily temperature amplitudes in summer are smaller than in winter (February - 7.3 °, July - 4.5 °), due to the large cloudiness in summer. The snow cover is thin and stable only in the northern part.

The duration of the monsoon decreases from the coast inland and north along the coast. Thus, the period of the summer monsoon along the line Vladivostok - Olga Bay - 4 - 4.5 months, in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur - 3 - 3.5 months, in Blagoveshchensk - 2.5 - 3 months. On the coasts washed by the cold current, thick fogs are often observed in summer. If not for the winter monsoon, the port of Vladivostok, located at the latitude of Sochi, would not have resorted to the help of icebreakers. Precipitation increases from 350 mm in the west to 800 mm in the Lesser Khingan mountains. The amount of summer precipitation in the mainland part of the region (Blagoveshchensk) is almost 60 times more than the precipitation of the winter months, and on the coast (Olga Bay) 10 times, while in Moscow, located almost at the same latitude, it is only 2 times. Summer spills and floods are a common occurrence in the Amur-Primorsky region. Excess moisture during the period of pouring and ripening of grain crops is very harmful to the crop. There are no spring floods, since the snow cover is small, and the precipitation in spring and autumn is mostly of local origin. The intensity of winter precipitation is 1 mm per day, while in summer it is 7-10 mm. During the passage of cyclones during the day sometimes falls from 100 to 238 mm. Such precipitation, due to the deforestation of the slopes, leads to destructive floods. The duration of the growing season increases from north to south from 130 to 200 days, and the duration of the frost-free period - from 80 to 140 days. It is characteristic that in winter it is warmer on cloudy days than on clear days, and vice versa in summer, since the southern warm winds, which bring cloudy weather in winter, passing over the sea, are moistened; , moderate the temperature. The summer of Khabarovsk in many ways resembles the summer of Gorky, the summer of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur resembles that of Vologda. Winters here are Yakut.

For every 100 m of elevation in the Sikhote-Alin, the annual precipitation increases by almost 20%. The watersheds of the southern part of the region, already 350-450 m high, are covered on clear days by clouds and fogs. The coast, with the greatest amount of precipitation, has fewer days with precipitation - 70, while on the ridge - 100, and on the western slope - 130 - 140 days.

Such a distribution of days with precipitation over the year is explained by the fact that the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin are steeper, less wooded, air masses leave almost all precipitation here, and the whole process proceeds intensively; and the remaining moisture on the western slope is cooled by a cold current and falls in the form of small but frequent rains. The amount of precipitation in winter is higher on the uplands, so the snow cover is thicker than in the neighboring plains.

3. Climate of the Okhotsk coast

The climate of the Okhotsk coast is peculiar. The high latitudes and the cooling influence of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk with its ice for 10-11 months a year make the local climate very cold. For example, the average January temperature in Okhotsk is 25.2° (in Leningrad, which lies almost at the same latitude, -7.6°).

The monsoonal climate of the Okhotsk coast is characterized by high continentality in winter, cool maritime summers, and frequent fogs. Coniferous forests grow here.

In summer, the south and southeast wind dominates, in winter, the northwest and north; the lowest wind speed falls in summer, the highest in winter and spring. From October to March, steady, often stormy northwest winds blow. A sharp change in annual temperatures (from -3 to -6°), summer (from +12 to +18°) and winter (from -20 to -24°) ​​along the coast and watersheds indicates sharp microclimatic differences associated with relief and influence seas. July temperature in Okhotsk is +12.5°C, in Ayan +17.0°C. The high temperature of Ayan, due to the good protection of the city from sea influences, was also noticed by A.I. Voeikov.

In general, the differences in the thermal regime of the Okhotsk coast are highly dependent on the degree of protrusion of the coast into the sea, the direction coastline, the proximity of mountains, etc. Autumn cooling sets in early: frosts are noted from mid-October, snow falls, rivers and lakes freeze. Snow has been falling in the mountains since September. Cold, snowy, cloudless winter lasts from November to March. Spring begins in April, although frosts continue into May. Summers are also cool (due to sea ice melting), cloudy with high relative humidity. The best time of the year is autumn: even, relatively high temperatures, frequent calms. Autumn only lasts 1 1/2 - 2 months.

4. The climate of the northern region

The climate of the northern region (from Shelikhov Bay to the Chukchi Peninsula) is characterized by less stable monsoon circulation and severe winters. With distance from the coast, these features are more pronounced. Northeasterly winds predominate in the coastal strip, northerly winds blowing with great constancy within the region. average speed wind decreases in the direction inland. The temperature drops, its annual amplitudes increase. On the coast, winters are milder, summers are cooler. For example, the average December temperature in the Magadan region is 5.5-6.0° higher, and the average June temperature is the same value lower than in Markov on Anadyr. The amount of precipitation does not exceed 200 mm, excluding the southeastern part of the region (250 mm). In years with intense cyclonic activity in the area of ​​the Aleutian Low, there is more precipitation on the coast than in the interior of the region; in the years of the least development of the Icelandic trough, there is more precipitation in the mainland part of the region than in the coastal part. It should be borne in mind that the removal of moisture from the Aleutian depression occurs mainly towards the Pacific Ocean, which is why the mountain ranges of the Far East do not serve as a big obstacle to the distribution of precipitation. In the warm half of the year (from May to September), due to humid east winds on the coast, the weather is mostly cloudy and windy: often fogs cover the sun; inside the region on such days it is often sunny, dry weather with relative calm. Due to the greater amount of heat and precipitation received by the highlands remote from the sea, the latter are often covered with forests of alder, willow, aspen, birch, while the coast has only a low-growing shrub, turning in some places into a real tundra. However, such a summer landscape does not take place for long: a short northern summer is replaced by an even shorter cloudy, rainy and windy autumn, followed by a snowy winter. Snow blizzards (blizzard) here are a common companion of winter. The mainland wind carries masses of snow, so nothing can be seen at 10-12 m. Blizzards continue sometimes 1 1 / 2 - 2 weeks. Where the wind meets even a small hill, its speed is lost, a mass of loose snow is packed, and near the rocky steep banks on the leeward side, a mass of snow often accumulates, the so-called "slaughter". In open places, the snow, tightly beaten by the wind, freely bears the weight of a person, representing an ideal path. The southern snowstorm prevailing in the north of the Chukchi Peninsula, with strong winds blowing from the south, is often accompanied by icing. This is most likely due to hypothermia. humid air brought to the north to the region of the lowest temperatures of the Chukotka Peninsula.

The height of the snow cover is on average 50-60 cm, reaching 100 cm in the faces. On the mountains, the snow stays for a very long time - until the end of July and even until the beginning of August, and in shady places sometimes it does not have time to melt at all before new snow.

5. Climate of Kamchatka

The moderately cold monsoonal climate of Kamchatka is characterized by rainy summers and autumns, snowy winters with snowstorms, but clear and quiet springs. The climate here is much more severe than one would expect, judging by the position of Kamchatka between 60 and 50°N. sh. Cold sea currents, mountainous terrain, strong winds cause low temperatures throughout the summer. At the same time, a sharp difference in climatic conditions between the coasts and the interior, protected by mountains from the influence of the seas, is striking. Inside the peninsula, the climate is much more continental than on the shores. The western coast of Kamchatka in winter, when the Sea of ​​Okhotsk freezes, is like a continuation of the Asian continent, and in summer it warms up slightly, being cooled by melting ice. The climate here is drier and colder, there is less rainfall, but more fog, cloudiness is high, there is little snow, snowstorms are rare compared to the southeast of the peninsula. On the contrary, the eastern coast, under the influence of the non-freezing ocean, keeps the temperature above 0° for quite a long time. This part of Kamchatka is more affected by the Aleutian Low. In summer, the temperature here is higher than on the west coast. Interestingly, in winter, a Beric maximum is formed inside the peninsula, and in summer, a minimum, as a result of which local monsoon circulation is observed, on which the general monsoon is superimposed, in connection with which the latter weakens and variable winds often occur. A distinct monsoon type of circulation extends into the interior of the peninsula for 50 km, rarely for 100 km, being especially clearly reflected in the annual variation of relative humidity at all coastal stations, where two maxima (winter and summer) and two minima (spring and autumn) are noted.

In the middle of winter, during the period of massive ice formation (usually in February), the barometer drops noticeably off the coast (which must be associated with the release of a large amount of latent heat of ice formation), and then the winter monsoon is characterized by higher wind speeds and more storms. The summer monsoon is less developed than in winter, since the northwest and west winds predominate in the year. The time of the predominance of the southeastern and south winds(summer monsoon) - June and July (in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the speed of the winter monsoon is 8.1 m / s, the summer - 4.2 m / s). The lowest average annual temperatures (-2.5°) are observed in the middle part of the peninsula (Milkovo). From this line, the temperature rises in all directions (except the northern one) to -1.0°, at coastal stations - up to 2.2° (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky), and on the Kuril Islands - up to 3-4°. The annual 0° isotherm runs along the 56th parallel.

Inside the peninsula, in the valley of the river. Kamchatka, summers are warm, and winters are colder and less snowy than on the shores. The southeastern coast of Kamchatka has warmer winters and a more humid climate, frosts are not lower than -30 °, thaws occur in all months, and snowstorms are observed in winter.

The climate of Central Kamchatka is characterized by the greatest dryness, little snow, and an insignificant number of fogs. Autumn frosts come later, spring is earlier, the sky is clearer. In Tolbachik, for example, horses spend the whole winter grazing. It is no coincidence that even with a short, usually three-hour drive from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Paratunka, one gets the impression of a transition to a completely different climate. In terms of the severity of winters, the western coast differs slightly from the interior of the peninsula. The growing season lasts 134 days in Klyuchevskoy, 127 days in Bolsheretsk, 107 days in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and 96 days in the north of the peninsula (Tigil). Kamchatka, narrow western Kamchatka foothill region, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky region, coast of the Kronotsky Bay.

Annual precipitation decreases from southeast to northwest (from 1000 to 300 mm). Their minimum is in the region of the central valley (Klyuchevskoye - about 400 mm). The southeast receives the most rainfall, as moist winds blow from the sea in both summer and winter. In Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, even winter precipitation prevails.

In warm winters, the height of the snow cover in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky reaches 130–200 cm. In snowy winters, the height of the cover reaches 3 m. Such were the winters of 1936/37 and 1946/47. exceeds 10 cm, and then for a short time.

Blizzards are observed in the northern part of Kamchatka. The origin of blizzards is twofold: some blizzards are caused by strong winds from the sea during cyclones and occur with a sharp drop in pressure, accompanied by heavy precipitation and an increase in temperature; others are not accompanied by snowfall, are observed in clear skies, caused by a cooling monsoon or wind from a high pressure area in the center of the peninsula.

The best time of the year in Kamchatka is March and April, when the sun shines brightly, the soil and air heat up quickly, winds/weak, clear weather prevails.

Due to the action of volcanoes, Kamchatka is less covered with glaciers than one would expect in its climate. During volcanic eruptions, the snow melts, and only part of it remains, forming firn glaciers. The snow line here occupies a low position (about 1600 m, i.e. lower than in the Alps).

6. The climate of Sakhalin Island

Characteristic features of the monsoon climate of Sakhalin Island are: continentality, low temperatures (cool summers, cold winters), high cloudiness, and frequent fogs.

These features are associated mainly with thermal differences in the surrounding seas and with the configuration of the island. Despite its insular position, Sakhalin has a pronounced continentality of both the warm and cold seasons, which is associated with the predominance of cold sea winds in summer and continental winds in winter. Being in the region of the East Asian monsoon, in winter Sakhalin forms its own monsoon blowing from the middle of the island in all directions, regardless of the general direction of the winter East Asian monsoon. The Sakhalin monsoon, which usually stabilizes by January, is a consequence of the establishment of low temperatures inside the island compared to the outskirts. Of course, this monsoon has a small vertical power and at the top, already at an altitude of 500-800 m, it is replaced by general winds of a western or north-western direction.

The summer monsoon is more pronounced in terms of the stability of the winds. But along with this, summer is the quietest time of the year. In winter and autumn, storms occur more often when cyclones come from the Aleutian Islands. At the same time, a large barometric gradient arises in the Sakhalin region. Typhoons reach Sakhalin only to a small extent.

The climate of Sakhalin is abnormally severe for its latitudes corresponding to the latitudes of Tula and Odessa. Winter on Sakhalin is colder than on the shores of the White Sea. winter cold brought by the northwest monsoon and intra-island winds, and the summer coolness depends mainly on the cold Sakhalin Current, which flows from the north along the eastern coast of the island and brings ice to the shores until August.

Of decisive importance for the nature of the vegetation on Sakhalin are not so much the cold winters as the low temperatures of other seasons and the scarcity of sunlight in summer due to heavy cloud cover. Cloudiness on Sakhalin on average for the year is the same as on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, but its distribution over the seasons is different due to the monsoon climate. Winter on Sakhalin is frosty, with sharp thaws, there are snowstorms. A snow cover of 50-60 cm completely ensures sledge communication everywhere. Snow lies at least 200 days a year. The best winter weather is inside the island.

In spring, the monsoons change, the temperature rises, precipitation falls more often, in April snow melts everywhere. Summer drags on in South Sakhalin 2 - 2 1 / 2 months and is characterized by calm and humid weather (relative humidity - 85 - 90%). Sunshine is rare, fogs, thick clouds and light rains are frequent, thunderstorms are intensifying. The average air temperature is +10, +12°, but at night it can be +4°. In autumn, the speed of the winds increases rapidly, westerly winds appear, frosts, humidity drops, and snow falls in October.

The mountain ranges that run through the middle of the island divide it into three climatic regions: the west coast, the central part and the east coast. The east coast has a harsher climate than the west coast. The most favorable climatic conditions are observed in the middle lowlands, protected by ridges from the monsoons.

On the west coast, sunshine is less in winter and more in summer, as in summer the winds pass over the island and deposit some of their moisture on it, leaving the west coast relatively dry. In the cold season, the winds pass over the non-freezing sea between the mainland and the island and come to it saturated with moisture and thereby increase the cloudiness, and hence the small amount of sunshine. On the east coast in spring and summer there are dense fogs that do not contribute to the heating of the earth's surface by the sun's rays. Fogs are less frequent on the western coast. In the central region, the climate acquires bright features of continentality: the heat in July reaches + 32 °, winter frosts - up to -48 °. There are days when the temperature is -33° before dawn, and the snow melts at noon. Precipitation for the year falls 550 - 750 mm. Here, calm weather is more common, fogs are less common; when there is fog over the coasts, rarefied gray clouds rush through the mountains.

Snow cover is established on the coasts at the end of November, in the center - from the second decade of November, reaching its maximum thickness in February and March (50 - 70 cm). Snow melts quickly in the first days of May on the coast and by the second decade of May in the central region. Permafrost is widespread in the northern half of the peninsula.

CONCLUSION

Thus, we considered the climate of the Far East. As a result, the following conclusions can be drawn.

The largest area in Russia is occupied by the climate zone of temperate latitudes. It captures the flat part of the European territory of Russia, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East with Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

Monsoon air circulation is created in the Far East. In winter, this region is captured by the monsoon, which brings cold masses of continental air from Northeast Siberia. In summer, the summer monsoon dominates the Far East, bringing moist masses of sea air from the south and southeast. Pacific tropical air can also penetrate into Primorye in summer.

The Far Eastern region of the monsoon climate is characterized by the predominance AB in winter and SW summer. During most of the year, this area is under the influence of anticyclonic processes. Summer is humid with a maritime climate, the rest of the year (especially winter), on the contrary, is dry. Cyclonomic activity is typical for the seas of the Far Eastern region, especially in winter.

The climate of Sakhalin is cool, inside the island the climate is more continental. In its interior regions, winters are colder than on the shores, and summers are warmer. Permafrost is widespread on the island.

On the Kamchatka Peninsula, the winter monsoon is very weak due to the warming influence of the Pacific Ocean, the Bering Sea, and partly the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. This influence is especially noticeable at the southeastern tip of the peninsula. The climate inside the peninsula is more continental than on the coasts.

The climate of the Kuril Islands, especially the northern ones, is severe. Spring is cold, with frequent and strong winds. Summers are short, cool, cloudy, rainy, with thick fogs.

LITERATURE

1. Kobysheva N.V., Kostin S.I., Strunnikov E.A. Climatology. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980.
2. Borisov A.A. Climates of the USSR. – M.: Enlightenment, 1980.
3. Agro-climatic atlas of the world / Ed. I.A. Goltzberg. – M.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1982.
4. Pogosyan Kh.P. General circulation of the atmosphere. - - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1984.
5. Kostin S.I., Pokrovskaya T.V. Climatology. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985.

General characteristics of the climate of the Far East

Geographically, the Far East is the farthest point of the country from the capital. The Far East includes:

• Chukotka,
• Yakutia (Sakha),
• Kamchatka Krai,
• Khabarovsk region,
• Primorsky Krai,
• Magadan Region,
• Amurskaya Oblast,
• Sakhalin region,
• Jewish Autonomous Region.

The territory is located on the outskirts of the Asian continent and Russia.

The elongation of the territory determined the contrast of the climate from sharply continental in the north to monsoon in the southeast. The climatic differences between north and south are the result of the interaction of the Pacific Ocean and its seas with the land of northern Asia, as well as the complex mountainous terrain.

In winter, cold air currents rush to the southeast from the powerful Asian High.

In the northeast, the continental air of Eastern Siberia enters into interaction with warm sea air. The result of this interaction are cyclones that carry an abundance of precipitation.

Remark 1

The snow that falls on Kamchatka and Sakhalin can reach a height of 6 m.

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The Far East in summer is characterized by monsoon rains, which are the result of the interaction of maritime air masses with continental ones. The monsoon climate covers Primorsky Krai and the Amur Region, so the Amur River overflows not in spring, but in summer.

The temperate monsoon climate is characterized by dry, frosty, sunny winters, and only on the coast can there be sharp gusty winds and fogs. The average temperature in January is -22…-24 degrees.

In South Primorye and Sakhalin -10 ... -16 degrees. Little snow falls.

A warm, humid monsoon begins to blow from the ocean in the month of June and warm but rainy and windy weather sets in.

The first half of summer is cloudy, with rain and high humidity. The second half of summer is very favorable and the average temperatures are +17, +22 degrees almost until October.

In the interior regions of precipitation is 500-550 mm, on Sakhalin and the Pacific coast - 700-750 mm. In mountainous areas, their number increases to 800-900 mm.

Tsunamis, avalanches, mudflows, storms and typhoons are possible on Sakhalin and Primorye.

The coast of the Arctic Ocean is located in the zone arctic climate. The territory receives a small amount of solar radiation, so winter temperatures are -32 degrees, and summer 0, +4 degrees. Precipitation here is 100-300 mm.

To the south, the arctic climate is replaced by a subarctic climate, within which part of the Verkhoyansk and Chersky ranges, as well as the Koryak and Kolyma highlands are located.

Temperatures here are abnormally low -48 degrees in winter, and +12 degrees in summer. Precipitation for the year falls 200-400 mm. Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, the cold poles of the Northern Hemisphere, are located within the subarctic.

The sharply continental climate of the temperate zone covers the southwestern part of the Far East - these are the Central Siberian Plateau and the Aldan Highlands. Winter temperatures in this area drop to -32 ... -48 degrees, and summer temperatures are quite high +12, +20 degrees. Precipitation for the year falls 300-500 mm.

Climate of Chukotka

Chukotka is located within the subarctic climate zone. Its coast is located in the area of ​​maritime climate, and the hinterland lies in the area of ​​continental climate.

Chukotka is characterized by complex atmospheric circulation, which is different in the warm and cold seasons.

Chukotka is located in the zone of influence of 2 oceans. A significant part of it is located outside the Arctic Circle, where the climate is much harsher than in neighboring Alaska.

Winter in the east is long and windy, while in the west it is very cold. The summer period is short and cool. The weather here is very changeable, for example, during the day the atmospheric pressure drops are 50 Mbar, and the winter temperature drops are -30 degrees. Permafrost is everywhere.

Average temperatures during the year are negative and decrease from south to north from -4 to -12 degrees. The duration of the severe winter period is 9 months.

The severity is facilitated by the proximity of the cold pole - Oymyakon and the Arctic Ocean.

Daily temperature of the coldest winter month- January varies from -15 to -39 degrees. The absolute minimum is -61 degrees. In winter, the Northern Lights are often observed.

The length of daylight begins to increase from the end of January, and in February the Sun is high above the horizon.

The beginning of the calendar spring is March, but in Chukotka not only March, but also April and May are truly winter. The snow begins to melt at the end of May, and the air temperature rises to -6, -8 degrees.

The real Chukchi spring comes at the beginning of June, along with powerful fronts of breezes, precipitation and fogs.

The summer period is cold, rainy and short, starting from mid-June.

Summer is characterized by frequent weather changes associated with the interaction of circulation factors - low pressure sets in over the peninsula, anticyclones over the Pacific Ocean and cyclones over the coast of the Arctic Ocean.

July, as expected, is the warmest summer month, with a daily temperature of +13 degrees, and on the coast only +7 degrees.

In the western part of the coast of the Chukchi Sea, daytime temperatures do not rise above +5 degrees. There are exceptions - hot weather with a temperature of +30 degrees can come in the interior.

In August, nature begins to prepare for winter, daytime temperatures range from +8 to +16 degrees, the sun heats less, the tundra turns yellow.

The duration of autumn is about a month and winter comes in the second half of September. Precipitation here is about 500-700 mm and most of it is on the coast.

The climate of Primorsky Krai

Primorye is within the temperate monsoon climate. On the one hand, it is greatly influenced by the Pacific Ocean, and on the other hand, by the continental regions of Eurasia.

In the north of Primorye, winter begins in early November, and in mid-November it comes to the south of Primorye and lasts from 130 to 160 days. Only in the northern part of the region and in the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin, its duration increases to 180 days.

Winter weather is dry, clear and frosty with frequent thaws. These days the daily temperature can rise to +7…+12 degrees.

With the exception of the southern coast, in November, the temperature throughout Primorye ranges from -4 to -13 degrees, winds begin to blow, the speed of which reaches 15 m / s, and a snow cover forms.

Sikhote-Alin is a natural border between the eastern and western regions, so in winter the southern and eastern coasts are warmer.

The daily average January temperature on the coast is -14 degrees, and on the mainland -12 ... -23 degrees. The absolute minimum here was registered in the Krasnoarmeisky district and amounted to -54 degrees. Precipitation falls in the second half of winter, but they are few.

The air temperature in March is -4…-9 degrees, on the coast -1…-3 degrees. Snow melts in the first half of April, when the daytime temperature on the continent is +7, and on the coast +12 degrees.

During June, summer comes to the entire territory of Primorye. In the continental part of Primorye, the first half of summer is hot and dry, while on the coast it is wet and cool.

The second half of summer is hot with heavy rainfall. The July temperature of +25 degrees and the absolute maximum of +41 was registered in the Border Region.

On the coast and eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin, the June daily temperature is +15 degrees. As you move away from the coast, the temperature rises to +20 degrees.

July and August are monsoon seasons and it can rain for 2-3 days without interruption.

Autumn in the north of the region begins in early September and comes to the south by the middle of the month. Autumn weather is warm and dry. Daytime temperature in the continental part is +16 degrees, on the coast +11 degrees.

At the end of November, when the air temperature drops to 0 degrees, winter comes.

The main features of the nature of the Soviet Far East are determined by its position on the eastern outskirts of Asia, which is subject to the direct influence of the Pacific Ocean and the seas related to it. The Far East is washed by the Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas, and in places and directly by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Since their impact inland is rapidly weakening, the Far East occupies a relatively narrow strip of land, stretching from southwest to northeast for almost 4,500 km. In addition to the mainland, it includes Sakhalin Island, the Shantar Islands (in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk), the Kuril Island Arc, and the Karaginsky and Commander Islands located next to the Kamchatka Peninsula.

The climate of the Far East is distinguished by a special contrast - from sharply continental (the whole of Yakutia, the Kolyma regions of the Magadan region) to monsoonal (southeast), which is due to the vast extent of the territory from north to south (almost 3900 km.) And from west to east (to 2500-3000 km.). This is determined by the interaction of continental and sea air masses of temperate latitudes. In the northern part, the climate is exceptionally harsh. Winter with little snow, lasts up to 9 months. The southern part has a monsoonal climate with cold winters and wet summers.

The most significant differences between the Far East and Siberia are associated with the predominance of a monsoon climate in the south and a monsoon-like and maritime climate in the north, which is the result of the interaction between the Pacific Ocean and the land of North Asia. The influence of the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean, especially the cold Sea of ​​Okhotsk, is also noticeable. The complex, predominantly mountainous terrain has a great influence on the climate.

In winter, currents of cold air rush to the southeast from the powerful Asian High. In the northeast, along the outskirts of the Aleutian Low, the cold continental air of Eastern Siberia interacts with warm sea air. As a result, cyclones often occur, which are associated with a large amount of precipitation. There is a lot of snow in Kamchatka, blizzards are not uncommon. On the eastern coast of the peninsula, the height of the snow cover can sometimes reach 6 m. Snowfalls are also significant on Sakhalin.

In summer, air currents rush from the Pacific Ocean. Maritime air masses interact with continental air masses, as a result of which monsoon rains occur throughout the Far East in summer. The monsoon climate of the Far East covers the Amur Region and Primorsky Territory. As a result, the largest Far Eastern river, the Amur, and its tributaries flood not in the spring, but in the summer, which usually leads to catastrophic floods. Devastating typhoons often sweep over coastal areas, coming from the southern seas.

Under the influence of the coastal position, the maritime and monsoon climate, the boundaries of geographical zones on the plains of the Far East are strongly shifted to the south. Tundra landscapes are found here at 58-59°N. sh., i.e., much to the south than anywhere else on the mainland of Eurasia; forests reaching the extreme southern regions of the Far East and extending further are a characteristic feature of the entire margin of the mainland in the middle latitudes, while the steppe and semi-desert landscapes, which are widespread at these latitudes in the more western interior parts of the mainland, are absent here. A similar picture is typical for the eastern part of North America.

The complex relief, which is characterized by a combination of mountain ranges and intermountain plains, determines the landscape differentiation of the territory, the wide distribution of not only plain, forest and tundra, but especially mountain-forest, as well as bald landscapes.

In connection with the history of development and the position in the vicinity of floristically and zoogeographically diverse areas, the territory of the Far East is distinguished by a complex interweaving of landscape elements of various origins.