The constant development of technology every year places increased demands on the economy. This invariably affects the development of the most important sector of the world economy - industry. Today, more than 500 million specialists of various levels of training are employed to ensure its full-fledged operation.

World industrial structure

It is not for nothing that industry is considered one of the leading sectors of the world economy: during the twentieth century, industrial production increased tens of times, and continues to confidently increase its growth rate.

Industrial goods are in great demand on the world market, and developed countries continue to invest significant sums in the development of new industrial technologies and scientific research.

There are three main groups of industries:

• To the primary sphere old industries include: metallurgical, coal, textile, iron ore and shipbuilding. The growth of these industries is noticeably slowing down.
• To the secondary sphere include such new industries as the production of chemical fibers and plastics, the automotive industry, and aluminum production. The development of these industries determined scientific and technological progress in the twentieth century. They continue to grow and develop quite quickly.
• To the newest industries The tertiary sector includes nanotechnology, microbiological industry, computer technology, microelectronics, robotics, aerospace and nuclear production. IN modern world industry data high technology are the most popular and developing.

Fig.1. The future lies with nanotechnology.

The development scheme for the industrial sector is quite simple and consists in reducing the ratio of old industries towards new ones and, especially, the newest ones.

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Geography of sectors of the world economy

Changes are constantly taking place in the geography of the industrial world. First of all, they are associated with the peculiarities of the distribution of production spheres between the North and the South. The location of the largest industrial regions, which, as a rule, are located in Europe, East Asia, the CIS, and North America, has a significant influence.

For example, quite recently the industrial structure prevailed in such developed regions like Western Europe, USA and Japan. However, the situation in global industry has changed greatly, and industrial countries today include China and countries producing and exporting oil (UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Algeria).

It is worth noting that the rich countries of the North occupy a leading position in the production of the latest industrial sectors, while the countries of the South, with rare exceptions, are strong in oil refining, mining, light industry. The vast majority of various industrial regions are located in the countries of the North, which determine the geography of the world economy.

Fig.2. Oil production and export is the main trump card of developing countries.

Main sectors of the world economy

The global industries include:

• Fuel and energy industry (gas, coal, oil). The main oil exporters are developing countries.

Table of World Oil Reserves and Production

• Electric power industry. The first place is occupied by the production of thermal energy, the second - hydraulic, and the third - nuclear.
• Mining industry. It is the most important supplier of mineral raw materials on the world market. Despite the decline in production rates, it still continues to influence the geography of the world economy and the division of labor.
• Metallurgical industry (ferrous and non-ferrous). Directly depends on production iron ore and steel smelting. Production growth is noticeably declining.
• Mechanical engineering. It occupies a leading position among other sectors of the world economy. It is in this type of industry, as nowhere else, that the division into all industries into old, new and newest is clearly visible. 90% of all engineering products are produced in developed countries.

Old branches of mechanical engineering have ceased to develop or are in decline (shipbuilding). New industries are still showing slight growth (automotive). The latest developing engineering industries include robotics and electronic engineering.

Fig.3. Shipbuilding is an old branch of mechanical engineering.

• Chemical industry. It is based on production polymer materials and petrochemicals.
• Forestry industry. In the North, coniferous wood is mined, and in the South, deciduous wood is mined.
• Textile industry. Includes the production of fabrics from natural and synthetic fibers.

What have we learned?

The main branch of the world economy is industry, which is constantly developing and thereby influences the geography of industrial sectors. Depending on consumer demand and, accordingly, the pace of development, industries are old, new and new. The latter predominate in rich, economically developed countries.

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The concept of the world economy

The concept of the world economy has found widespread use in the scientific literature, as well as in everyday life.

Definition 1

The world economy consists of a set of national economies (states) interconnected by a system of international geographical division of labor, as well as socio-economic and political relations that are subject to the objective laws of market economics.

The world economy is part of a complex, open, unified global socio-economic world system.

There are several principles by which the world economy is formed:

• the multiplicity of its constituent elements,
• hierarchy,
• multi-level,
• structure.

The most important components of the world economic system:

1. Land (territory of states, natural and resource potential),
2. Labor (labor force),
3. Capital,
4. Infrastructure and technology.

Structure of the world economy

The structure of the world economy is determined by three sections:

• Industry structure,
• Territorial structure,
• Functional structure.

These structures can be defined in the following expression:

• Natural (million tons, m3, etc.)
• cost (gross output in million dollars, UAH, rubles, etc.).

These indicators characterize the main proportions:

1. Renewable proportions of production of means of production and consumer goods;
2. Industry proportions in the relationship between various sectors of the economy;
3. Territorial proportions characterizing the location of production by state, region and territory;
4. Functional proportions in accordance with specialization (“lower floors”, “upper floors”);
5. Foreign economic proportions, components of the import and export of goods (services) by various states, regions, individual industries, etc.

Sectoral structure of the world economy

The sectoral structure of the world economy can characterize the relationship between various divisions of the economy.

In accordance with the UN methodology, there are three main areas of the world economy:

• Primary sector, including agriculture and forestry, fishing, mining;
• Secondary sector, including manufacturing and construction;
• The tertiary sphere, consisting of the sphere of transport and communications, trade, Catering and household services;
• The quaternary sphere, which includes the sphere of finance, management, education, science, culture, public services, etc.

Note 1

Many countries with a lower level of development include the mining industry as a secondary sector.

Functional structure of the world economy

With the help of the functional structure of the world economy, the international aspect of the division of labor is reflected. In all spheres of the world economy, complex inter-industry complexes are being formed that perform a corresponding function and specialize in any production in the MRI system (agro-industrial, military-industrial, scientific-production sector, etc.). At the same time, the formation and functioning of types of national economies occurs, which form regions of the world of various national economic specializations.

The world economy is a complex, dynamic economic system, consisting of numerous, closely interconnected macroeconomic elements, which are the subjects of the world economy.

The relationship between these elements represents the economic structure of the world economy .

To understand the world economy, it is very important to know the structure of the world economy, since the economic structure, its optimality, has great value for sustainable and efficient development of the world economy.

The structure of the world economy consists of the following major substructures:

– industry;

– reproductive;

– territorial;

– socio-economic.

Industry structure is the relationship between various sectors in the economy.

An industry is a group of enterprises that produces a homogeneous product.

In macroeconomic analysis, five main groups of industries are usually distinguished:

1. Agriculture, mining industry – primary sector, which covers industries that extract the “product of nature.”

2. Manufacturing industry, economic infrastructure – secondary sector.

3. Services (government, household, financial, legal – tertiary sector.

The pattern of changes in the industrial structure of the modern world economy is the consistent growth of the service sector, including trade, transport and communications, the share of which is: more than 80% in the US economy, about 70% in Canada, up to 80% in England, more than 70% in Japan, more than 60% - Germany, France, Italy, Benelux countries.

This is characterized by a sharp increase in the value financial sector, computer science, education, science, medicine, communications, telecommunications, transport, trade, etc., the products of which are intangible.

Different countries are characterized by different ratios of these industries: in developing countries, the raw material factor predominates and, accordingly, the first two groups of industries predominate in the structure; in developed countries – the last two groups of industries.

The rapid development of the manufacturing industry is evidence of the rapid industrialization of the country, which is typical for developed and “newly industrialized countries” - Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, etc. individual indicators– India, Southeast Asian states (the so-called “four dragons”). These countries (primarily Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong) over the past decade, they have increasingly specialized in the latest, technically complex and knowledge-intensive industries, in the production of products aimed at the global market.

In the structure of industry, the share of the latest knowledge-intensive industries is growing: electric power, nuclear and chemical industries, computer production, and robotics. Characterized by better use of raw materials (development of related industries, recycling of raw materials).

The leading industry remains mechanical engineering, and it is in this industry that there is a noticeable tendency to reduce the share of raw materials, energy resources, and human labor costs. The United States occupies the leading position in the world in terms of the scale of production of engineering products.

In the conditions of scientific and technical progress, the most characteristic are the following directions of development of mechanical engineering production:

1) expansion of equipment production, allowing to sharply increase the level of automation of production as a whole (microprocessors, industrial robots, automated installation systems, control devices for determining product quality, etc.);

2) equipment production, capable of providing flexibility in technological processes;

3) creation of new technological processes, allowing for a more economical and comprehensive use of raw materials and energy resources (laser technology, metal gluing, cold pressing, etc.).

4) development of “unmanned” technology is the development of machine systems for agriculture, construction, mining, warehousing, etc., excluding the physical participation of humans in production.

Reproductive structure is the relationship between the various uses of produced GDP.

Reproduction– continuous repetition of production cycles with constantly improving indicators (if we consume everything that we have produced, then there will be nothing to invest in expanding production, so it is necessary to produce in the form of accumulation ).

The reproductive structure includes the following parts: consumption, accumulation And export– the main links of the reproductive structure.

If 102% of GDP goes to consumption, then the remaining links can no longer exist, which is a sign of significant distortions in the structure of the national economy, social unrest, growing tension, and if consumption is 70%, accumulation – 25, export – 5%, then such ratios reflect the most optimal structure. Due to these savings (in this case, 25%), new investments are made in the economy, certain export-import relations are developed, and there is no social tension in the country.

Dynamics of the reproductive structure of the economy different countries has significant differences. This concerns primarily the proportions of “consumption” and “accumulation”.

Territorial structure– the relationship between the economies of different countries and territories. The territorial structure talks about how economic activity is distributed across the territory of a country (for example, Russia), between countries, regions, and throughout the world.

Socio-economic structure– it is the relationship between different socio-economic structures.

Socio-economic structure– This is a specific type of economy, which is based on the dominant type of property.

The following structures are distinguished:

Clan community, where people live in communities, tribes, clans, there is no private property;

Feudal - with the presence of feudal property;

Small-scale goods - with a predominance of small shops, workshops, craft farms and independent owners;

Capitalist - characterized by a large industrial structure, private capital, monopolies, etc.

According to its functional purpose, the structure of the world economy is divided into two very important groups:

I – peaceful production;

II – military production.

Peaceful production is the production of goods for peaceful purposes.

Military production– production of military goods: weapons, military-technical equipment (ammunition), etc.

The relationship between peaceful and military production is very important for the socio-economic development of any country. In each country these ratios have different values. As world experience shows, the higher the share of military production, the lower the share of peaceful production and the worse the economic situation of a given country. Military production in any case is a deduction from the general well-being of the people. The higher the share of military production, the poorer the country and the lower the living standards of the population, other things being equal..

If military production (MP) is approximately equal to 1–2% of GDP, this structure is considered the most acceptable, but as it grows, the negative impact of military production on the country's economy increases; 6% of VP is already considered the maximum, and a higher percentage of VP leads the country to militarization, degradation of peaceful production and, ultimately, to a decline in the living standards of the population.

There are very few countries in history where military production exceeded 6%.

A striking example of such a country was the USSR, where military production in the gross domestic product by the end of the 80s. reached 25%, and in industrial production it was even higher (up to 2/3).

One of the reasons for the crisis of the English economy by the end of the 70s. there was a sharp increase in the share of military production. The size of military production depends on a number of socio-economic reasons and on political regime countries. A dictatorial regime (which was typical for our country) always leads to an increase in military production.

The formation of the world economy took several stages.

Stage I–stage of formation of the world economy (late nineteenth–mid-twentieth century)

Main features:

1. There was an economic division of the world.

At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, large share capital rushed to other countries in pursuit of new profits. The increased export of capital and widespread international exchange gave rise to international monopolies, which divided among themselves world markets, sources of raw materials and areas of investment of capital using economic methods. This was done through contracts, leases, concessions, etc.

2. The territorial division of the world has ended.

Since 1914, there has been an intensified struggle for colonies. As is known, this led to the completion of the territorial division of the world by the great powers, and then to wars for its redivision. Thus a decisive step was taken towards the formation of a world economy.

3. The role of colonies in the world economy has changed.

With the completion of the territorial division of the world, the role of colonies in the international economy changes significantly. Previously, these subordinate territories were primarily an area for profitable sales of goods for the metropolises. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, colonies became sources of raw materials, cheap labor, an area for profitable investment of capital, and important military-strategic areas. Huge revenues were siphoned out of the colonies through taxes, as well as various non-economic methods. The metropolises did everything to ensure that even after the collapse of the colonial system former colonies found themselves firmly tied to economically developed countries.

4. By the end of the 19th century, a world market for goods and services had emerged.

Although the world market, as now, was dominated by goods, at the same time certain types of services were also widely sold - freight, banking, stock exchange. Russia acted on the world market primarily as an exporter of grain and other agricultural products, as well as timber to Western Europe, a supplier of finished products to neighboring Asian countries, and also as an importer of Western European finished products, materials and semi-finished products.

5. Agriculture dominated the structure of the world economy at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries.

The industry was dominated by the light and food industries, based mainly on handicraft and small enterprises. The service sector was represented mainly by trade, as well as homework for hire, which was performed by numerous domestic servants (even people of average income kept them). In Russia, on the eve of the First World War, 75% of the population was employed in agriculture, 9% in industry and construction, and 16% in the service sector.

Thus, the first stage in the development of the world economy (the end of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century), which lasted several decades, is associated with the emergence and establishment of the dominance of international monopolies, World Wars I and II, and the gradual elimination of the colonial system. There were acute contradictions within the world economy of this period that made it unstable.

Stage II–stage of development of the world economy (50s–80s of the twentieth century)

Main features:

1. Military-economic confrontation between two socio-political systems.

By the middle of the twentieth century, the world economy was split into two parts: the world capitalist and the world socialist.

In the system of world economic relations, the world capitalist economy occupied a dominant position: 9/10 of all international trade at the beginning of the 90s accounted for trade turnover within the world capitalist economy; through channels of international economic exchange in the late 80s, 1/5 of the total total gross product capitalist world.

In the former socialist countries 1/3 of the world national income was produced, including 1/4 from the CMEA countries.

In 1949, the NATO bloc was created (15 states), in 1955 the bloc was the Warsaw Pact (7 states).

2. Since the 60s, developing countries have entered the world economic system.

Already by the mid-70s, the so-called “new industrial countries” of Southeast Asia (the first wave - 4 “small dragons” - South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore) and countries Latin America: Brazil, Argentina, Mexico.

3. Formation of an open economy in most countries of the world.

4. Further deepening of MRI, the emergence of international economic integration.

5. Expansion of international trade, international traffic

capital and labor.

Thus, the most characteristic features of the second stage of the MX were the creation of an open economy and the military-economic confrontation between two socio-political systems.

Stage III–stage of improvement of the world economy (90s of the twentieth–beginning of the 21st century)

Main features:

1. The emergence and development of an open economy in former socialist countries.

2. A deep degree of MRI, increasing the dynamism of world economic relations and expanding their scope.

This is evidenced by the steady annual growth rate of world trade in the 90s (up to 6%), its absolute volumes approaching 10 trillion. dollars per year.

3. High intensity of international movement of factors

production: capital, labor, technology, information.

4. Globality of the sphere of international commodity exchange, capital flows, labor migration and information. Further internationalization of production and capital.

5. General liberalization of foreign economic relations and the international investment climate.

6. Acceleration and deepening of the processes of economic integration of countries and regions.

7. Increasing desire for interstate regulation of current economic and monetary and financial processes on an international scale (IMF, WB, WTO, annual meetings of the G8).

Thus, the characteristic features of the modern world economy were the collapse of the World Socialist system, Soviet Union, the emergence and development of an open economy in former socialist countries, increasing internationalization, globalization and transnationalization of the world economy.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

ORYOL STATE INSTITUTE

ECONOMY AND TRADE

Department of Theory of National and World Economics

Introduction to World Economics

Sectoral structure of the world economy

2. Sectoral structure of modern industry

3. Fuel and energy complex in the global economy

4. Agro-industrial complex in the global economy

5. Transport complex of the global economy

1. General concept structure of the world economy

To understand the world economy, it is very important to know the structure of the world economy. The world economy is complex system, consisting of numerous, closely interconnected, macroeconomic elements. This is a dynamic system that has a complex functional and territorial production structure, including industry and interindustry units, regions, complexes, enterprises and associations. The relationship between these elements represents the economic structure of the world economy. Structure of the world (national) economy - these are the most important proportions in the production and consumption of the gross product. Economic structure, its optimality is of great importance for the sustainable and efficient development of the world economy. The purpose of any structuring is to show the relationship between the various links of the economic system.

The structure of the economy, both national and global, is a multifaceted concept, because The economy can be structured based on a wide variety of criteria. The structure of the world economy consists of the following large substructures: sectoral, reproductive, territorial and socio-economic, functional.

1.Reproductive structure is the relationship between the various uses of manufacturing GDP.

Reproduction – continuous repetition of production cycles with constantly improving performance. The reproduction structure has the following parts: consumption, accumulation and export - the main links of the reproduction structure. If 100% of GDP goes to consumption, then the remaining links can no longer exist, which is a sign of significant distortions in the structure of the national economy, social unrest, and growing tension. The optimal reproductive structure assumes the following proportions: consumption - 70%, accumulation - 25%, export - 5%. Due to these savings (in this case, 25%), new investments are made in the economy, certain export-import relations are developed, and there is no social tension in the country.

2.Territorial structure – the relationship between the economies of different countries and territories.

Territorial structure refers to the way in which economic activity is distributed across a country or between countries around the world.

3.Socio-economic structure is the relationship between different socio-economic structures.

A socio-economic structure is a specific type of economy, which is based on a special type of property. There are the following structures: tribal-communal (people live in clans, communities and there is no private property); feudal (with the presence of feudal property); small-scale (with a predominance of small shops, workshops, craft farms); capitalist (characterized by large industrial production, private capital, monopolies).

4. Functional structure – this is the ratio of peaceful and military production.

The ratio of peaceful and military production is very important for the socio-economic development of any country. As world experience shows, the higher the share of military production, the lower the share of peaceful production and the worse the economic situation of a given country. Military production in any case is a deduction from the general welfare. The higher the share of military production, the, other things being equal, the poorer the country and the lower the living standard of the population. The optimal share of military production is 1-2% of GDP, the maximum is 6%. As military production costs increase, its negative impact on the country's economy increases. More high percent spending on the military-industrial complex leads the country to militarization and degradation of peaceful production.

There are very few countries in history where military production exceeded 6% of GDP. A striking example of such an economy was the USSR, where expenditures on military production by the end of the 80s. exceeded 25%. Today, significant military spending is a drag on the economic progress of many developing countries. At the end of the 80s. expenditures on the military-industrial complex amounted to 6% in the mid-90s. – 3.5%, at the end of the 90s. – 2.5% of the total GDP of these countries. At the same time, one of the unique factors in Japan's dynamic development is the constitutional limitation on defense spending. During the post-war period, Japan's defense spending did not exceed 1% of GDP.

5.Industry structure is the relationship between various sectors in the economy.

Sectoral structure of the economy - a set of qualitatively homogeneous groups of economic units, characterized by special conditions of production in the process of social division of labor and playing a specific role in expanded reproduction. In macroeconomic analysis, five main groups of industries are usually distinguished: industry, agriculture (agribusiness), construction, production infrastructure, non-production infrastructure (service sector). Each of the named basic industries can be divided into enlarged industries, sectors and types of production (for example, industry is divided into manufacturing and mining).

Agriculture and mining constitute the primary industries; manufacturing industry and construction (using primary raw materials) - secondary industries; production and non-production infrastructure - tertiary sector.

The pattern of changes in the sectoral structure of the world economy is a consistent transition from a high share of agriculture, mining, manufacturing industries to technically relatively uncomplicated industries, then from capital-intensive industries to knowledge-intensive industries based on high technologies. The ratio between the above-mentioned sectors has constantly changed in favor of the tertiary, in terms of their contribution to GDP creation and the share of employment of the population. Sectoral shifts at the macro level, when considered over a long historical framework, were manifested first in the rapid growth of “primary industries,” then “secondary” ones, and in the last period, “tertiary industries.” So, before the industrial revolutions of the 18th-19th centuries. in world production, the agrarian structure (primary sector) dominated, in which agriculture and related industries were the main source of material wealth. In the second half of the 19th century. - first half of the twentieth century. In economically developed countries, an industrial structure of the economy has developed with the leading role of industry (secondary sector). End of the 20th century – beginning of XXI V. are characterized by an increase in the share of the tertiary sector. Currently, in the world economy there is a tendency towards a reduction in primary industries, the share of secondary industries is declining somewhat more slowly, and the share of the tertiary sector has a steady upward trend.

Today, the share of the service sector (including trade, transport and communications) has increased significantly in the economies of developed countries. It is more than 80% in the USA, up to 80% in England, more than 70% in Japan, about 70% in Canada, more than 60% in Germany, France, Italy, and the Benelux countries. In the structure of the GDP of these countries, the share of agriculture has been steadily declining: from 7% in the 60s. up to 4% in the 80s. and 3% in the late 90s. The share of industry today amounts to 25-30% of the GDP of developed countries. Along with the noted long-term trend, these shifts are also explained by the fact that, under the influence of scientific and technological progress, many types of activities were spun off from agriculture and separated into special industries and service sectors. At the same time, agriculture, industry and trade are being integrated into the agro-industrial complex, which represents a new type of production relations.

Newly industrialized and post-socialist countries are at approximately the same level of economic development both in terms of GDP per capita and the sectoral structure of the economy. These two groups of countries maintain a relatively high share of agriculture (6-10% of GDP), which is gradually approaching the level of developed countries (2-4%). The share of industry in the GDP of both groups of countries (25-40%) is at the level of post-industrial countries and even exceeds it. This is due to the relatively low level of the service sector (45-55% of GDP).

Table 1 - Approximate sectoral structure of the US and Russian economies

Most developing countries are characterized by an agrarian and raw material orientation of economic development. In the sectoral structure of GDP of developing countries, the share of agriculture is still large (20-35%). The share of industry in the GDP of these countries is most often small (10-25%), and it is higher mainly in countries that export mineral raw materials and fuel, while the share of the manufacturing industry ranges from 5-15%.

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ABOUTindustry structure of the world economy

1. General concept of industry structure

The structure of the economy is a multifaceted concept that shows the relationship between the various elements of the economic system. Typically, social, sectoral, reproductive, regional (territorial) and foreign trade structures are distinguished.

Sectoral structure of the economy in a broad sense, it is a set of qualitatively homogeneous groups of economic units, characterized by special conditions of production in the system of social division of labor and playing a specific role in the process of expanded reproduction.

Sectoral shifts at the macro level, when considered in a historical context, were manifested first in the rapid growth of “primary industries” (agriculture and mining), then “secondary” (industry and construction), and, most recently, “tertiary industries” ( services).

In world practice, the basis for the formation of structural elements of the economy is the International Standard industry classification all kinds economic activity and the International Standard Classification of Occupations that form part of the System of National Accounts (SNA). The SNA provides for the use of two types of classifications: by industry and by sector. Grouping by industry provides a characteristic of the sectoral structure of the economy, allows us to establish the contribution of each industry to the creation of GNP, and to trace inter-industry connections and proportions. A special place in the SNA is occupied by intersectoral balances, which is due to the wide opportunities they present for analyzing the dynamics and structure of the economy, basic cost and physical proportions, conducting international comparisons, and performing forecast economic calculations. Depending on your goals economic analysis interindustry balances can include from several tens to several thousand industries. industry structure world industry

The basic sectors for developing inter-industry balances are industry, agriculture, construction, trade, transport and communications, and service sectors. Each industry in turn is divided into so-called enlarged industries, sectors and types of production. Each of the consolidated industries includes homogeneous, but specialized industries in the production of certain types of products.

When assigning an enterprise, types of production and services to a particular sector of the economy, the purpose of the product or services, the type of main raw materials and supplies, and the nature of the technological process are taken into account. In a number of cases, difficulties arise when classifying a specific area of ​​a farm as one or another industry.

Each production is characterized by a certain range of products. Differentiated classification, which is based on the type of product and type of production with subsequent

by combining them into industries, enlarged industries and sectors of the economy, it facilitates the continuity of classification in the conditions of a developing international division labor.

2. Industrystructure of modern industry

Industry is the leading branch of material production, which creates the predominant part of GDP and national income. In modern conditions, the share of industry in the total GDP of developed countries is about 40%.

Modern industry consists of many independent branches of production, related enterprises and production associations, located in some cases at a considerable distance from each other. The sectoral structure of industry is characterized by the composition of industries, their quantitative relationships, expressing certain production relationships between them. In the process of statistical accounting and analysis, the sectoral structure of industry is usually determined by finding the share of industries in the total volume of production, the number of employees and the value of fixed industrial assets.

The indicator of the volume of manufactured products allows us to more objectively judge not only the ratio of industries, but also their interrelations, the dynamics of the sectoral structure of industry. Determining the sectoral structure of industry by the number of employees gives a slightly different picture, which does not accurately reflect the actual share of industries in general industrial production: the share of more labor-intensive industries will be overestimated, and the share of industries with a high level of mechanization and automation will be underestimated. The sectoral structure, calculated using the value of fixed assets, mainly reflects the production and technical level of industrial sectors.

The sectoral structure of industry reflects the level of industrial development of the country and its economic independence, the degree of technical equipment of the industry and the leading role of this industry in the economy as a whole. The progressiveness of the industrial structure is judged both by the composition and share of the industries included in the industry, and by the extent to which the most progressive industries are represented and developed in a given industry.

The interrelations of industries, the proportions that have developed between them, are determined by the method of production, as well as the combined effect on its basis of many other factors that determine changes in the sectoral structure of industry. These factors include:

1. Scientific and technical progress and the degree of implementation of its results in production.

2. The level of social division of labor, the development of specialization and cooperation in production.

3. Growth in the material needs of the population.

4. Social and historical conditions in which industry develops.

5. Natural resources countries.

Grouping by the nature of the impact on the subject of labor divides the entire industry into extractive and manufacturing industries. The extractive industry includes industries in which the process of extracting raw materials and fuel from the earth's bowels, forests and reservoirs (coal, timber, etc.) is carried out. The manufacturing industry group includes industries involved in the processing of raw materials. Depending on the raw materials, the manufacturing industry is divided into industries that process raw materials of industrial origin (production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, etc.), and industries that process agricultural raw materials (meat, sugar, cotton, etc.).

The current stage of economic development of the leading countries of the world is characterized by major shifts in the structure of the economy, which certainly leads to new intersectoral and reproduction proportions. Changes in the existing proportions in the economy occurred in two directions:

firstly, reconstruction and modernization of traditional leading sectors of the economy,

secondly, a change in generations of products produced in the sector of new knowledge-intensive industries.

At the same time, the leading branch of material production remains industry and, above all, mechanical engineering, where scientific and technical achievements are accumulated.

In general, over the past decades in industrialized countries, the general pattern of industry shifts is a noticeable decrease in the share of primary industries and agriculture, technical modernization of industry and the rapid growth of service sectors. The most radical changes occur at the level of sub-sectors, within which knowledge-intensive industries have the highest dynamics.

3. Prospects for the development of the main industrial complexes of the world economy

Fuel and energy complex (FEC)

The fuel and energy sector belongs to capital-intensive industries. In industrialized countries, where all its industries are represented, usually the main capital investments, ranging up to 85%, are in the oil and gas industry and the electric power industry (in approximately equal shares) and up to 15% in the oil refining and coal industries. Investments in the oil industry have a significant impact on the investment process in the fuel and energy complex as a whole.

In accordance with the cyclical nature of development oil industry There are also changes in capital investments not only in this industry, but also in the fuel and energy complex in general.

Following the oil and gas industry, large investments will be made in the electricity sector in the next decade. Annual capital investments in this industry will be in the range of $100 billion per year (these investments are commensurate with investments in the oil and gas industry).

In the future, until 2015, according to experts, the average annual growth rate of electricity generation in the world will be about 2.7%, however, there are significant differences in the pace of development of the electric power industry in industrialized and developing countries, and in the ratios of the use of various types of fuel for electricity generation . In industrialized countries, the growth rate of electricity generation is projected at about 2%. At the same time, the largest increase in installed capacity will occur at gas-fired power plants (an annual increase of up to 4.9%), and the average annual increase in the capacity of coal-fired power plants will be about 1.3% per year. In developing countries, the basic needs for electricity will apparently be met by increasing the construction of coal-fired thermal power plants. The largest consumer of electricity is the United States: it accounts for 42% of global electricity consumption (!).

An increasingly important source of fuel and energy resources is atomic Energy. There are currently about 140 nuclear reactors operating in the world. Their share in total electricity production in the world remains at 10-11%. Firms involved in nuclear engineering do not expect an increase in the influx of orders for equipment for new nuclear power plants (NPPs), at least in the next 10 years. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, the influx of orders became extremely small.

However, in general, the dependence of the energy sector of a number of countries around the world on nuclear power plants is very significant. Thus, in 1995, the share of nuclear power plants in total electricity generation was (in%): in Lithuania - 76.4; France - 75.3; Belgium - 55.8; Sweden - 51.1; Slovakia - 49.1; Bulgaria - 45.6; Hungary - 43.7; Slovenia, Switzerland, the Republic of Korea, Spain - an average of 34.0; Japan - 30.7; Germany - 29.3; Great Britain - 25.8; USA - 22.0; Russia - 11.4. The cost of electricity at nuclear power plants is 20% lower than at thermal power plants running on coal, and 2.5 times lower than at power plants running on fuel oil. e. By 2020-2030, the share of electricity generated at nuclear power plants is estimated to be 30%, and this will require a significant increase in uranium production.

Noting the downward trend in the share of primary goods in world trade, it should be noted that we are not talking about an absolute, but a relative decline in the export of these goods. Oil occupies the leading position in the group of fuel and raw materials. However, in last years Due to structural changes in the economy, oil consumption decreased. International trade in natural gas has developed rapidly in recent years.

The dependence of industrialized countries on oil imports, including from OPEC member countries, remains high: almost 100% for Japan, 95% for France and Germany, 40% for the United States.

Russia has traditionally played an important role in global exports of fuel and energy products, especially oil and natural gas. Energy exports now provide over 50% of all foreign exchange earnings in the Russian Federation from foreign trade.

Mechanical engineering

In the 90s, the investment process in the machine-building complex of developed countries was characterized by a further increase in capital investments in high-tech industries, an increase in the share of expenses on means of complex automation of production processes, and a sharp reduction in investments in the expansion of traditional industries.

Automation, to one degree or another, will cover all existing types of production in mechanical engineering. Since the second half of the 90s, the accelerated development of automated assembly began, which means new stage in the creation of computerized integrated production. The number of machine tools in the mechanical engineering industries of industrialized countries will gradually decrease while its production capacity and technical and economic efficiency increase.

By 2015 the share machine-building complex The US will account for about 40-50% of the total annual gross investment in manufacturing (44% in 1985). The United States occupies a leading position in the world in terms of the scale of production of mechanical engineering products. The USA accounts for about 45% of the production capacity of mechanical engineering enterprises in developed countries, while the share of Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy is 36%, and Japan -19%.

A factor somewhat restraining the further increase in the share of mechanical engineering in the manufacturing industry of all these countries is the continuing separation from mechanical engineering into the service sector, production infrastructure of such functions as programming and maintenance of electronic computer equipment and computer-aided design and control; design of complex production systems and local communication networks; provision of services in engineering, leasing, personnel training; consulting services, etc.

Among the engineering industries, the aerospace industry (ARKI), microelectronics and automotive industry are at the center of modern state industrial policy in the countries under consideration.

State regulation of these industries is carried out in two main directions: through stimulating the innovation process and through the implementation of various measures, including protectionist ones, in order to facilitate competition for national firms in the domestic and foreign markets.

Currently, the ARCP and electrical engineering (including radio electronics) industries account for 44% and 28% in the USA, respectively, in Japan - 25% (electrical engineering), in Germany - 47% and 29%, in France - 50% and 43%, in the UK - 45% and 40%, in Italy - 30% (for each industry) of total government spending on R&D in the manufacturing industry.

As an alternative to a narrowly national approach to public policy In the field of mechanical engineering, increased support for intensive cooperation between firms is almost universally considered. This process has already gained momentum - for example, cooperation in microelectronics between the USA and Japan.

The development of the mechanical engineering complex is organically connected with the intensification of research activities. The intensification of R&D is due to the shortening of the life cycle of goods, increased competition, and the complication of scientific projects. Currently, the United States spends more on R&D in mechanical engineering than Japan, Germany and the UK combined. Japan is rapidly increasing its scientific and technical potential. Back in the mid-70s it was estimated at 30% of the American level, but in the mid-90s it already reached 41%.

More than 80% of world trade in machinery and equipment occurs in industrialized countries. The economic expansion of industrialized countries is especially evident in the encouragement from government agencies machine-building monopolies investing their capital in creating subsidiaries and branches in developing countries.

Russia’s share in world exports of machinery and equipment is now less than 1%, and in the total volume Russian exports of mechanical and technical products in the industrialized countries of the West, the share of machinery and equipment is estimated at only 2-2.5%. Due to known reasons, in the near future, in all likelihood, a significant increase in the share of exports of machinery and equipment in its total volume will not occur

Agro-industrial complex (AIC)

Agro-industrial integration is new form mergers of enterprises, main feature which lies in its intersectoral nature, in the fact that it means an organized and commercial association of enterprises from two significantly different sectors of the economy - industry and agriculture.

The agro-industrial complex consists of three areas:

1. Industries that supply means of production for agriculture and related industries, as well as providing production and technical services to agriculture.

2. Agriculture itself.

3. Industries involved in processing and bringing agricultural products to the consumer (procurement, processing, storage, transportation, sales).

The process of development of agro-industrial integration and the formation of the agro-industrial complex has advanced far in industrialized countries and primarily in the United States. The factor of intensification of agricultural production in recent decades has continued to be decisive in relation to the scale of gross grain production in the group of industrialized countries. Grain farms, like agriculture in general, have become component Agro-industrial complex, in which direct agricultural production is closely combined with processing, storage and final sale of products, as well as with providing the farm with means of production. The intensive path of development of grain production in the world will continue to prevail, because only this path can lead to mitigation of the crisis in the food supply of the ever-growing population of the planet.

At the same time, in many developing countries archaic forms of agriculture and land use have been preserved, and progressive agrarian reforms have been delayed.

With a significant increase in gross grain production in general in industrialized countries and developing countries, in the last twenty years the disproportion in grain farming has continued to deepen, expressed in a growing and multidirectional gap between production and consumption in each of these groups of countries. At the same time, measures were taken in the United States to limit grain production.

If in the early 80s industrialized countries were net exporters of food, then by the mid-90s their imports began to exceed exports. Developing countries have traditionally been large net exporters of food products.

The largest food exporters are the USA, EU countries, Canada, Australia, Brazil, China; The largest importers are Japan, the USA, EU countries, and Russia. However, in fairness, it should be mentioned that according to the International Service for Agricultural Biotechnology, the area under transgenic crops in the USA is 72%, in Argentina - 17%, in Canada - 10% of the total area occupied by agricultural crops.

The state of the Russian food market over the past 10 years has been determined by the ongoing crisis in agriculture and the food industry and, against this background, an increase in the volume and cost of imports of food products and raw materials for their production (this is especially typical for the European part of the Russian Federation).

Transport complex

Financing the transport complex in industrialized countries is traditionally one of the priority functions of the state, because transport, along with energy and communications, is the most important basis for the normal activities of production and the social sphere in the state.

In the long term, in countries with market economy expected further development NTP for transport. e. The structure of the communication network will undergo significant changes. The length of inactive and unprofitable railway lines and sections will be reduced. At the same time, it is planned to build a number of new, mainly high-speed, lines. Electrification work will increase railways. The length of paved roads will increase. The number of airports will increase, the length of gas and oil pipelines will increase. Hydraulic engineering work is expected on river and sea transport, and reconstruction of ports is expected.

World trade creates large flows of goods between countries, regions, and continents. And it is transport that ensures the movement of goods (cargo) and people (passengers) between two or more countries.

The most versatile and effective means The delivery of large masses of cargo over long distances is rightfully considered sea transport. It provides more than 60% of the volume of international trade. In recent decades, air transport has become a serious competitor to sea transport in intercontinental transportation of valuable goods. Railway, river and road transport

transport is widely used mainly in intracontinental foreign trade, as well as in the transportation of export and import goods across the territory of selling countries and buying countries. Pipeline systems play an important role in the international trade of oil and gas. In addition, air transport has firmly taken a leading position in international passenger traffic.

The Russian transport system is part of the global transport system. Russia has a developed transport network, including 115 thousand km of railways, 115 thousand km of inland waterways, more than 600 thousand km of paved roads, 70 thousand km of main oil and product pipelines, over 140 thousand km of main gas pipelines. Russia's transport network includes over 600 thousand km of air lines and many sea routes of varying lengths.

Brief conclusions

The structure of the economy is a multifaceted concept, since the economy can be structured based on a wide variety of criteria. The purpose of any structuring is to show the relationship between the various elements of the economic system. Typically, social, sectoral, reproductive, regional (territorial) and foreign trade structures are distinguished.

The structure of the world economy in terms of industry can be presented as follows:

- “primary industries”: mining industry and agriculture (agribusiness);

- “secondary industries”: industry and construction;

- “tertiary industries”: the service sector, including transport.

Each of the basic industries mentioned can be further subdivided into larger industries, industries and types of production.

The main industrial complexes of the world economy - fuel and energy complex, mechanical engineering, agro-industrial complex and transport complex - have their own structure and their own development prospects.

Literature

Avdokushin, E.F. International economic relations: Tutorial. - M.: 2001.

Babin, E.P. foreign economic policy: Proc. allowance / E.P. Babin, T.M. Isachenko. - M.: ZAO Publishing House “Economy”, 2006.

Gordeev, V.V. World economy and problems of globalization: Textbook / V.V. Gordeev. - M.: Higher. school, 2008.

Gurova, I.P. World economy: textbook. / I.P. Gurova. - M.: Omega-L, 2007.

Kireev, A.P. International Economics. In 2 parts - Part 1. international microeconomics: movement of goods and factors of production. Textbook for universities. / A.P. Kireev. - M.: International. relations, 2008.

Kireev, A.P. International Economics. In 2 hours - Part II. International macroeconomics: open economy and macroeconomic programming. Textbook for universities. - M.: International. Relationships, 2009.

Kolesov, V.P., Kulakov M.V. International Economics: Textbook. - M.: INFRA-M, 2006.

Lomakin, V.K. World economy: a textbook for university students studying in economic specialties and areas / V.K. Lomakin. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2007.

International economic relations: Textbook for universities / V.E. Rybalkin, Yu.A. Shcherbanin, L.V. Baldin et al.; Ed. Prof. V.E. Rybalkina. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2006.

International economic relations: Textbook for universities. / E.F. Zhukov, T.I., Kapaeva and others, edited by prof. E.F. Zhukova. - M.: UNITY_DANA, 2009.

Miklashevskaya, N.A., Kholopov A.V. International Economics: Textbook / Ed. Ed. Doctor of Economics, prof. A.V. Sidorovich. - M.: Publishing House “Delo and Service”, 2008.

World economy: introduction to foreign economic activity: Textbook for universities / M, V, Elova, E.K. Muravyova, S, M, Panferova and others; Ed. A, K, Shurkalina, N, S, Tsypina. - M.: Logos, 2006.

World economy: textbook. manual for universities / Ed. Prof. I.P. Nikolaeva. - M.: UNITY_DANA, 2007.

World Economy: Textbook / Ed. Prof. A.S. Bulatova. - M.: Yurist, 2007.

World Economy: a textbook for university students studying in the specialties “Finance and Credit”, “Accounting, Analysis and Audit”, “World Economy” / ed. Yu.A. Shcherbanina. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2007.

Fomichev, V.I. International trade: Textbook. - M.: INFRA-M, 2008.

Tsypin, I.S., Vesnin, V.R. World economy: textbook./ I.S. Tsypnin, V.R. Vesnin. - M.: 2009.

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