Adjective- This independent part of speech, which indicates the attribute of the subject and answers questions "which?", "whose?" (green, bird, cold, kind).
Adjective points to the following signs of the subject:
- item size: narrow, small, low, wide;
- physical properties of an object: hard, cold, liquid, sour;
- the shape and position of the object: top, round, curve;
- abstract properties of an object: smart, cheerful, dreamy, evil;
- spatial characteristics of the subject: southern, Tibetan, Scandinavian;
- temporal characteristics of the subject: early, late, morning, afternoon, winter;
- purpose of the subject: weaving, military, sleeping;
- object material: wood, iron, gold, paper;
- quantitative attribute of an object: double, triple, four-year;
- belonging of the subject: paternal, grandfather, wolf, fish other item characteristics.
Classification of adjectives.
By value adjectives are divided into three categories:
- quality adjectives;
- relative adjectives;
- possessive adjectives.
Morphological features of adjectives.
Adjectives decline for numbers, genders and cases. The initial form of the adjective is the nominative singular masculine.
Adjective It has degrees of comparison, and also has full and short forms.
Adjective always agrees in gender, number and case with the word being defined.
Classes of adjectives.
As mentioned above, adjectives are divided into three categories: qualitative, relative and possessive.
quality adjective indicates a sign of an object that is available for perception by the human senses (sight, touch, hearing, etc.).
There is a range parameters, by which the adjective indicates the attribute of the subject:
- Item size: big, small, huge, wide;
- Item shape: round, square, flat, straight;
- Physical properties of the item: liquid, viscous, crumbly;
- Item color: white, yellow, red;
- The taste of the subject: sour, sweet, bitter, salty;
- Item smell: fragrant, odorous, stinking;
- Item weight: heavy, light, weightless, weighty;
- Subject temperature: cold, hot, cool, warm;
- Item sound: sonorous, deafening, quiet, loud;
- General assessment of the subject: harmful, useful, important and etc.
Features of qualitative adjectives.
quality adjectives have a whole list of features and characteristics, among which are the following:
- The presence of degrees of comparison:
bright - brighter - brightest - brightest.
- Availability of long and short forms:
Cheerful - cheerful, kind - kind, fat - fat, single - single.
Note. Adjectives are not declined for cases in short form.
- Ability to form adverbs ending in -e, -o:
Cheerful - fun, good - good, bad - bad.
- Ability to form abstract nouns:
Cheerful - fun, kind - good, evil - evil, young - youth.
- Ability to form compound adjectives repeat:
Kind-kind, sleepy-sleepy, sad-sad.
Relative adjectives.
relative adjective indicates a sign that indirectly expresses relation to other parameters:
- Face: student a life, children's nutrition.
- Place: underground river, rural road.
- Material: watermelon candy, wooden chair, floral aroma.
- Time: winter hike, evening jog.
- Purpose, action, property: sliding sofa, self-propelled apparatus, ironing board.
There are also many other options that relative adjectives indicate relation to other objects.
Features of relative adjectives:
1. They do not form degrees of comparison: a chair cannot be more or less wooden, or a spoon more or less tin.
2. Relative adjectives can be replaced by synonymous phrases: chicken soup - chicken soup, downy featherbed - downy featherbed.
Possessive adjectives.
possessive adjective indicates belonging to someone and answers the question "whose?"(whose? whose? whose?):
Wolf fur, dog tail, mother's skirt, girl's braid.
Declension of adjectives.
Declension of adjectives- this is a change of adjectives in cases, numbers and genders. As we have already said, the adjective is inextricably linked with the noun, the attribute of which indicates, respectively, is controlled by it. This means that the adjective agrees with the given noun in number, gender and case.
This rule does not apply to short form adjectives - they are not declined by cases, only by numbers and genders.
Adjectives, masculine singular ending in -oy are declined in the same way as adjectives ending in -y:
Dobr th, factory oh- kind wow, factory wow- kind omu, factory omu etc.
The Russian language is very rich. A significant role in this is played by such a part of speech as an adjective, which indicates a characteristic feature of an object. In this article, you will learn what an adjective means, what questions it answers, and how it is defined in a sentence.
What is an adjective as a part of speech?
Adjective in Russian- this is an independent part of speech, indicating a sign (quality, property) of an object expressed by a noun or pronoun. The initial form of the adjective is the singular masculine form in the nominative case (light, cold, green, kind).
In sentences, adjectives, as a rule, act as a definition, but can also be used as a predicate (or as part of a nominal predicate).
The adjective as a part of speech is studied in grades 4-6.
What questions does the adjective answer?
adjective answers questions What (What? What?), Whose? (Whose? Whose?) and What?, as well as their derivative forms, depending on which case, gender and number the word is used in (for example: fell out snow (what?) white, find a hole (whose?) fox).
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What do adjectives mean?
In Russian, the main role of adjectives in speech is the definition of objects (persons, phenomena, states). Adjectives are divided into three categories according to their meaning:
- quality- indicate the specific qualities of objects (weight, size, age, color, appearance, internal characteristics), have degrees of comparison.
Examples of specific adjectives: heavy, red, hardworking, cute, younger, beautiful.
- relative- denote signs expressing the relationship of one object to another (material, location, purpose, time).
Examples of relative adjectives: english, volga, last year, weekly, playing.
- Possessive- indicate the sign of an object by its belonging to a certain person or animal (answer questions Whose? Whose? Whose?).
Examples of possessive adjectives: mother, fisherman, fathers, hare, sable.
What are adjectives?
In Russian, adjectives are represented by two rows of forms:
- Full- adjectives that change by gender, number and case, in the sentence act as a definition (strong, nutty, long).
- Brief- adjectives that change by number and gender are used as a predicate in a sentence (old, reliable, carefree).
Morphological features of adjectives
Adjectives have constant (unchangeable) and non-permanent (changeable) morphological features.
The permanent grammatical categories of adjectives include:
- Rank by value (qualitative, possessive, relative);
- Degree of comparison (positive, comparative and superlative);
- Full or short form.
Variable morphological features of adjectives are:
- Number;
- Case.
How to define an adjective?
To define an adjective in oral or written speech, put questions of this part of speech to the word ( Which? Whose?, What? and their derivatives), as well as find out whether the word has the main grammatical and syntactic features of adjectives (rank by value, degree of comparison, inclination by gender, number and case, etc.).
In a sentence, the adjective is most often a definition, but it can also be a predicate. Has the same case as the noun it refers to.
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Classes of adjectives
Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three discharge adjectives: qualitative, relative and possessive.
Quality adjectives
Denote a feature that can be to a greater or lesser extent. They answer the question "what?".
As a rule, they have the following signs:
- combined with the adverbs "very" (and its synonyms) and "too" ( very big, too handsome, extremely smart).
- from quality adjectives it is possible to form
- compound adjective by repetition ( delicious-delicious, big big).
- one-root adjective with a prefix not- (not stupid, ugly).
- have an antonym ( stupid - smart), and sometimes a hypernym ( big - huge)
Some quality adjectives do not satisfy all of the above criteria.
Most quality adjectives, and only they, have two forms: full ( clever, tasty) and short ( smart, delicious). The full form changes according to numbers, genders and cases. Short form - only by gender and number. In a sentence, the short form is used as a predicate, and the full form is usually used as a definition. Some quality adjectives do not have a short form ( friendly, amiable) . Others, on the contrary, do not have a full form ( glad, much, must, need)
Possessive adjectives
Denote the belonging of an object to a living being or person ( paternal, sisters, fox). They answer the question “Who?”. Possessive adjectives can become relative or qualitative: hare (possessive) hair, hare (qualitative) soul, hare (relative) trace.
General information
The boundaries of the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives are mobile. So, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive) dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).
Declension of adjectives
Adjectives are declined according to cases and change according to numbers, in the singular they also change according to gender. The exceptions are short adjectives and comparative adjectives: they are not declined. In addition, there are a number of indeclinable adjectives: Komi people, khaki, gross weight.
The gender, case and number of the inflected adjective depend on the respective characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives usually appear after the noun, and their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: jackets beige.
- solid: red th, red wow, red omu
- soft: syn uy, sin his, sin him
- mixed: big oh, large wow, large them.
Surely all students know what an adjective is. But many adults, most likely, find it difficult to answer such a question. Over time, even elementary things are forgotten. In what grades of the school is the adjective studied in detail? 4th grade, 5th, 6th... How long ago! We invite you to go back in time and refresh your memory.
Independent part of speech
In Russian, it answers the questions “which”, “what”, “what”, “what”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose” and denotes a sign of an object. It changes by numbers, gender, cases, it can have a short form. Most often in sentences it acts as a definition, but it can also be in the role of a predicate.
Discharges
The adjective as has only one invariable morphological feature - a discharge. Allocate qualitative, possessive, relative language units. Let's talk about each category in more detail.
Quality adjectives
Words of this category answer the questions “what”, “what”, “what”, “what” and denote the sign that can be had to a lesser or greater extent. Qualitative adjectives tend to work well with adverbs “too”, “very” and their synonyms, for example, too beautiful, very big, extremely smart.
From such words, by repetition, you can form a complex adjective, for example, big-big, tasty-tasty. You can also add the prefix non- to the word and get a single-root adjective as a result, for example, ugly, not stupid. Usually, high-quality structural language units have antonyms (high - low), and in some cases also hypernyms (large - huge). It should be noted that not all words meet the listed characteristics, there are those that do not satisfy these criteria.
Word forms
A feature of quality adjectives is that many of them have full and short forms, for example, smart - smart, tasty - tasty. At the same time, the short form is not declined at all, but the full form is declined by cases, gender, numbers. Often in sentences, short adjectives serve as a predicate, and full adjectives serve as a definition. Some words do not have a short form at all, for example, kindly, friendly, while others do not have a full form, for example, much, necessary, must, glad.
Degrees of comparison
The story of what an adjective is will not be complete if one does not touch upon such a characteristic of this part of speech as the degree of comparison. The sign is inherent only in qualitative language units. There are three levels of comparison:
1) positive, indicating that an object or group of objects has some kind of attribute, for example, a beautiful flower;
2) comparative, denoting that one or another feature in one object or group of objects is more pronounced than in another (others), for example, a wolf is larger than a hare, or in the same object (same objects), but already in other times, for example, I will be smarter in the future;
3) superlative, indicating that an item or set of items has some feature to a greater extent than all other items from the same group, for example, the best doctor in the hospital, the strongest player in the team.
You can form an adjective in a comparative degree by using additional words, for example: the most beautiful, taller. In this case, the part of speech acquires a composite, or, as they say, analytical form. When expressed in only one word, the form is called simple, or synthetic. It should be pointed out that not all adjectives can have comparative and superlative degrees. Words that are not qualitative in terms of category do not have such characteristics.
Relative adjectives
These are language units that answer the questions “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose” and denoting a feature that is impossible to have to a lesser or greater extent. They express the relation of an object to another object, to a property (washing powder), to a material (a glass vase), to a place (Moscow courtyard), to time (October day), to a unit of measurement (three-story house, a seven-year-old child, a kilogram package) and so on. Further. Such adjectives cannot be combined with the adverbs "too", "very" and their synonyms, they do not have a short form, degrees of comparison. They also have no antonyms.
Possessive adjectives
These words answer the questions “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, and denote the belonging of a certain object to a person or living being, for example, sisters, fathers, foxes. These language units, just as in the previous case, do not have degrees of comparison, antonyms, short form, do not combine with the adverbs "too", "very" and their synonyms.
Rank boundaries
Talking about what an adjective is, it is worth noting one feature. The fact is that the lexical and grammatical boundaries of the words of this part of speech are very mobile, so it is sometimes difficult to correctly determine the category. So, possessive, relative adjectives can easily take on a qualitative meaning. For example, in the phrase "dog paw" the word "dog" will be a possessive adjective, in the phrase "dog pack" - relative, and in the phrase "dog life" - qualitative.
Declension types
Words related to the part of speech we are considering can be declined by cases, numbers, and in the singular also by gender. This does not apply to comparative adjectives and short adjectives that are not inflected. There are also a certain number of indeclinable words, for example, beige jackets.
The case, number, gender of adjectives depend on the same characteristics of the nouns with which they agree. Depending on the basis, there are three variants of declension:
- solid: ;
- soft: winter, winter, winter;
- mixed: bad, bad, bad.
word formation
An adjective as a part of speech can be formed in different ways:
- prefixed: joyful - joyless;
- suffix: swamp - marsh;
- prefixed-suffixal: earth - underground;
- the composition of two bases: three colors - tricolor, pale and pink - pale pink;
- complex suffix: flax + seed + cleaning - flaxseed cleaning.
Morphological analysis
At school, in Russian language lessons, teachers quite often give children the task of making something related to one or another part of speech. How to parse an adjective? To do this, you need to determine the following characteristics of the language unit:
Transition to other parts of speech
Participles and pronouns often pass into the category of adjectives. For example, he is no musician. In turn, adjectives can be substantiated into the category of nouns, for example, military, Russian.
Features of this part of speech in other languages
We hope that thanks to the article you managed to remember what an adjective is. It is worth saying that not all the characteristics inherent in this part of speech in Russian will take place in other linguistic systems. For example, adjectives in English do not change in numbers and cases, in French they also do not decline in cases, but they change in numbers. In Japanese, adjectives are generally invariable, they have tenses and determine the politeness of speech. In Portuguese and Spanish, many adjectives have a common form for both masculine and feminine, while others are inflected for gender and number. Everything is so difficult with this part of speech!
Now you can tell everything about the adjective. Of course, we did not consider all the characteristics of this part of speech, but only touched on the main features. But for the general development of this is quite enough.
Ranks of adjectives
Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three types of adjectives:
Most quality adjectives have a long form and a short form. The full form changes according to cases, numbers and genders. Adjectives in short form change by number and gender. Short adjectives are not declined; in a sentence are used as predicates. Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary. Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes denoting a high degree of attribute, and an adjective that is part of terminological names (fast train, deep rear). Qualitative adjectives can be combined with the adverb very, have antonyms. Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison. In form, each degree can be simple (consists of one word) and compound (consists of two words): harder, quietest.
- relative(answering the question “which one?”)
- relative adjectives do not have degrees; designate the material from which the object is made, the spatial and temporal features of the object: wood - wooden, January - January, freezing - frosty;
- most relative adjectives do not combine with the adverb "very";
Relative adjectives denote such a feature of an object that cannot be in the object to a greater or lesser extent. Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with an adverb very much, do not have antonyms. Relative adjectives change by case, number, and gender (singular).
- possessive- answer the question "whose?" and denote belonging to something living or person ( paternal, sisters, fox).
Possessive adjectives indicate that something belongs to a person and answer the questions whose? whose? whose? whose? Possessive adjectives change for case, number, and gender (singular).
To attribute an adjective to any category, it is enough to find at least one sign of this category in the adjective.
The boundaries of the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives are mobile. So, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive) dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).
Coordination of adjectives with nouns
Adjectives agree with the nouns they refer to in gender, number and case.
- Example: adjective "blue"
- blue (Sing., m.r., Im.p.) house (Sing., m.r., Im.p.)
- blue (Sing., Wed, Im.p.) sky (Sing., Wed, Im.p.).
Declension of adjectives.
The gender, case and number of an adjective depend on the respective characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually in postposition with respect to the noun, and their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: red jacket, beige jackets.
- solid: red th, red wow, red omu
- soft: syn uy, sin his, sin him
- mixed: big oh, large wow, large them.
The declension of adjectives includes a change in numbers, and in the singular - in cases and genders.
The form of the adjective depends on the noun to which the adjective refers and with which it agrees in gender, number and case.
Short adjectives change only by gender and number.
The masculine and neuter forms differ in the nominative and accusative cases, while in other forms they are the same.
There are different forms of the accusative case of adjectives in the singular masculine and in the plural, referring to animate and inanimate nouns:
- V.p. = I.p. with inanimate nouns:
- “Their villages and fields for a violent raid he doomed to swords and fires” (A. Pushkin);
- V.p. = R.p. with animate nouns:
- “Masha did not pay attention to the young Frenchman” (A. Pushkin);
- “And the whole earth should forever praise ordinary people, to whom I would pour stars for orders for victories” (V. Sysoev).
masculine adjectives in -oh inclined in the same way as th, but always have a stressed ending: grey, young - gray, young - gray, young - about gray, about the young.
The letter designation of the endings of adjectives in some cases sharply diverges from the sound composition: white - white [bv], flying-his - summer [b].
Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives:
- hard declination;
- soft declension;
- mixed declension.
Hard declension of adjectives
According to the solid type, adjectives with a base on a solid consonant are inclined, except for G, K, X, C and hissing ones: thin, white, straight, native, boring, stupid, gray, bald, cool, well-fed.
Formation of adjectives
Adjectives are most often formed in a suffixal way: swamp - swamp n th. Adjectives can also be formed by prefixes: not big, and prefixed-suffixal ways: under waters n th. Adjectives are also formed in a compound suffix way: flax about seed cleaner tedious. Adjectives can also be formed by compounding two stems: pale pink, three-year.
Morphological analysis of the adjective
- General grammatical meaning.
- Initial form. The initial form of an adjective is considered to be singular, nominative, masculine ( blue).
- Constant signs: discharge.
- Non-permanent features: used in short/full (only for qualitative ones); degree of comparison (only for qualitative ones); number, gender, case (blue - used in full form, singular)
- syntactic role - definition
Transition to other parts of speech
Most often, participles pass into the category of adjectives. Pronouns can also act as adjectives ( No artist from him).
Adjectives, in turn, can substantiate, that is, move into the category of nouns: Russian, military.
Features of adjectives in other languages
Notes
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