This knife was created with a very specific purpose - we needed a product that would meet all the requirements for edged weapons in the system of applied hand-to-hand combat created by the Center for Applied Research in St. Petersburg.

In this regard, the creators were looking for precisely constructive methods to improve the cutting qualities of the knife and maximize the stopping effect during the implementation of the injection, since these requirements were the basis of the already existing and proven tactical and technical solutions for the weapon application system created by the CPI.

Design.

The fact is that the design of modern knives is more technological than constructive in nature. A vicious practice has developed when the shape of the blade may not be so much functional or practical in nature, but should be striking with the novelty of the lines and the catchiness of the presentation. For a combat knife, such strange target settings are, in principle, not acceptable. As a result, now in service in various armies, the knives are either modified copies of the scout knives of the Second World War, or variations on the theme of daggers. The HP and HPC available today in our army are, let's say, just strong blades, and in the second case, shooting ones.

What exactly were the requirements for the creators when designing the NDK 17 knife?

1. Balancing the blade should have a center of gravity at the junction of the blade and the handle, this is a very important and absolutely necessary condition that ensures high maneuverability of the blade during cuts and pricks. So if the center of gravity is placed on the blade, the knife receives advantages that are not characteristic of this type of weapon when cutting, losing the ability to quickly respond to brush movements and significantly loses pressure when cut. This is due to the appearance of a significant shoulder in the lever, if we consider the upper edge of the handle as the point of application of forces. So the number 17, present in the designation of the product, means the primary length of the blade, approved in the name of the project, but reduced during testing to 150 mm, due to noticeably better maneuverability and balance.

2. The blade must have sufficient strength and high cutting qualities of the blade. This compromise is very difficult, since steels with high hardness and, as a result, high cutting properties, are often prone to chipping without having sufficient wear resistance during application.

3. The handle must meet difficult operational conditions, allowing tight grip and blade positioning without the aid of visual control, relying only on kinesthetic analysis while holding. It is for this reason that the handle of a rectangular section made of type-setting leather, a very good hygroscopic material, was chosen. The final check during the testing of the handle was the cuts of a pig carcass in conditions when the handle was doused with a fresh egg, an analogue of sweat and blood. The handle, due to the specified shape, was clearly positioned in the grip, even with a sharp removal without further inspection, and did not slip out during injections and cuts, despite significant losses in friction during egg processing. The guard on the handle is practically absent and is more of a technological nature associated with the attachment of the handle. This is due to the latest studies of the CRC, which convincingly prove that by complicating the maneuver with a knife and not allowing you to fully use the entire length of the cutting edge in case of cuts, the guard does not help the hand in grip and does not save the hand from cuts during symmetrical combat using a knife, that is, it is more of a decorative , which means a far-fetched character.

4. The scabbard was, perhaps, one of the most difficult and lengthy, in terms of execution, tasks facing the designers.

Judge for yourself - the knife should sit tightly on any kind of equipment, not make sounds when running and jumping, and at the same time easily and quickly snatched out. The presented version of the scabbard is a convincing result of more than three years of research.

5. It is not necessary to specify that the coating of this type of knife is simply obliged to have masking properties and protect the blade from corrosion. During this part of the research, absolutely everything was tested and studied. available ways, both bluing and coating of the blade and handle with protective compounds. Epoxy blackening, which is widely used in weapons practice both in our country and by leading foreign manufacturers such as Cold Steel and Ka Bar, proved to be the simplest and most practical solution.

6. Cutting edge. This is the most important part of the blade, its main working area. It is the design of the blade that allows you to determine the purpose and practical value of any knife. In this case, a chisel is chosen - one-sided sharpening, and that's why. It is this method of sharpening that makes it possible to achieve a small sharpening angle with a sufficiently powerful blade, in our case the blade has a thickness of 4 mm., A small angle is achieved by direct descent of a 10 mm wide blade, which is quite comparable with such a rather serious cutting tool as a shoe knife. At the same time, the one-sided sharpening makes it easy to dress and sharpen the knife, even in the field and with the "military qualification" of the user. Sharpening is carried out on the one hand - exactly two times less likely to overwhelm the entire RK. Editing is carried out both from the side of the descent and from the unsharpened side.

What are the components of a cut? From the force of pressure at the contact of the blade and the target, and the force of friction when the blade moves along the surface being cut. It was the task of increasing the friction force that prompted the designers to apply technical diamond (from the unsharpened part of the blade) of repeating notches, which make it possible to significantly increase the cutting properties of the blade, without affecting, no matter how noticeable, the speed and ease of movement of the blade along the cut surface. The effectiveness of this solution has been experimentally proven for various cut materials, including textiles.

7. The shape of the product NDK 17 always causes bewilderment among outside experts, why is the blade tilted relative to the handle, why is this angle at the top needed, what is the use of a guillotine-type blade based on? This is what comes to the mind of any traditional expert. And we would fully share their doubts if we first made, as often happens, an abstruse knife, and then we would be tormented in confusion about what to do with it spectacular. NDK 17 was created under the completed and today one of the most concise and effective knife application systems in the world, which eventually received the name of this knife itself - "the NDK 17 combat knife application system".

The creators were looking not for defiant, spectacular forms, but for weapons that maximally implement the very concept of the specified system:
-The predominance of cutting techniques over injections.
-The tactical task is for the stopping effect of the application, and not for the effect of a guaranteed and far from instant kill, as in the case of using stiletto types of weapons.

It is deep cuts that best meet the tactical conditions of modern hostilities, when an injection is extremely difficult due to the widespread use of bulletproof vests and unloadings, leaving only the face, neck and arms open.
Moreover, the injection is difficult to predict in terms of the results achieved, this is due to the lack of visual damage analysis. The cut of the neck, as the main tactical task of using a knife, is very simple for analyzing and predicting the further combat capability of the enemy. The guillotine type of blade replaced a narrow stab wound, from dagger-type knives, with a wide frontal cut with profuse blood loss, which, in fact, is comparable to replacing small-caliber army pistols and supersonic ammunition with pistols using 9 and sometimes 11 mm calibers., with a pronounced stopping effect.

The inclination of the blade relative to the handle is due to the constructive way of increasing pressure when the blade is pulled towards itself (during a cut). At the same time, the grip in the NDK 17 system is supported by the pommel of the handle in the palm. If you draw a line between the tip of the blade, the center of gravity and the stop, you get a straight line that fully meets the conditions for maintaining the straightness of the force vector during the injection, no matter how surprising it may seem with this form. Moreover, during the test of the knife on the carcass, a frontal injection cut 2 ribs on both sides of the target's chest. This dissection is practically impossible with other forms of the knife; moreover, getting stuck in the sternum and uncut bones is one of the problems of using a combat knife, requiring subsequent extraction manipulations and special skills.

Well, the most witty part of the whole project is the angle at the top of the blade.
We have already briefly touched on the inclination of the blade relative to the centerline of the handle by 20 degrees. This solution makes it possible to create an inclined cutting edge even with a rectilinear stroke of the knife towards itself, which again has a guillotine nature of the cut.
But the angle at the top is a completely different solution, allowing an order of magnitude increase in the pressure force during the cut.
Well, a little background on the appearance of this decision.

Karambits are knives that have maximum cutting pressure due to the crescent shape of the blade. But they have at least two drawbacks.

Crescent shape virtually eliminates stabbing
-The very form of karambit is difficult to manufacture and even more so to maintain.

For all knives, when cutting, the upper third of the blade is most effectively used, this is primarily due to tactical reasons, the creators "straightened the sickle" and got a completely technologically advanced blade with an angle. When cut, pressure is created that is not commensurate with the pressure of the straight blades of traditional combat knives. So, when testing NDK 17, 620 mm were cut with a cut. chest carcass, and the "trauma" was of a total nature with a through dissection of the ribs and soft tissues. For example, one of the best fighting knives in the world, Tai Pen, cut with a cut of about 150 mm and then left a deep superficial wound, and a powerful Chinook could not make a cut of more than 200 mm, and all blades except NDK 17 received damage to the cutting edge.

Characteristics

Manufacturer: Elephant
- Purpose: Exclusive Knife
- Blade (steel grade): D90
-Total length of knife: 265mm
- Blade length: 150mm
-Maximum blade width: 40mm
- Thickness of the butt: 5 mm
- Handle (material): Micarta
-Weight: 305g
- Scabbard (material): plastic
-Country Russia

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Neutral-detergent and acid-detergent fiber of feed, principles of its rationing in diets for cattle

• Introduction
• 1. Neutral detergent fiber and methods for its determination
• 2. Acid - detergent fiber (AFC)
• 3. The influence of NDK and FFA on feed and the principles of rationing in the diet of cattle
• 4. Principles of regulation of FFA and NDF in the diet of cattle
• Conclusion

Introduction

One of the most important problems of the world community throughout its existence is to provide the population with food. Successfully solving this problem on present stage The development of human civilization is hampered by demographic growth and the deterioration of the ecological situation in the world. In the context of the constant growth of the world population and unfavorable for environment The consequences of scientific and technological progress require more and more high-quality and nutritious food.

Livestock products account for almost half of the total agricultural output.

Currently, there are a number of problems in the industry related to the violation of production technology, lack of feed and inefficient use of it, untimely renewal of technological equipment, and low level of labor organization. The solution of these problems is possible only on the basis of a thorough analysis of the causes preceding this, which is possible through comprehensive research covering all aspects of the production process. In this regard, the topic of the research is of current importance. The aim of the work is to study the principles of regulation of neutral detergent and acid-detergent fiber of feed in diets for cattle.

Based on the goal of the work, the following tasks arise:

Consider the concept of neutral detergent and acid-detergent fiber in the feed;

Determine the role and influence of neutral detergent and acid-detergent fiber on the nutritional value and energy value of feed;

Consider the rationing of neutral detergent and acid-detergent fiber in the diet of cattle.

1. Neutral detergent fiber and methods for its determination

Carbohydrates and their derivatives are a large class of complex organic compounds that make up the bulk of the nutrients in plant foods. Depending on the type of plants and the stage of vegetation, their share can be from 40 to 80%, and in the diet up to 70%, while they are the main source of energy in the diets of ruminants.

In the practice of zootechnical analysis, carbohydrates are divided into two categories - crude fiber and nitrogen-free extractive substances.

Fiber is the basis of the structure of the plant cell wall and is represented by hemicelluloses, cellulose and their associated lignin. Structural carbohydrates of different feeds, and even of the same feed, can vary significantly in the ratio of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin. Roughage contains a lot of pentosans - 19 - 29%, cellulose - 21 - 39%, lignin -12 - 17%. In succulent feeds, they are significantly less than 5-6%, 7-8%, 3-6%, respectively.

Although ruminants have complex system, adapted to the digestion of fiber, the latter is far from being completely absorbed in digestive tract. The reason for this may be the type of feed, the structure of the diet, the degree of lignification of the plant, the physiological state of the animals, the technology of feed preparation, and a number of others. In experiments in vitro found that the digestibility of cellulose is significantly higher in legumes than cereals. Alfalfa hemicelluloses are more digestible than cocksfoot.

One of the main factors affecting the digestibility of fiber in general and its components is lignin. A correlation was established between the content of lignin in the cell walls of hay and the digestibility of cellulose and hemicelluloses, which was -0.9 and -0.85, respectively.

The question of how digested lignin itself is still open.

Nitrogen-free extractives are a large group of compounds that take an active part in the metabolic processes of the animal body. BEV combines in its composition carbons of different quality and functional action: this includes sugars, starch, inulin, chitin, organic acids, pentosans, pectins, glucosides, tannins. The content of BEV in the diet significantly affects the productivity of animals. An increase in BEV above the level of 45-50% and below 25-30% of the dry matter of the diet reduces the productivity of cows.

It should be noted that in foreign literature a division is made between BEVs and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), while in our country it is generally accepted that NSCs are the main part of NSCs and these two concepts are identified.

According to NRC data.

BEV \u003d 100 - (% NDK +% SP +% SZH +% SZ) +% NSU.

The difference between BEV and NSU is the amount of pectin and organic acids that are part of BEV, but are not included in NSU. The discrepancy between these indicators in different feeds can be quite significant.

Used for a hundred years, the indicator of crude fiber content, as a negative characteristic of feed quality, has lost its significance. The negative side of the crude fiber index is that with an increase in its level in the diet, there is a decrease in digestibility, and hence the energy value of the feed. However, ruminants are able to digest large amounts of hemicelluloses and feed cellulose. And their ability to digest crude fiber is limited by the volume of the gastrointestinal tract and the content of lignin in the diet. Thus, crude fiber gives only a rough idea of ​​the differences in the degree of digestibility of feeds.

The second serious problem is that in the process of chemical analysis of feed under the action of acids and alkalis, part of the hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin is dissolved and filtered and is taken into account in the calculation of the BEV. Thus, the true picture of carbohydrate content is distorted.

Studies of the Physiology Laboratory VIZH found that crude fiber of various feeds, feces and duodenal chyme includes from 83 to 96% cellulose, from 6 to 25% hemicelluloses and up to 33% lignin. During the determination of fiber, it was found that from 4 to 17% of cellulose, from 77 to 94% of hemicelluloses and from 68 to 100% of lignin of the dry matter of the sample pass into BEV.

Studies have shown that the content of hemicelluloses and cellulose in the feed is 46-60% in total, which significantly exceeds the amount determined by crude fiber (28-35%).

Shortcomings in the method of determination were the reason for the development of new systems of analysis, which was proposed in 1965 by Peter Van Soest. The method is based on the division of feed into two fractions: soluble in neutral detergent and representing the most digestible part of the feed, consisting of proteins, fats, carbohydrates; and insoluble in neutral detergent and representing a poorly digestible part of the feed of cell walls, consisting of hemicelluloses of cellulose and lignin, lignified nitrogen and insoluble ash. Subsequent exposure of the feed sample to an acidic detergent (based on a solution of acetyltrimethylammonium bromide) makes it possible to achieve the dissolution of 82 - 84% of hemicelluloses, and the addition of sulfuric acid removes cellulose from the residue.

Fractionation of carbohydrates according to the Van Soest method is schematically presented in table. one.

Table 1 Fractions of vegetable carbohydrates and their characteristics

Thus, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is the sum of structural carbohydrates of the cell wall, consisting of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin, and acid detergent fiber (ADC) is cellulose + lignin.

It should be noted that NDK is not part of crude fiber, just as crude fiber is not part of NDK. Determination of crude fiber according to Genniberg and Shtoman and neutral detergent according to Van Soest are completely independent methods for determining fiber.

NDK is an indicator that best differentiates structural carbohydrates from non-structural carbohydrates in vegetable feed. NDK includes the largest number of chemical compounds compared to crude fiber.

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is the residue after extracting a sample of feed with a boiling neutral solution of sodium lauryl sulfate and ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid (ED-TA). As a result of extraction with a solution, the contents of the cells (proteins, soluble sugars, starch, fats, pectins, organic acids) are removed, and the residue, called NDK, consists of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose (Fig. 1). The method is intended for roughage, but can also be used for cereals that have had their starch removed by treatment with the enzyme amylase. In terms of quantity, NDK is approximately 2 times higher than the amount of SA in feed (compare indicators 2 and 3 of tables for the same feed).

Rice. 1 Modified feed analysis scheme

NDK are classified as structural carbohydrates. They create a strong structure of cell walls.

The digestibility of this fraction depends on its chemical composition(ratios of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin). Therefore, foods or diets with the same NDK content do not necessarily have the same energy value; moreover, certain foods or diets with a high concentration of NDK may have a higher energy content than foods and diets with a lower concentration of NDK.

The optimal amount of NDK is determined by the balance of the diet with energy. An excessive amount of NDK negatively affects the intake of dry matter (DM), however, NDK does not worsen the intake of DM if the diet is balanced in terms of the concentration of metabolic energy in the DM in accordance with the norms of need. For cows producing 40 kg of milk per day, DM intake did not worsen at 32% NIR. For cows with a milk yield of 20 kg/day, DM intake did not decrease until the NDF level in the diet reached 40%.

Table 2 Feed composition according to the analysis system modified by Van Soest

The optimal amount of NDK in the diet has a positive effect on the health of cows, since the level of NDK positively correlates with ruminal pH. The bulk of NDK comes from voluminous feed (hay, silage, haylage), it improves chewing gum and saliva secretion, thereby increasing the buffer capacity of rumen content.

The terms "effective NDK (eNDK)" and "physically effective NDK" (fNDF) are used to refer to the properties of NDK in ruminant nutrition (Mertens, 1997). The first is the total amount of NDK in the diet that can support the fat content of milk. The second is NDK from roughage (hay, silage, haylage, straw) with a certain particle size, which contribute to the activation of the cud and maintaining a normal pH of the rumen.

To measure feNDK, it is proposed to divide it into classes based on the stimulation of chewing gum. For full-stem grass hay - feNDK is taken as a unit - 1, coarsely chopped corn silage and haylage - from 0.9 to 0.95, finely chopped roughage from 0.7 to 0.85. A diet with 22% fNDK in DM maintains a ruminal pH of 6, with 20% fNDK - milk fat at a level of 3.4% in cows in early lactation.

Evaluation of the feed for the content of feNDK is made by sifting the feed on a three-tier sieve and distributing the ratio of particles with a size of 19mm, from 8 to 19mm and 8mm. It was found that the need for feNDK is 19% of the DM of silage held on a sieve with a mesh size of 8-19mm.

2. Acid - detergent fiber (AFC)

When evaluating feed according to Van Soest, another fraction is also used - acid-detergent fiber. This is the residue after repeated washing of a sample of NDK with an acid-detergent solution of 0.5 m H2SO4 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. In this case, hemicellulose is removed from the NDK, the rest of the FDK includes lignin, cellulose, cutin, and silicon. The determination of the CDC is very useful for roughage, since in a number of experiments a significant negative correlation was found between e? content and digestibility of food.

After FDA treatment with 72% sulfuric acid, which dissolves cellulose, lignin + cutin is obtained in the residue. The amount of gemmicellulose is calculated: HZ = NDK - KDK; cellulose: C \u003d FDA - lignin.

The NDK and FDA fractions contain a certain amount of nitrogen, which is firmly bound to the cell walls and cannot be separated by a neutral and acidic solvent. For a more accurate determination of the indicators of NDK and KDK, the neutral-detergent insoluble crude protein (NDNSB) and acid-detergent insoluble crude protein (KDNSB) present, respectively, are subtracted from their amount, which are determined by Kjeldahl in the NDK and KDK preparations. NDNSB and KDNSB form part of the crude protein of the feed, determined by the Kjeldahl. Their total amount, for example, in corn silage is 2.2%, in corn grain - 0.9% of dry matter, in alfalfa hay 4%, sunflower meal up to 6% DM.

There is a close correlation between the content of NDK and KDK.

In this regard, regression equations are proposed for calculating the CDC based on the knowledge of the content of the CDC.

For corn silage: FA % = -1.15 + 0.62 FA %

For hay and green mass of grasses: KDK,% = 6.89 + 0.50 NDK,%

For hay, legume grass haylage: KDK,% = -0.73 + 0.82 NDK,%

Unfortunately, our laboratories, with rare exceptions, are not equipped with special instruments and reagents for the determination of NDK and KDK. Therefore, they continue to issue data from the analysis of crude fiber.

3. The influence of NDK and FFA on feed and the principles of rationing in the diet of cattle

The US National Research Committee (NRC) recommends formulating ruminant diets in such a way that 75% of the total amount of fiber is accounted for by the NDK of bulky feeds. The remaining 25% can be replenished with NIR for feeds such as soy hulls, whole cottonseed, flaked corn, etc.

It should be noted that diets with a total NDK content of less than 25% and less than 16% NDK in bulk feeds reduce the amount of milk fat. In addition, cows fed corn, which accounts for 16-21% of NIR, had a higher percentage of milk fat than cows fed corn and wheat 1:1 or corn and whole cottonseed.

At the same time, there is evidence that feeding cows with soy hulls as a source of NDK of non-bulky feed and only 16% of NDK of bulky feed did not lead to health disorders, dry matter intake and milk production.

There is also evidence that there is no difference in productivity and milkfat percentage between crowns when fed corn silage with 25% or 29% NDK of diet dry matter. According to some authors, the level of NDK in the diet of cows from 10 to 26 weeks of lactation should be in the range of 25-31% of the dry matter of the feed.

As for the CDC, in experiments on calves fed alfalfa, the minimum and maximum limits of this indicator in the diet were set at 224 and 470 g/kg of dry matter, respectively. And if the amount of NDK correlates with the consumption of dry matter of feed, then the KDK - with its digestibility (r = -0.75). At the same time, this relationship is influenced by the vegetation phase of the plant, its type and composition of the diet.

Using the in situ method, it has been established that the rate of splitting of hay in the KDK rumen is lower in cows when they are given, as concentrates, grains of milky barley or fodder beans than when they are fed lupine grains.

Researches of the Laboratory of Digestion Physiology of Farm Animals have established the following levels of NDK and FFA in feed and biological media (Table 3)

Table 3 NDK content in feed, feces and chyme, %

Indicators
Winter rye: heading
milky ripeness of grain
Hedgehog team: going to the tube
heading
bloom
Awnless rump: exit into the tube
heading
bloom
Clover pink: budding
bloom
Alfalfa blue hybrid
Hay: cereal
Mikhailovsky
Silo: mixed grass
corn
cereal
haylage: mixed grass
cereal
Wheat straw:
Meal: sunflower
rapeseed
compound feed
Rip barley
Wheat bran
fodder beet
Chyme duodenal

Neutral detergent fiber plays an important role in regulating the amount of feed an animal can consume. Since intake can be limited by the amount of fiber entering the rumen, even foods that contain small amounts of structural carbohydrates, such as grain, can reduce dry matter intake.

As noted above, each food has its own degree of disintegration of NDK in the rumen. The difficult-to-digest NDK stays in the rumen longer, which maintains a high level of rumen filling after feed ingestion, thus reducing overall feed intake with a simultaneous decrease in animal productivity.

However, feeds with rapidly degradable NIR in the rumen may pass through the GI tract at a faster rate, resulting in increased feed intake. For example, a 13% increase in corn silage NDK digestibility increases dry matter intake by 5.5%.

In experiments on rams fed hay, a high degree of correlation was found between the intake of dry matter in the diet and the percentage of cell walls r = -0.89, and in experiments on bulls - r = 0.76.

On this basis, the lower the level of NDK in the feed, the higher the dry matter intake. For high producing cows (40 kg/day) it is recommended to optimize diets with NDK content of no more than 32%, and for cows with lower productivity (20 kg/day) - no more than 44%, so as not to minimize feed consumption. At the same time, it was found that the retention of NDK in the rumen closely correlated with the time the lignin was present in it (r = 0.93). Thus, the NIR can be used to predict feed dry matter intake by ruminants.

Based on the foregoing, it can be summarized why the LIR is the most appropriate for predicting feed intake:

- NDK takes into account all digestible and indigestible carbohydrate components of the feed.

- NDK content in roughage determines its consumption

- NDK index is associated with digestibility and reduced digestibility at high levels of feed intake.

The indicator of acid-detergent fiber correlates to a greater extent with the digestibility of the dry matter of the feed (r = -0.75) than with its consumption (r = -0.46). However, in experiments on bull-calves - castrates, who received hay from sorghum and Sudanese, a high degree of correlation was found between the consumption of dry matter and the digestibility of organic matter and the content of FFA (r2 = 0.96).

We have developed linear equations regression to calculate the intake and digestibility of dry matter, taking into account the NDK indicator in feed.

PSV \u003d 53.71-66.3 * NDK

where

PSV - dry matter consumption per 100 kg of fat, g

NDK - the content of neutral detergent fiber in the feed,%

KpSV \u003d 116.17 + (-1.38031) * KDK

where

KpSV - coefficient of digestibility of dry matter,%

KDK - the content of acid-detergent fiber in the feed,%

In addition, based on the research and generalization of scientific data, we have developed the following regression equations for calculating the exchange energy in feed, taking into account the NDK indicator.

It is important to remember that the calculation of the BEV for the equations is carried out taking into account the NDK indicator, and not crude fiber.

Hay

OE \u003d 5.884 + 0.002 * NDK

OE=1.945+0.001*NDK+0.020*SP-0.034*SG+0.008*BEV

Corn

OE=11.691-0.004*NDK

OE=-1.153-0.002*NDK+0.021*SP+0.040*SG+0.014*BEV

haylage

OE=4.617-0.003*NDK

OE=0.539+0.002*NDK+0.018*SP+0.048*SG+0.004*BEV

Silage

OE=12.246-0.051*NDK

OE=5.361-0.183*NDK+0.534*SP-1.271*SG+0.292*BEV

where

OE - exchange energy, MJ

NDK - neutral detergent fiber, g

SP - crude protein, g

SF - crude fat, g

BEV - nitrogen-free extractive substances (calculated taking into account NDK), g

4. Principles of regulation of FFA and NDF in the diet of cattle

The transition to the energy assessment of the nutritional value of feed and the regulation of the need for exchangeable energy instead of oat feed units, as well as the specification of standards for essential amino acids, macro- and microelements, vitamins, has become a progressive stage in improving the feeding of farm animals in our country. This step was substantiated at the plenum of the livestock department of the All-Union Agricultural Academy of Agricultural Sciences (March 26-28, 1963) as a result of a discussion on "questions of the theory and practice of feeding farm animals." In pursuance of the decision of the plenum, in 1985 a new reference manual "Norms and diets for feeding farm animals" was published, edited by a group of famous scientists in the country, headed by Academician A.P. Kalashnikov. In 1995, the 2nd edition was published, and in 2003, the 3rd supplemented and revised edition, which was written by many scientists of the country.

Until 1958, when rationing animal feeding in the USSR, they used the reference book "Feed Norms and Feed Tables" by Academician I.S. Popov. According to these norms, the calculation of the needs of cows, sows, horses was built according to the factorial principle: the daily norm of energy, protein, calcium and phosphorus was calculated by summing up their needs for maintenance (basic metabolism), milk production, pregnancy, for changes in live weight during lactation . The factorial principle of rationing was developed on the basis of classical studies on energy exchange by prominent scientists of the late 19th and early 20th century M. Rubner, 1883; G. Armsby, 1898; O. Kelner, 1904-1908; V.V. Pashutina, 1886; Bagdanova E.A., 1926, M.I. Dyakova, 1917; I.S. Popova, 1915-1963; K. Neringa, 1930 and others. Directory of I.S. Popov from 1923 to 1958. reprinted 14 times, it was the main manual on which the animal husbandry of the USSR worked.

In 1959, instead of the reference book by I.S. Popov, a new reference book "Feed norms and tables" was published, edited by corresponding member of VASKhNIL M.F. Tomme, in which the daily rate in feed units, digestible protein, etc. began to express "in total, i.e. without division into the maintenance of animal life, into production and reproduction." These norms are called "single". In the benefits of 1985-2003, the norms are also built on the principle of uniform.

The rejection of factorial and the transition to uniform norms occurred as a result of criticism of bourgeois biological science at the 35th plenum of the animal husbandry section of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 1951. The discussion at this plenum took place in the light of the instructions from the resolution of the August 1948 session of the All-Union Agricultural Academy of Agricultural Sciences "On the situation in biological science." At this session, scientists representing classical genetics and other biological sciences, including physiology of nutrition and feeding of farm animals, were sharply criticized.

The main criticism was that the factorial method contained not a physiological, but a mechanistic understanding of individual processes, as separate, not related to others. Allegedly, this method does not take into account the regulatory role of the central nervous system in the body, its unity with the environment. The non-physiological nature of the factorial method has been constantly emphasized in our scientific literature. Moreover, it was deleted from the curricula of the course "feeding farm animals" at the zootechnical faculties of technical schools and universities, which, of course, did not contribute to the development of concepts about animal feeding among future specialists.

Meanwhile, the factorial method for calculating the need for energy and protein throughout recent years was tested, supplemented, improved and not unsuccessfully used in the USA, England and most countries of Western Europe with highly developed animal husbandry.

The recommendations of the FAO and the World Health Organization (WHO) on the need for energy, protein, amino acids for people of all sex and age groups, pregnant and lactating mothers are also built on a factorial basis. The basis of the standards is the value of the basal metabolism (BMO), which is the same as in animal husbandry - maintenance costs. Activity costs, specifics professional activity, pregnancy, etc. are added to the SBI to establish the overall requirement. fiber detergent feed livestock

Unfortunately, these developments were not used in compiling the reference book "Norms and rations for feeding farm animals", one must think that they contradict the principle of uniform norms.

However, the combination of indicators obtained in different time, on different breeds and on different diets, in different conditions it is difficult to bring into a reliable system, since the very idea of ​​​​uniform norms implies the unity of all processes occurring in the body during the interaction of all nutritional factors in time and the environment. It is difficult, for example, to imagine how technically it is possible to determine in a complex, in a single experiment, the optimal norms not for 29, but for at least 4 nutrients: energy concentration, protein, calcium, phosphorus levels. In the experiment with the scheme - control ± 10% for each indicator, for cows of the same breed, one live weight, it would be required to have 81 groups of analogue cows, which is technically impossible.

The development of uniform norms is associated with the conduct of long-term feeding experiments to obtain averaged data that cannot reflect a possible reality other than the one in which they were obtained. In other words, the system of uniform norms cannot be applied in any possible circumstances other than those in which they were obtained.

The factorial method is not perfect in every way. However, unlike the principle of uniform norms, it is based on knowledge of the costs of certain physiological functions of the animal organism, their changes under the influence of many factors, which makes it universal when calculating the need in any conditions.

In addition, it forms among specialists a deeper understanding of the construction of norms for the need of animals for nutrients, allows creatively solving the issues of feeding animals in practical conditions.

The productivity of animals is directly dependent on the quantity and quality of feed consumed, or rather the quantity and quality of its dry matter. The dry matter of feed is represented by protein, carbohydrates, fats and minerals, and, precisely, it is a source of substrates from which milk, meat, eggs, wool, newborns, etc. are formed.

Livestock and poultry workers are most concerned about how feed is eaten. They eat well - there will be production; they eat badly - there is no expected production. Science and practice have methods for predicting dry matter intake, but these methods need further improvement.

The feeding behavior of animals, which refers to appetite, is controlled by the CNS at the pre-absorptive and post-absorptive levels. Pre-absorption regulation of feed intake is determined by the volume of the gastrointestinal tract and the peculiarity of digestion in different types animals. It has been established that ruminants on average can consume from 2.5 to 3.5 kg of dry matter per 100 kg of live weight. Cows with a record productivity of 10-12 thousand kg of milk per lactation - up to 4 kg. Dry matter intake by young pigs is 3.5-5.5%, by sows 3-4.2%, by broilers 6-8% of live weight.

Appetite at the post-absorption level is determined by the concentration in blood plasma, extracellular fluid and cytoplasm of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) released as a result of digestion and absorption. It has been established that their concentration in body fluids is a factor of homeostasis. A shift in the homeostatic level of each element or the ratio between them as a result of unbalanced feeding causes a decrease in appetite. It has been proven that the decrease in blood glucose below the homeostatic level causes a feeling of hunger. Of particular interest were the facts of a significant effect on the appetite of the concentration of free amino acids. Thus, a lack or a significant imbalance of amino acids in the blood plasma, caused by an imbalance in the feed, is accompanied by a sharp decrease in appetite in pigs, broilers, and chickens. Apparently, this pattern is typical for all animal species, including ruminants. The taste of the food affects its intake, but is not a long-term determinant of appetite.

Eating behavior is regulated by the nerve centers of the brain - the hypothalamus, the anterior part of the piriform cortex. It is here that the receptive analysis of the concentration of metabolites in the blood takes place and the feeding behavior of animals is organized. Poor appetite, refusal to feed is a physiologically substantiated protective reaction of animals from the consumption of a diet unbalanced in amino acids and other nutrients, the consumption of which can lead to serious violations of the vital functions of the body.

A diet that provides homeostasis of animals at a physiologically determined level is eaten with appetite and ensures high productivity. Appetite, the intake of digestion products into the body and the productivity of animals depend on the concentrations and ratios of nutrients in the feed, or rather in its dry matter.

Basic requirements for the preparation of diets:

-the presence of modern norms for the need for nutrients - energy, protein, minerals and many others that control the balance of animal nutrition;

- availability of the necessary feed products and data on their chemical composition;

- the presence of vitamin and mineral premixes, if necessary, preparations of amino acids, enzymes, probiotics, flavoring and aromatic additives, antioxidants and others.

The nutritional norms and composition of individual feeds and diets for ruminants are calculated on absolutely dry matter (100% dry matter), for animals with a simple stomach (pigs, poultry, etc.) on air-dry matter, usually these are compound feeds from natural grain, protein supplements with a standard moisture content of 10-13%. Requirements for lactating cows are presented in table. 4.

Table 4 Calculation of the composition of the diet for lactating cows Zh.M. 600 kg, daily milk yield 30 kg, fat content in milk 3.8%, protein 3.3%, lactation stage 22-120 days after calving

If the cows in terms of live weight, productivity, milk composition, for which the ration needs to be compiled, do not fit into the parameters of these norms, then the user himself must use the factorial method to calculate the need for dry matter, energy and crude protein for a particular cow, group or herd of cows . The most important requirement is a balanced diet in terms of nutrient concentrations per kg of DM.

The order of drawing up diets is as follows.

Determine the need for total dry matter and energy on the basis of existing norms or by calculating the factorial method. This cow requires 19.8 kg DM and 213.8 MJ OE.

It is necessary to determine how much dry matter and energy of the diet should fall on bulky feed (SVOK) (silage, haylage, hay, as well as beet pulp) and how much on the share of concentrates (grain, cake, meal, sugar beet molasses). According to the norms, this ratio should be SVOK:SVK=50:50

From the total amount of dry matter, it is necessary to exclude the proportion of minerals (phosphorus-calcium, table salt) and premix, the amount of which is most often 2.5-3% of dry matter, in our example it is 2.6%, in absolute quantity: (19 .8X2.6) / 100 \u003d 0.516 KG ~ 0.52 kg. For the rest of the feed remains: 19.8 - 0.52 \u003d 19.28 kg. Consequently, the number of SVOK and SVK is 9.64 kg each (19.28/2=9.64).

To determine how much of each bulky feed should be included in the diet, most often they proceed from their stocks on the farm or from the optimal ratio of these feeds worked out by science and practice in providing cows with fiber, carotene, and protein.

Now cows are fed with a complete mixture, consisting of coarse, juicy, concentrated feed, mineral and vitamin supplements. In fact, this is compound feed and its composition can be calculated by the amount of each ingredient, expressed in dry matter.

In this regard, we enter the amount of dry matter of each feed into the table for calculating the composition of the diet, calculate their content as a percentage of the total amount of dry matter, i.e. just as the ingredients are expressed in compound feed for birds and pigs. Therefore, the amount of each feed is expressed per kg DM of a complete feed mixture. Using the feed composition tables, we calculate the nutrient content in the dry matter of each feed. Then these indicators are summed up on the line "Total" and the results obtained are compared with the requirements for 1 kg of DM (Table 4).

Trace elements, vitamins A, D, E are not calculated in feed. Their required amount is introduced into the diet as part of the premix. It is important to determine the amount of P-carotene by laboratory analysis. In feed, total carotene is rapidly destroyed, and if hay and haylage are disturbed, very little of it remains. Therefore, it is not necessary to rely on carotene as the only source of vitamin A.

The calculation of the daily ration in natural feeds is based on the dry matter content of each feed. For example, silage accounts for 4.58 kg of dry matter. The dry matter content of the silage is 35% or 0.35 kg/kg silage. Therefore, the amount of natural silage is 4.58:0.35=13.1 kg. Similar calculations are made for each feed. The final diet for use on the farm should look like that shown in Table. 5.

Table 5 Diet for lactating cows, J.M. 600 kg, daily milk yield 30 kg, fat content in milk 3.8%, protein 3.3%, lactation period 9 weeks after calving

Date: Compiler (full name)

Stern
Silage of corn.
Luc haylage.
Luc hay.
Raw pulp
Corn (shit)
Wheat (shit)
barley (shit)
Syrup
Soybean cake.
Sunflower cake.
Cut off the wheat.
Premix for lactir. cows
Total

Contained in the diet:

	Per head/day
SW, kg
OE, MJ
Sat, g
NRP, g
RRP, g
NDK, g
KDK, g
NSU, ​​g
Sa total, g
Sat., g
P total, g
R reach, g
My, g
Carotene

Conclusion on the compiled diet: the content of nutrients in kg of dry matter corresponds to the norms. Some discrepancies (in the form of excess) for minerals: Ca, P, Cl are acceptable.

The moisture content of natural food was 47.4%, which also meets the standards.

Conclusion

Under laboratory conditions, the content of NDK in the feed is measured by the amount of residue after treatment with neutral solvents. This residue is basically a combination of three types of carbohydrates: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.

The most difficult to digest fraction of NDK is lignin (wood). A higher content of lignin corresponds to a lower quality (digestibility) of fiber. Lignin is a sign of plant maturity. With maturation, the lignin content in plant cells increases, the digestibility and nutritional value of the feed decreases.

In general, NDK is an indicator of the quality (digestibility and nutritional value) of plant foods. The ratio between the components of the NDK determines the digestibility, and hence the nutritional quality of plant food. In addition, due to the fact that fiber is the most voluminous fraction of the feed, the content of NDK is also used to evaluate the potential intake of the diet (rumen filling) by animals, taking into account the capacity of the rumen. It is recommended to ensure the content of NDK in the diet is not less than 28%. The optimal value of NDK, at which the best digestibility of fiber in the rumen is observed, is 37% of dry matter.

A very important point needs to be made here, related to the presence of a certain amount of nitrogenous compounds remaining after treatment with a neutral solvent, determined as part of the crude protein of the entire feed. This fact is a consequence of the technological features of the production of laboratory analyzes and is a "concomitant" effect.

NDK is the most voluminous feed fraction, we have made a simplification in the sense that fiber is included not only in bulk, but also in concentrated feeds of plant origin. Therefore, the fullness of the rumen should be assessed only for that part of the NDK, which is formed by bulk plant foods.

In practice, the NDK of bulk feed is singled out as a separate parameter. Within this article, we will denote it by the abbreviation ONDK. ONDC is one of the most important parameters when balancing the diet, which determines the quality and speed of the fermentation process in the rumen, the ratio of bacterial species, the activity of the chewing process, etc.

Since the suppliers of ONDF in the diet are bulk feeds (hay, haylage, silage, etc.), characterized by the presence of large plant stems, it makes sense to assess the need for their grinding before feeding the diet.

The initial assumption is based on the peculiarities of cows eating bulk feed. If the plant particles are large, then the cow sorts them when eating, i.e. selects smaller fractions, which is why the largest part of the feed is not eaten by the cow. And this means that the previously calculated balanced diet has not been implemented and the expected results will not be achieved. Therefore, bulk feed must be crushed.

Acid detergent fiber is defined as the residue of fiber after treatment in acidic solvents. The composition of the FDC includes mainly cellulose and lignin, i.e. indigestible carbohydrates. Thus, FDC differs from NDF by its very low content of hemicellulose. In practical calculations, it is considered that hemicellulose is absent.

Quantitatively, FFA correlates quite well with the energy content of the feed, so this parameter is sometimes used in regression formulas to calculate digestible energy. In addition to the FTC, for balancing the diet, a parameter is used that determines the quantitative content of lignin in the feed as an indicator of the digestibility of fiber, which makes it possible to assess the digestibility of the entire diet as a whole.

List of used literature

1. Winfried Drochner. Digestibility of fiber in the rumen of lactating cows. Livestock in Russia, September 2014

2. Vladimirov N.I. Feeding farm animals: textbook / N.I. Vladimirov, L.N. Cheremnyakova, V.G. Lunitsyn A.P. Kosarev, A.S. Popelyaev. Barnaul: Publishing house of AGAU, 2014. 211 p.

3. Durst L. Feeding the main types of farm animals / L. Durst, M. Wittman; per. with him. Vinnitsa: New book, 2013. 384 p.

4. Zelepukin V.S. Cattle. Handbook for cattle breeder. M. Aquarium-Print, 2012.

5. Makartsev N.G. Feeding farm animals / N.G. Makartsev. 2nd ed., revised. and additional Kaluga: Oblizdat, 2014. 608 p.

6. Norms and diets for feeding farm animals: a reference guide / ed. A.P. Kalashnikov, V.F. Fisina, V.V. Shcheglova, N.I. Kleymenov. 3rd ed., revised. and additional M., 2003. 422 p.

7. Pestis, M.V. The efficiency of growing and fattening cattle in the Grodno region: monograph / M.V. Pestis, T.I. Eremeevich, P.V. pestis. - Grodno: GSAU, 2011. - 163 p.

8. Petrov E.B., Taratorkin V.M. The main technological parameters of the modern technology of milk production in livestock complexes (farms). Moscow 2014.

9. Ryadchikov V.G. Fundamentals of nutrition and feeding of farm animals: educational and practical guide / V.G. Ryadchikov - Krasnodar: KubGAU, 2012. - 328 p.

10. Khokhrin S.N. Feeding farm animals / S.N. Khokhrin. Moscow: Kolos, 2014. 692 p.

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In a wide variety of knives, combat models occupy a special place. Despite the development of military technology and weapons, a simple knife is still an effective assistant in close combat to this day. Therefore, all the armies of the world are working to improve their performance. Despite the fact that knife designs have been studied for centuries, this area still has great potential for development. This is mainly about the creation of highly specialized models that could most effectively solve a specific problem. One of these knives is the Kochergin knife. Today we will get acquainted with its device, the principle of operation and the opinion of experts regarding this model.

History of creation

The Kochergin combat knife was created purely for the hand-to-hand combat system developed by the St. Petersburg Center for Applied Research. When developing the design of this knife, the authors tried to take into account exactly the requirements for weapons that the mentioned system makes, without taking into account any weapon tendencies. The first task of the designers was to find ways to achieve the maximum stopping effect of the knife by increasing its cutting ability when stabbing. As the practice of working with weapons has shown, within the framework of the system created by the CPI, it is the injection that is the most effective way knife attack. Work on the development and testing of the NDK-17 model lasted seven years and led to a significant result. In 2008, Kochergin's knife, which received a very unusual shape, was presented to the public.

general characteristics

As you probably guessed, the abbreviation NDK stands for "Kochergin's sabotage knife." "17" is the original approved blade length. In the course of practical experience, in order to improve the balance and maneuverability of the product, it was reduced to 15 cm, but the name was decided to remain the same. Many decipher the NDK abbreviation as "Kochergin's landing knife", but this is not true. We figured out the name, but who is Kochergin? Andrei Nikolayevich Kochergin is a martial artist and founder of the Russian school of karate Koi no takinoboriryu (or simply KOI).

Andrey Nikolayevich has been engaged in martial arts since the age of 14. At first it was judo, and a little later - karate. While living in Germany, he mastered Wung Chun and Thai boxing. Returning to his homeland, Kochergin actively engaged in dido juku. In addition to rich experience in the field of martial arts, he also has military experience: he served in the army sports company and intelligence, participated in the Caucasian campaign. Kochergin is a multiple winner of shooting competitions and a master of sports in shooting from a Makarov pistol. Andrey Kochergin is known to the general public thanks to master classes and seminars dedicated to self-defense. He is the author of several books and a huge number of video clips devoted not only to self-defense, but also to applied psychology.

The style of knife fighting that operates within the framework of the KOI system is called Tanto Jutsu Koi no takinoboriryu. It became the first official style of knife fighting in Russia, according to which competitions have been held since 1997. On the basis of Tanto Jutsu Koi, a domestic knife fighting system was developed, specifically for which the NDK-17 knife was created (a saboteur knife designed by Kochergin).

The peculiarity of this applied system lies in the fact that the combat tactics are based on technical conciseness and lack of symmetry in contact with edged weapons. Guided by this principle, the CPI team is continuously developing and implementing domestic training methods special units in several directions:

1. Applied hand-to-hand combat.
2. Fire training.
3. Group and tactical interaction.

The Kochergin Knife (NDK-17) is the result of joint developments of the TsPI and VIFK (Military Institute physical culture). This product belongs to innovative inventions. The reviews of many domestic and foreign experts show that it is one of the most striking modern developments in the field of edged weapons.

The developers do not disclose the steel grade from which the original model is made. It is only known that the material successfully combines high blade strength and good cutting properties. High-hard steels, which provide maximum cutting effect, are a rather brittle material. According to the creators of this knife, they managed to achieve a high cutting ability due to the introduction of an unusual design. As a result, a unique blade was created, which has no analogues in the world.

Requirements for combat knives

The main task facing a person using a combat knife is to hit the enemy or opponents in close combat. As expert reviews show, a professional with the proper level of training can use almost any tool in battle. Nevertheless, maximum efficiency is achieved with the help of special weapons designed purely for close combat techniques. Based on this, a combat or sabotage knife should combine the following characteristics:

1. The width of the blade is at least 2 cm. At the same time, by reducing the angle of sharpening, the cutting properties of the blade increase. As a result, stabbing blows with such a knife lead to serious injuries and profuse blood loss.
2. The uneven cutting edge of the blade, in the form of a blade. It has excellent cutting properties and allows the blade to leave wide and deep stab wounds.
3. The presence of reverse sharpening. Increases the effectiveness of the weapon and the convenience of working with it - no need to turn the knife over when changing the direction of impact.

To date, the following forms of a combat knife blade are popular:

1. "Drop point" - teardrop shape. The tip is on the axis of the injection vector, which makes it easier to penetrate the target.
2. Clip point. It has a cut edge and good piercing ability.
3. "Spear point" - spear-shaped. Due to low descents, it is better suited for a prick than a cut.
4. Bowie. Has a straight or concave bevel on the butt.
5. "Tanto". It has increased blade strength due to the bevel at the end of the blade. Well pricks and cuts.
6. "Hawkbill" (karambit) - concave shape. Reminds a bird or animal claw. Can inflict severe slashing wounds.

Non-standard solutions of Kochergin

Knife Kochergin (NDK-17) has an unconventional wedge shape. In the model, a guillotine-type blade was used, with an inclination relative to the axis of the handle and an angle at the top. According to the authors, the weapon model they created is the most effective within a specific martial arts system. This system illustrates the higher efficiency of cutting blows compared to stabbing. Considering that body armor is widely used in modern military confrontation, stabbing blows to open areas of the body (arms, legs, neck and face) are not a significant damaging factor. The knife, developed by Kochergin and his colleagues, allows you to produce the most effective stabbing blows and stop the enemy without inflicting mortal damage on him.

Dagger modification knives inflict narrow stab wounds on the enemy, and a guillotine-type blade can inflict a very wide frontal cut. The Kochergin sabotage knife is designed in such a way that a straight line connecting the tip of the blade and the point of support passes through the center of gravity and coincides with the direction of the rectilinear force. Due to the angular inclination of the blade relative to the handle, the pressure on the affected surface increases when the knife is pulled towards itself, which leads to an even more extensive dissection.

Prototype

The creators of the NKD-17 knife were pushed to use a sickle-shaped blade by the ancients. They were known as early as the 12th-13th centuries in the territories of the Malay Archipelago. Knives of this configuration are still common in the region as household tools and weapons for self-defense. In addition, they are one of the key attributes of local martial arts.

In the 70-80s of the last century, at the demonstration performances of martial artists from Southeast Asia, the technique of using karambits was first demonstrated. The performances made a great resonance in martial arts schools around the world. As a result, the passion for such knives came to the West.

Karambits have unique properties and great potential for upgrading in the light current trends development of edged weapons. Today, the main direction in the development of combat knives is the transition from stabbing to cutting. When cut, sickle-shaped models have the maximum effect. However, the ability to inflict stabbing blows with them is extremely small. Another disadvantage of the historical prototypes of the Kochergin knife is the fact that products of this shape are difficult to manufacture and maintain.

Design features

During the development of the Kochergin knife, a model was developed and approved in a shape resembling a “straightened sickle”. She received a functional blade, which, when cut, exerts much more pressure than models with a straight blade. The test results fully confirm the superiority of NDK-17 over straight knives: from one cut, the Kochergin knife cut 620 mm of the sternum of a pork carcass. In this case, damage was caused not only to soft tissues, but also to the bone material of the ribs. None of the combat knives known to date can achieve similar results. One of the best combat knives in the world, the Tai Pan, with the same impact damages only 150 mm, and the powerful Chinook does no more than 200 mm.

In addition, at the top of the blade NDK-17 (Kochergin's sabotage knife) there is an angle. This is another important design feature and significantly increases the pressing force when applying a cutting blow. Regarding the handle, the blade of the knife is inclined by 20 degrees. Such a design, even in the case of a rectilinear movement towards itself, gives a cutting edge, which by its nature is very similar to a guillotine cut.

The square section of the handle provides a more secure grip. The handle of the original models is covered with leather, which absorbs moisture well. The knife does not have a guard as such. Tests have shown that the handle of the described shape allows you to securely fix the product in your hand and not miss it in the process of work. Reviews of independent experts testing the knife fully confirm this.

The knife of the saboteur designed by Kochergin is balanced in such a way that the center of gravity falls on the place where the blade is connected to the handle. For combat knives, this centering is not new. It provides maximum maneuverability of the weapon when performing combat techniques.

The leather scabbard for the NDK-17 is the result of more than three years of development. It is mainly about their form. As a result, the resulting scabbard model is ideal for any kind of equipment. The knife fits into them tightly enough so that when the fighter moves, they do not create any extraneous sounds. In this case, the weapon is removed from the scabbard quickly and easily, even without prior training.

The blade is processed using epoxy blackening - the most common method of processing edged weapons in the world. This measure not only protects it from corrosion, but also performs a masking function - it prevents the knife from glare in the sun. Among other things, as the reviews show, the darkened blade looks more attractive.

Functions

The main working functions are assigned to the cutting edge of the blade. The creators decided to make one-sided chisel-type sharpening on both parts of the blade. This allows you to achieve an acceptable impact power of the blade with a small angle of tightening, to make an accurate cut when pulling the blade towards you and to achieve maximum blade stability when performing a frontal thrust. An important advantage of this sharpening is the fact that it is easy to edit. You can sharpen the knife even in field conditions, without risking to dull the edges of the working edge.

The striking force of a knife cut depends not only on the pressure exerted on the target, but also on the friction force that occurs during the passage of the blade through the cut surface. On the unsharpened side, Kochergin's knives have notches made with technical diamond. They allow you to significantly increase the cutting power of the blade, but do not affect the speed and ease of striking. When testing a knife on various materials, the effectiveness of this design technique was confirmed.

Practical use

According to the developers, the Kochergin knife (NDK-17) cannot be called universal tool. It was developed specifically for the hand-to-hand combat technique practiced at the Center for Applied Research. In order to use the Kochergin sabotage knife with the degree of effectiveness that it can give, it is necessary to master the system of working with weapons for which it was created.

The CPI created a system of applied hand-to-hand combat using the NDK-17, which is based on a massive attack of the enemy with a knife. During the fight, the fighter only moves forward, without wasting time thinking and choosing a place to strike. The position of the body, as well as the movements of its individual parts, are subject to one task - delivering the maximum number of high-quality strikes at maximum speed.

During research work all fighting techniques, stances and movements were analyzed and carefully studied. The trajectories of all secondary movements were reduced to the minimum necessary for a quality entry into the shock position. The principal advantage of this system is the full-fledged work of the whole body. Controlled movement around its axis allows you to put body weight into each blow. At the same time, freedom of movement is preserved, as well as stability in space. And the increase in kinetic pressure has a positive effect on speed parameters without compromising maneuverability.

In our time, the appearance of edged weapons of an unusual shape may often not be associated with giving them fundamentally new characteristics. The main reason is changes in production technology or aesthetic considerations, and not a constructive need. When creating the Kochergin knife (NDK-17), the developers wanted to get improved cutting qualities and increased stopping power by modernizing the design and searching for new solutions.

In the manufacture of working samples of various knives, such design solutions as the guillotine shape of the blade, chisel sharpening and the inclination of the blade relative to the handle were repeatedly used. The authors of this product managed to rationally combine the above solutions and adapt the knife to a specially designed knife fighting system. Thus, the main drawback of the model was its specificity. To effectively use the NDK (Kochergin's sabotage knife), you must have special combat skills. However, techniques that are effective with such weapons may be much less effective with other knives. The fighting techniques developed by the CPI and the Kochergin knife are most effective in tandem. Therefore, it is not advisable to use them separately.

As mentioned above, experts highly appreciate this model for its high performance and unique design. However, among amateurs, opinions may differ. On the Internet, this model received mixed reviews. You can meet both enthusiastic and sharply critical reviews of the NDK-17. This is not surprising, given that the product was created purely for a specific combat technique, and only those who own this technique can appreciate it. And it is unlikely that the developers of the knife thought about the opinion of the Internet community.

Civil version

To date, Kochergin's knife, the photo of which looks very impressive, is not supplied to the armament or clothing support of law enforcement agencies. It is certified as a utility knife. On sale you can find two versions of the product: standard, with a 150 mm blade, and civilian, with a 110 mm blade.

Due to its compactness, the civilian version is more suitable for urban use than the standard Kochergin knife. There is no folding version of the product and most likely will not be. As a rule, such models are made of bearing steel. The large blade has a slightly sharpened cutting edge on one side. The knife comes with a leather sheath and a belt clip. Despite its specificity, such a knife can become a good gift or an unusual addition to the collection of edged weapons.

Once upon a time I saw this knife for the first time and since then it has sunk into my soul with its unusual shapes! And then the opportunity turned up to fall on the tail and order from the Elephants this wonderful Cardboard Knife made of high-tech steel whose name is Cronidur 30

Target setting of knife design
This product was designed with a very specific target setting - a knife was needed that would meet all the requirements for weapons in the applied hand-to-hand combat system developed by the Center for Applied Research in St. Petersburg.

In this regard, the developers were looking for constructive ways to improve the cutting qualities of the knife and maximize the stopping effect during the production of an injection, since these requirements lay in the context of the already existing and proven tactical and technical solutions for the weapon use system created by the CRC.

Guillotine blade type

It is deep cuts that best meet the tactical conditions of modern combat operations, when an injection is extremely difficult due to the widespread use of bulletproof vests and unloadings, leaving only the face, neck and arms open.

Moreover, the injection is difficult to predict from the point of view of the results achieved, due to the lack of visual damage analysis. The cut of the neck, as the main tactical task of using a knife, is very simple for analyzing and predicting the further combat capability of the enemy. The guillotine type of the blade replaced a narrow stab wound, from dagger-type knives, with a wide frontal cut with profuse blood loss.

Blade slope

relative to the handle is due to a constructive way to increase pressure when the blade is pulled towards itself (in case of a cut). At the same time, the grip in the NDK 17 system is supported by the pommel of the handle in the palm. If you draw a line between the tip of the blade, the center of gravity and the stop, you get a straight line that fully meets the conditions for maintaining the straightness of the force vector during the injection, no matter how surprising it may seem with this form. Moreover, when testing a knife on a carcass, a frontal injection cut 2 ribs on both sides of the target's chest. This dissection is extremely difficult with other forms of a knife, moreover, getting stuck in the sternum and uncut bones is one of the problems of using a combat knife, requiring subsequent extraction manipulations and special skills. Well, the most witty part of the whole project is the angle at the top of the blade.

This solution makes it possible to create an inclined cutting edge even with a rectilinear stroke of the knife towards itself, which again has a guillotine nature of the cut.
Plus, this solution allows you to increase the pressure force during a cut by an order of magnitude.
I immediately say that I’m still a self-defender 🙂 I prefer to act like in that old saying “Better an old TT than Judo and Karate” in general, it’s easier for me to shoot than to cut 🙂 Therefore, the knife was bought more out of curiosity than for its intended use! Well, like a cardboard knife, it really drives 🙂 It is very convenient to open boxes 🙂 True, military and domestic operations are usually rarely compatible! That's what happened here as well. The fact is that for everyday life, a chisel sharpening with descents on the left side will be somewhat inconvenient for a right-hander 🙂 And for a left-hander, on the contrary, it’s what you need 🙂 I even thought it was a sinful thing that they slipped a knife for a left-hander on me, but no, this is the author’s idea!
No, of course, it’s quite possible for them to cut, but it’s just not very convenient for a right-handed person and the pieces of cutting will not be uniform!

Well, the last photo for scale! I ask experts not to laugh over the grip, the photo was taken just for scale 🙂
Well, about the elephants themselves! The locksmith is basically happy! On a solid four! But here they are with a pen! There's a textured G-10 with pretty sharp edges! And the rivets on the handle stick out! You can easily rake yourself mazols! You will have to work a little with a file 🙂
By the way, one-sided (chisel) sharpening is very pleasing! Sharp as hellish soton! At the same time, it is quite easy to correct, just slap a bar a couple of times and then remove the burr on the other side! Center for Applied Research

I bring to your attention the descriptions of two new combat knives, which, perhaps, have not yet entered history as unique masterpieces of their time, but, undoubtedly, will enter it in the near future. This is knife "NDK-17" Andrey Kochergin, President of the International Union of Combat Karate "Koi no Takinobori Ryu" (IUKKK) and knife "Kondrat-2", developed by the founder of the Zarechensk school of combat fencing Vadim Kondratyev.

In the factory version, the handle of the knife is made in a square section for a secure grip and is covered with type-setting leather ... an excellent hygroscopic material. The final check during the testing of the handle was the cuts of a pig carcass in conditions when the handle was doused with a fresh egg, an analogue of sweat and blood. Due to this shape, the handle was clearly positioned in the grip, held well even when pulled out sharply, and did not slip out during injections and cuts, despite significant losses in friction, specially caused by egg treatment. The guard is practically absent and is more of a technological nature associated with the attachment of the handle ...

cutting edge- the most important part of the blade, its main working area. It is the design of the blade that allows you to determine the purpose and practical value of any knife. In this case, a chisel, that is, one-sided, sharpening was chosen, and here's why. It is this method that makes it possible to achieve a small sharpening angle with a sufficiently powerful blade.

In our case, the blade has a thickness of 4 mm, a small angle is achieved by direct descent of the blade with a width of 10 mm, which is quite comparable with such a serious cutting tool as a shoe knife. At the same time, the one-sided sharpening makes it easy to edit and sharpen the knife even in the field and with the "military qualification" of the user. Sharpening is done on one side, which gives exactly two times less chances to fill up the entire working edge. Editing is carried out both from the side of the descent and from the non-sharpened side ...

Cutting techniques are much more effective than injections. The tactical task should be to achieve the stopping effect of using a knife, and not to guarantee and far from instantaneous killing of the enemy, as in the case of using stiletto types of weapons.

It is deep cuts that best meet the tactical conditions of modern hostilities, when the injection is extremely difficult due to the widespread use of bulletproof vests and unloadings, leaving only the face, neck and arms open.

Moreover, the results of the injection are difficult to predict and evaluate, because they are often simply not visible. But the cut of the neck as the main tactical task of using a knife is very simple for analyzing and predicting the further combat capability of the enemy.

Tests of both NDK-17 and "Kondrat" really continue and each time they reveal the advantages of these knives, which have no analogues abroad. I think it will be interesting for readers to read the interview that I took from a well-known specialist in hand-to-hand and knife fighting, the creator of the S.P.A.S. carcasses wrapped in a wide variety of clothes in order to find out the effectiveness of these knives:

“First, I want to dwell on why such tests are needed at all.

Knowledge of the functional features of the knife opens up a completely different side of understanding the issue of their application. Such tests force us to accept the harsh truth of life - a knife is dangerous, and knowledge of knife fighting is not for everyone! And at the same time, not all myths about the knife have a practical basis - a lot of far-fetched ones. Therefore, the test is real opportunity see with your own eyes what the knife you hold in your hand is capable of.

The tests were carried out in conditions as close as possible to real ones, that is, in nature, under your feet - earth, sand, grass after rain, in your hand - a knife, in front of you - a freshly slaughtered carcass of an animal, “dressed” in a T-shirt, sweater, jacket or whatever immediately, as it happens mainly in Russia. The first test is NDK-17.

Cuts with this knife had to be performed only by force, because. the heavy knife itself did not allow frivolously throwing it over the carcass. The results are impressive: the length of the power cut is -20 cm. Cutting like a machete showed that NDK-17 is very convenient to cut. Moreover, the effectiveness of this method of combat is only increasing, because. the breaking and cutting of the knife went to the full depth of the blade, the bones were cut clean, the ribs and even the neck of the calf were cut off with relatively little effort. It should be noted that during the tests, clothing was not a significant obstacle - the knife passed through it freely.

The injections also turned out to be quite deep, however, the shape of the handle requires some refinement for the owner. Due to the weight of the knife, you have to hold the blade tightly, and at the moment the NDK-17 hit the bones and the hard part of the carcass, the handle severely injured the back of the armed hand.

It also turned out the applied value when working with the back of the knife. A blow with the butt of a knife on the bone cracked the ribs and broke the bone of the lamb leg.

The test turned out to be very curious - kukri (Nepalese combat knife) against NDK-17. Having a blade length almost 2 times greater, this combat knife did not surpass the NDK-17 in anything, yielding to the latter in cuts without a swing and, of course, injections (because kukri is generally problematic to prick).

Summing up, we can say that NDK-17 is a completely new multifunctional type of knife that combines the properties of a knife and a machete. True, some special training is required to work with it, because. the knife is specific and quite heavy, which limits the possibility of its use by people who first took it in their hand.

Now a few words about the tests of the invention of Vadim Kondratiev - the knife "Kondrat-2", or, as it is sometimes called, simply "K-2". I will say right away - a very scary and effective thing.

Light carpal cuts cut deep enough to stop the attacker and at least make you wonder if he attacked him. Cuts without backswing, as well as cuts on the back side, were almost identical. With a two-finger grip on the handle, the knife, without any effort, entered the “carcass” by a third of the blade, without encountering any resistance.

With a power cut with an insertion of the body, the K-2 cut the ribs, broke up the carcass, entering a third of the blade deep, inflicting long cuts of 15–20 cm, with a depth of 3–5 cm. When injected, obviously into the bone due to its shape or went along the bone, cutting off everything in its path, or pierced it through and through, and when only the bone part was cut, it significantly cut the bone without damage to the cutting edge.

When cut with the back of the knife, he easily cut clothes and parts of the carcass not protected by clothes, with dense autumn and winter clothes he inflicted light cuts, quite effective in knife combat and sufficient for active non-lethal self-defense. With all the manipulations, he sat very comfortably in his hand, there was not the slightest fear that the knife might fly out of the palm of his hand or that his fingers would slip onto the blade upon impact.

Summing up the tests of the Kondrat knife, you can do following conclusions:

- all types of injections, even with a poorly sharpened Kondrat-2 knife, are extremely effective and do not require any effort on the part of the owner;

– cuts are calling card knife, because no clothing became an obstacle to the blade. Even with cuts without backswing, without the application of force, the depth and length of the cuts were colossal. And the injections make you think about the meaning of life, because. the knife behaves like a stiletto or an awl and there is simply no sense of obstruction when the blade enters the meat;

- "Kondrat-2" cuts with any side, and the differences in the result are insignificant;

- grippy and light, this knife allows you to carry out any manipulations and makes it possible for a weak and unprepared person to work with almost one hundred percent result!

Here they are, modern combat knives, created and tested by truly Russian people. Simple, reliable and trouble-free, like a Kalashnikov assault rifle. And they are just as effective in their class if suddenly a Russian person needs to free his path or his country from an enemy who is trying to encroach on the life or safety of Russian citizens.