The word independent prompted me to write this article. I keep making the same mistake, no matter how often I see him. Every time comes out from under my pen independent. And every time I flatter myself that I am so influenced by (relative) knowledge of the French language (compare ind?pendant), but you and I know that this is self-deception. Similar suffixes – ance/– ence and correspondingly - ant/- ent, as well as - ancy/-ency productive and often cause spelling confusion. For example, according to the OEC (Oxford English Corpus) the misspelling is independent found in publications such as The Guardian, American Zoologist, etc., whose articles are always subject to proofreading. In total, OED gives exactly 737 examples. Of course, it is encouraging that even journalists admit it. It seems like we are then even more allowed to write independent. But think about it: even if rules are there to be broken, our minds are highly biased, many people recoil in horror at misspelled text and instantly form an unflattering opinion of the person who wrote it. It can even be called discrimination against the illiterate! Well, rightfully so. Spelling errors in your text can make the reader think about your competence and general state of intelligence.

Why do we confuse these suffixes?

Because in colloquial speech they sound exactly the same, because they are always unstressed, and the vowel in them is the so-called neutral "seam" /?/. However, there are a few simple rules that will help you choose: a or e, instead of rummaging through the dictionary every time.

- anceor -ence?

These suffixes form nouns and denote a quality or state (e.g. ignorance) or action (e.g. emergence). Their spelling in most cases depends on the words from which they are formed.

- ance

- y, - ure, or – ear, then the suffix is ​​added to it –ance. For example, apply-appliance; assurance - assurance; appear-appearance.

2. If the noun comes from a verb ending in –ate, then in most cases it acquires the suffix -ance: deviate - deviance; hesitate - hesitance etc.

3. If the word root ends in c (sounding like /k/ like in the word cab) or g (/g/ like in the word get), then the suffix is ​​used –ance: significant; elegance.

4. As for the rest of the uses –ance, then they are not subject to any rules, and it is easier to just remember them. For example, abundance, guidance, resistance, resemblance, etc.

- ence

1. If the noun is formed from a verb ending in – ere, then the suffix is ​​added to it - ence. For example, adhere - adherence, interfere - interference. I can already hear you asking me indignantly why perseverance spelled with –ance if it is formed from persevere? This is an exception, deal with it.

2. If the noun comes from a verb ending in a stressed suffix –er, then it acquires the suffix -ence: conference - conference; prefer - preference, transfer - transference etc.

Please note that difference spelled with –ence despite the fact that in the verb differ the stress falls on the first syllable.

3. If the word contains -cid-, -fid-, -sid- or -vid-, standing right before the final suffix, then this final suffix will be –ence. For example: confidence, evidence, residence.

4. If the word root ends in c (/s/ as in the word cell) or g (/dg/ as in the word gin), then the suffix is ​​used –ence: indulgence, license. There are exceptions here, such as: vengeance.

5. And again, some words do not obey any rules, and they just need to be remembered: absence, excellence, patience, sentence etc.

- ancyor -ency?

With the help of these suffixes, nouns are formed, denoting a quality or state. For example, infancy or fluency.

The spelling rules are the same as –ance/-ence. For example:

• If a noun comes from a verb ending in -ate, then it will acquire the suffix - ance: hesitate - hesitancy; vacate - vacancy.
• If the word root ends in c (/s/ as in cell) or g (/dg/ as in gin), then the suffix is ​​used –ence: urgent, emergency.
• Etc.

-antor–ent?

Suffixes -ant and –ent used for education:

Adjectives denoting quality or state: arrogant, convenient, different, etc.

Nouns denoting the performer of an action, that is, an agent: accountant, resident, etc.

The same rules apply, for example:

• Words derived from a verb ending in - y, add a suffix –ant. For example, defy - defiant; occupy - occupant.
• Words derived from a verb ending in - ate, acquire the suffix –ant: deviate - deviant; hesitate - hesitant etc.
• If the word comes from a verb ending in –ere, the suffix is ​​added to it –ent: cohere-coherent; adhere - adherent.
• In addition, the same rule applies to c and g: if they are pronounced as /k/ and /g/, then use - ant, For example: communicant, extravagant; if they are pronounced as /s/ and /dg/, then the suffix will be used -ent, For example: intelligent, recent etc.
• Etc.

Dependent/dependantandpendant/pendent

The spelling of these adjectives depends on the part of speech to which they belong.

Let's start with dependent/dependant:

1. In British English, a noun can be written with the suffix –ent, and with the suffix - ant: He is a single man with no dependents/ dependants. In American English, only the variant is correct dependent.
2. If we are talking about an adjective, then in both versions of the language the spelling will be correct dependent (We're dependent on his goodwill). Note: independent always spelled with a suffix –ent, be it a noun or an adjective.

Situation with pendant/pendent a little easier. Pendant can be both an adjective and a noun She wore a silver pendant; pendant catkins), while pendent- it's just an adjective pendent catkins).

I agree that at first glance it seems that it is easier to check every time or just learn the spelling of words than to apply these rules. But it's not. Rules referring to one pair of suffixes, for example, -ence and - ance, act with the rest, and this greatly simplifies our task. So, being confident in writing competence, you can't go wrong with competent and competency.

Follow the rules! But don't be afraid to experiment.

Is there a difference between bad and badly? It is necessary to remember forever what role it plays suffix –ly in English never to ask such questions again. Bad – "bad", a badly – "bad". These are different parts of speech, each of which plays its own, special role in the sentence.

Why is the suffix -ly needed in English?

You should know that suffix –ly in English serves to form adverbs, that is, words that answer the question "how?" Usually the word + -ly characterizes an action.

Example:

T hey speak English fluently.- They speak English fluently.

Here fluently is fluent + - ly . Fluent translated "fluent". There is no way we can use this word to characterize action. You will get something like this:

They speak English fluent.– They speak fluent English.

It turns out that the suffix –ly in English it is very important, as it serves to form words that characterize not an object / person, but an action.

Examples:

His Chinese is bad.– His Chinese is bad. (bad refers to Chinese. What Chinese? - Bad).

He speaks Chinese badly. He doesn't speak Chinese well. (badly refers to speak. How does he speak? - Badly).

It turns out that we can not do without -ly, if we want to build sentences in English correctly.

The suffix -ly in English. Examples

Let's break down a few additional suggestions to help you remember when to use suffix –ly in English.

offer	translation
Amanda is an ideal teacher. She teaches children ideally.	Amanda is the perfect teacher. She is perfect for teaching kids.
The music is too loud. You listen to the music loudly.	The music is too loud. You listen to music too loudly.
His decision is very quick. He made a decision quickly.	His decision is very fast. He quickly made a decision.
Our speech is clear. We speak clearly.	Our speech is understandable. We speak clearly.
The task is easy. I did it easily.	The task is simple. I dealt with it easily.
It is a serious responsibility. You should take it seriously.	This is a serious responsibility. You should take this seriously.
The project was successful. We completed it successfully.

There are several ways to form new words through suffixes and prefixes, compounding or conversion.

What is a suffix? Suffix- this is a significant part of the word, which is located after the root and usually serves to form new words. The peculiarity of suffixes is that with their help we can form new words and even change parts of speech. Suffixes can be added to both simple words and derivatives. They can be attached to nouns, adjectives and verbs, . For example:

verb: to differ ["dıfə] differ ->

adj.: natural ->

creatures: dock dock ->

What is a prefix? Prefix- a word-forming particle that is used at the beginning of the original word. Prefixes usually form words that are the same as the grammatical category of the original word. They perform mainly a semantic function. There are a huge number of prefixes in English. For example:

verb: to cover ->

adj.: usual usual ->

First of all, learn the prefixes ( dis-, un-, re-) and suffixes ( -ly, -ment, -ful, -less).

Composition

Compounding is the formation of a new word from two or more words. In Russian, when two words are combined into one, the connecting vowel o or e is used (plumbing, vacuum cleaner, thick-walled). In English, two words are connected to each other directly, and the stress usually falls on the first word. for example

handbook ["hændbʋk] - hand (hand) + book (book) = directory

something ["sʌmθıŋ] - some (some) + thing (thing) = something

to whitewash ["waıtwɒʃ] - white (white) + wash (wash) = whiten.

Compound words are usually written together, but sometimes with a hyphen, for example: water (water) + way (way) water-way (water way).

Conversion

Conversion is such a way of forming new words, according to which another part of speech is formed from one part of speech without any changes in the external form of the word. The most common conversion model is: noun → verb, for example: a test - test → to test - test, a check - check → to check - check.

When converting two- and polysyllabic nouns that have stress on the first or second syllable, in verbs, the stress is transferred to the last syllable. For example:

export ["ekspɔ:t] export -> to export

progress ["prəʋ (g) rəs] progress -> to progress progress.

A common case of conversion is the transition of an adjective into a noun. For example:

international -> the International [,ıntə(:)"næʃənl] International

intellectual -> an intellectual [,ıntı "lektjʋəl] intellectual

Word formation through suffixes and prefixes

Word formation by adding suffixes and prefixes is the most productive way. Almost every line of the text contains derivative words. Recall what a suffix and prefix are:

suffix- a word-forming particle at the end of the original word. Suffixes can be added to both simple words and derivatives. They can be attached to nouns, adjectives and verbs, while forming new words of the same or another grammatical category. For example:

verb: to differ ["dıfə] differ -> adjective: different ["dıfr(ə)nt] different

adj.: natural -> adverb: naturally ["nætʃrəlı] naturally

creatures: dock dock -> creatures: docker ["dɒkə] docker;

prefix- a word-forming particle that is used at the beginning of the original word. Prefixes usually form words that are the same as the grammatical category of the original word. They are perform mainly a semantic function. for example

verb: to cover -> verb: to discover

adj.: usual usual -> adj.: unusual [ʌn "jʋ:ʒʋəl] unusual.

Adverb suffix -ly

Most adverbs are formed by adding suffixes to adjectives and nouns. The most productive among them is the suffix -lu, with the help of which many adverbs are formed from adjectives, and the meaning of the original adjective is almost always preserved. for example

brief brief - briefly ["brı: flı] briefly

equal ["(ı:)kw(ə)l] equal - equally ["(ı:)kwəlı] equal, equally

absolute ["æbs (ə) lʋ: t] full, absolute - absolutely absolutely

violent ["vaıələnt] violent, furious - violently violently, violently.

Adverb suffixes -wise, -ward and prefix a-

Suffix -wise in combination with nouns and adjectives, it forms adverbs indicating that the action is performed in the manner indicated by the stem. When translating such adverbs, you can use words in a way, in a way.

For example: a step (step) - stepwise - step by step, gradually and clock (clock) - clockwise ["klɒkwaız] - clockwise, anti-clockwise - counterclockwise.

Suffix -ward(s) in combination with nouns, adverbs, adjectives and prepositions, forms adverbs that indicate in which direction an action is performed.

For example: sea (sea) - seaward (s) ["sı: wəd] towards the sea side (side) - sideward (s) [" saıdwəd] towards back (back) - backward [" bækwəd] back in (in ) - inward ["ınwəd] inward out (from) - outward (s) ["aʋtwəd] from, out.

Note that adverbs formed with the -ward suffix may or may not end in -s, while an adjective with this suffix never ends in -s, compare: The lift went downward(s).- The elevator went down. But: The downward movement of the lift…

prefix a- in combination with adjectives and nouns forms adverbs.

For example: new (new) - anew [ə "njʋ:] again, in a new way round (round) - around [ə "raʋnd] around bed (bed) - abed [ə" bed] in bed field (field) - afield [ə "fı: ld] in the field.

Noun suffixes -ity, -ing, -hood, -ment, -ness

Suffix -ity(spelling options -ety, -iety) forms abstract nouns with the meaning of state, quality, condition. Suffix - ity corresponds to the suffix -ost. For example:

able (capable) - ability [ə "bılıtı] ability

active (active) - activity [æk "tıvıtı] activity, activity

valid (valid, justified, effective) - validity effectiveness, justice, legality, validity.

Suffix -hood forms nouns with the meaning "state, position, quality". For example:

child (child) - childhood ["tʃaıldhʋd] childhood

man (male) - manhood ["mænhʋd] masculinity.

Suffix -ment forms nouns denoting action. Some words with this suffix acquire value of a set of objects. For example: equipment [ı "kwıpmənt] equipment.

to move (move) - movement ["mʋ: vmənt] - movement.

to environ [ɪn "vaɪər (ə) n] surround - environment [ɪn" vaɪər (ə) nmənt] environment, environment

to commit - commitment commitment

to argue ["ɑːgjuː] argue, argue, prove - argument ["ɑːgjəmənt] argument, argument

Suffix -ness forms nouns with the meaning "state, quality". For example:

dark dark - darkness ["dɑ: knıs] darkness

good good - goodness ["gʋdnıs] kindness

great great - greatness ["greıtnıs] greatness.

happy happy - happiness ["hæpɪnəs] happiness

polite polite, amiable, courteous - politeness politeness, courtesy, courtesy

fair fair, decent, honest, legal - fairness ["feənəs] justice, honesty, legality

Adjective suffixes -ful, -less, -ive, -ic, -al, -ous

Suffix -ful forms adjectives on the basis of nouns with the meaning "possessing (fully) the quality expressed by the stem." For example:

peace peace - peaceful ["piːsf(ə)l], [-ful] quiet, calm, peaceful

hope hope - hopeful hoping;

care care - careful caring, thorough;

beauty beauty - beautiful ["bjʋ: tıfʋl] beautiful, beautiful;

help help - helpful ["helpfʋl] useful.

Suffix -less forms adjectives with the opposite meaning: “devoid of the quality expressed by the stem”, and corresponds to the Russian prefix bez-, not-,. For example:

doubt doubt - doubtless ["daʋtlıs] undoubted;

homeless ["həumləs] - homeless

hopeless - hopeless;

helpless - helpless;

careless - carefree;

use use, meaning, use, use, use - useless ["juːsləs] useless; worthless

Suffix -ive forms adjectives based on verbs and nouns and corresponds to the Russian suffix -iv-. For example:

to create to create - creative creative, creative;

to act act -active ["æktıv] active;

to impress to impress, to amaze - impressive [ım "presıv] impressive, expressive;

an impulse impulse - impulsive [ım "pʌlsıv] impulsive;

a mass mass - massive ["mæsıv] massive.

Suffix -ic forms adjectives with meanings:

having the composition or structure of the base: atom atom -atomic [ə "tɒmık] atomic;

resembling someone: Homeric - Homeric, Homeric; Byronic - Byronic.

Suffix -al forms a large number of adjectives with the meaning: having a nature, referring to what is expressed by the stem, For example:

Suffix -ous indicates a trait or quality, as well as a chemical composition. For example:

sulphurous - sulphurous

an anonym anonymous - anonymous (anonymous)

dangerous - dangerous

various - various

a poisonous tree - a poisonous tree

Adjective suffixes -able (-ible), -ent, -ant, -ate, -y, -ed

Adjective suffixes -able (-ible), -ent, -ant, -ate, -y, -ed

Suffix -able (-ible) most often forms adjectives from verbs, the Russian equivalent of which are adjectives with the suffix -imy (doable as opposed to performed). Such adjectives can also be translated by a subordinate clause, starting with the words which can + the infinitive of the original verb. It should be remembered that the stress never falls on the suffix. For example:

to detect - detectable to detect, discoverable (not: discoverable);

to observe (observe) - observable [əb "zɜ: vəbl] which can be observed (and not: observed)

memorable ["mem(ə) rəbl] memorable, unforgettable

They took measures justifiable under these conditions. They took measures that could be justified under these conditions. We consider events observable in all the situations. - We consider (only) the events that can be observed in all these situations.

If such an adjective comes after the linking verb be, then when translating the word that is omitted and only possible + the infinitive of the original verb remains in the sentence, for example: It is regrettable that… It can be regretted that… The value is negligible. This value can be neglected.

If a verb ends in e, then when the suffixes -able, -ible are attached, this letter (e) disappears, for example: to receive receive - receivable that can be received. if verb ends in -u, then when forming an adjective, y changes to i, for example: rely to rely (on) - reliable on which you can rely

Suffix -ent occurs in adjectives with different meanings. For example:

current ["kʌr(ə)nt] - current, modern;

evident ["evıd (ə) nt] - obvious.

confident ["kɔnfɪd (ə) nt] - confident

Suffix -ant forms adjectives that characterize persons or things as having or exhibiting certain qualities. For example:

observant [əb "zɜ: v (ə) nt] - observant

relevant ["relıvənt] - relevant, relevant (the suffix -ant can also form nouns).

Suffix -ate found in adjectives with a variety of meanings, for example: moderate ["mɒdəreıt] - moderate, sustained; adequate ["ædıkwıt] - appropriate, adequate. (The suffix -ate can also form verbs).

Suffix -y forms adjectives with the meaning "having the quality of that which is indicated by the base". For example:

dirt (dirt) - dirty ["dɜ: tı] dirty

fun (joke, fun) - funny ["fʌnı] cheerful, funny

pretty ["prıtı] -pretty; (the suffix -y can also form nouns).

Suffix -ed forms adjectives: with the meaning of any sign or possession of something, for example: property (property) - propertied ["prɒpətıd] having property; denoting any form, for example: arch (arch) - arched ["ɑ: tʃt] curved; denoting a character or state, for example: educated ["edjʋ: keıtıd] educated. Endings ed / ing. The suffix -ed is often found in compound adjectives, for example: thick-walled [,θık"wɔ: ld] - thick-walled, many-sided [ "menı" saıdıd] - multilateral, ill-informed ["ılın" fɔ:md] - incorrectly informed.

Prefixes de-, dis-, mis-, pre-, fore-, under-, over-

Prefixes de-, dis-, mis-, pre-, fore-, under-, over-

The prefix de- usually means to deprive what is indicated by the base, to remove, to remove what is indicated by the base (in Russian, this prefix also exists: degassing), for example:

to code encode - to decode decode, decrypt;

declassed ["dı:"klɑ:st] - declassed. A number of verbs with de- prefixes, formed from nouns denoting a mode of transport, convey the meaning of “get off, disembark from”, for example: to detrain (train - train) - get off the train.

dis prefix- usually expresses the opposite, opposite action or denial. Sometimes he conveys the meaning to remove, deprive, get rid of what is indicated by the basis (Russian: disqualification). For example:

to allow [ə"laʋ] allow - to disallow ["dısə"laʋ] prohibit

to appear [ə"pıə] to appear - to disappear [,dısə"pıə] to disappear.

to continue continue - to discontinue stop, interrupt

The prefix mis- expresses the error of the action. For example:

to take to take - to mistake to make a mistake (take it wrong)

To apply [ə "plaı] to apply - to misapply misuse, abuse.

The pre- and fore- prefixes usually express precedence. In Russian translation, you can use words in advance, previously. For example:

to see to see - to foresee to foresee

To show to show - to foreshow to foreshadow to heat to preheat - to preheat to preheat.

The pre- prefix can be used with many verbs that you want to give precedence to.

The prefix under- ["ʌndə] forms verbs with meanings:

being or acting under something, for example: to lie lie - to underlie [,ʌndə "laı] lie under something; incomplete, insufficient action, for example: to load load - to underload ["ʌndə" ləʋd] underload, load incompletely.

This prefix corresponds to the Russian prefix under-, for example: to do do - underdone ["ʌndə" dʋ:] unfinished. The over- prefix forms verbs with meanings:

Movements over something, for example: to leap jump - to overleap [,əʋvə "lı: p] jump over; excess (actions, states), over the norm, for example: to load load - to overload ["əʋvə"ləʋd] load over norms, overload.

It should be noted that the Russian prefix conveys not only the meaning above the norm (overload), but also another meaning: reload into another car. Therefore, when translating verbs with the prefix over-, one must be careful

Negative prefixes in- (im-,il-, ir-), un-, non- prefixes post-, super-

limitable (which can be limited) - illimitable [ı "lımıtəbl] unlimited.

cage (cell) - to encage [ın "keıdʒ] to put in a cage;

crypt (crypt, cache) - to encrypt encrypt

bring to the state indicated by the base. For example:

large (large) - to enlarge [ın "lɑ: dʒ] increase (sya)

to enliven [ın "laıvən] - revitalize, make more interesting

Prefix re- usually expresses the repetition of an action, and sometimes the Russian prefix re- corresponds to it. English verbs with the re- prefix usually have two stresses: on the prefix and on the stem. For example:

to make (to do) - to remake ["rı:" meık] redo

to create (create) - to recreate

However, it must be remembered that the Russian prefix pere does not always correspond to the English prefix re-, since it often conveys the meaning of exceeding the norm, for example, to oversalt. Therefore, when translating words with the re- prefix, use the words again, again, again, etc. ).

prefix be- means: to make it as the basis indicates, or to give a sign or quality expressed by the basis, for example: little (small) - to belittle to belittle, belittle.

Remember those moments in Russian lessons when you were asked to parse a word by determining its prefix, root, suffix and ending? Perhaps this event only caused you headaches, but do not be afraid, in English everything will be different. Let's not analyze the entire morphological analysis at once, but consider only suffixes in English, which have many interesting features.

A suffix or just an English suffix is ​​a morpheme for word formation in English , which usually comes after the root. In simple words, a suffix is ​​one or more letters, thanks to which a word can change its part of speech, for example from a verb to a noun:

Or even take on a different meaning:

There are no specific rules regarding suffixes in English. That is, you cannot take one suffix, which, for example, forms nouns, and use it with all the words in a row. Suffixes are not always attached to words that look similar or have the same letters at the root. However, a certain logic in their use shines through, and therefore, knowing the suffixes and their functions, you can learn to form words intuitively.

As mentioned earlier, English suffixes, like Russian ones, follow immediately after the root:

After suffixes, there may be an ending:

The suffix can change if the word is used in the plural:

Having dealt with the peculiarities of the location and use of suffixes in a word, let's move on to their types.

Suffixes in English: types

Suffixes can be used to form almost all independent parts of speech. Based on this, they are divided into 5 categories:

• Noun suffixes
• Verb suffixes
• Adjective suffixes
• Adverb suffixes
• Numeral suffixes

Let's analyze each group separately. Note that there are a lot of suffixes in the English language, and therefore we will consider only the most used of them.

Noun suffixes

The group of suffixes for the formation of nouns is perhaps the most voluminous. It includes:

1. -er/-or:

• participate in the formation of inanimate nouns from verbs. Table for clarity:

• and also in the formation of nouns expressing a person who is engaged in what the verb denotes. To make it clearer, let's look at some examples:

Often these suffixes are used to form words denoting professions:

1. -ess (-ress):

• A couple of these professions can be used together with the -ess (-ress) suffix, perhaps the only feminine suffix that is used in English:

• In addition to professions, the following nouns can be changed with the help of a suffix:

1. -ee- a suffix that is used to show the person to whom the action is directed, that is, this suffix is ​​the opposite of the suffixes -er and -or:

1. -ian- another suffix with which you can express the type of activity. Words are formed from nouns, examples:

The same functions are performed by suffixes:

1. -ent / -ant:

1. -ist, is used, as a rule, with professions related to the scientific field:

And with music:

Although this suffix is ​​often found in nouns that express supporters of some views and their perception of the world. In this case, the English suffix performs the same function as the Russian suffix -ist, forming almost identical words:

1. -ism- another English suffix, which is similar to Russian -izm. It denotes concepts related to the ideological currents and beliefs of a person:

1. -ion- a curious suffix, thanks to which you can once again be convinced of your high knowledge of English. The fact is that all words that end in "-tion" in Russian use the -ion suffix in English. See for yourself:

If there is a double s before the suffix, then instead of words with “-tion”, you can safely select words with “-ia”:

expression (expression)

aggression (aggression)

commission (commission)

mission (mission)

percussion (percussion)

depression (depression)

Just like that, you just increased your vocabulary by a few hundred words.

1. -ment– a suffix expressing processes and results. As a rule, it is formed from verbs:

1. -ence / -ance- suffixes that form nouns similar to the meaning of adjectives with suffixes -ent / -ant:

1. -dom denotes abstract concepts, states, possessions:

1. -hood- a suffix of nouns that imply the stages of life and the state of a person or group of people:

1. —ship commonly used with nouns that show a group of people associated with a state or action:

1. -age expresses collective concepts, facts, actions:

1. -ness- a suffix that forms nouns from adjectives denoting qualities:

1. -th, usually used to express physical characteristics:

1. —ity- properties, qualities, abstract concepts. Often formed from adjectives:

1. Separately, it is worth considering diminutive suffixes in English. It is often said that they simply do not exist in English. Actually it is not. Yes, they are very rare. However, there are a lot of them and it is worth knowing them in order to avoid misunderstandings. Diminutives include:

• -let:

• —ling:

However, be careful when using the above two suffixes, because sometimes their meaning can change from positive to negative, and your comment may be regarded as a mockery:

• -kin:

• -ock:

• -ule:

• -cule:

• -ette:

• -y with a double consonant before it:

• -ie:

• -rel:

Verb suffixes

The suffixes of verbs in English, although they occur quite often in speech, do not differ in special variety. So, the verbs are:

1. -en:

1. -ate:

1. -ify:

1. —size(-ise):

Adjective suffixes

Adjectives have slightly more suffixes:

1. -full, shows the possession of quality:

1. —less- lack of quality

1. —able / -ible show the possibility, property, suitability:

1. —al / -ic form adjectives from nouns:

1. —ish can express similarity of behavior or species, nationality, as well as a weak degree:

1. —ous shows the characteristics of the noun:

1. —ive expresses ability, property. Formed with verbs and nouns.

1. -y- to form short adjectives with different meanings:

Adverb suffixes

With everything is much simpler, because there are only four suffixes for their formation:

1. -ly, adverbs are formed from adjectives:

1. -wise expresses a way or direction. Most often formed from a noun or adjective:

1. -ward(s) / way(s) show directions:

1. -ty expresses tens:

It is worth noting that, unlike Russian, English suffixes, as a rule, are not used in one word at the same time. That is, if in Russian you can use one, two or several suffixes at once, in English - only one. In addition, some functions of suffixes can be performed by prefixes in English or so-called prefixes. So, for example, many diminutive suffixes can be replaced by the prefix mini- (mini-). Therefore, choose the option that you like more or that more accurately conveys the meaning.

We hope that now you do not have any questions about suffixes in English. Yes, there are a lot of English suffixes, and therefore it will be quite difficult to remember them all at once. Instead, study a few suffixes a day and reinforce what you've learned through exercises and making sentences or word lists with specific suffixes. In addition, when reading, try to pay attention to the formation of words, note for yourself which suffix is ​​used in a particular case and what function it performs. Please return to this page periodically to review the material.

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The suffixal way of word formation in English is most typical for adjectives. Having studied and memorized the main suffixes of adjectives in English, you can easily distinguish this part of speech from the main lexical mass, as well as classify each individual word depending on the suffix included in its composition.

If we classify the suffixes of adjectives according to the method of formation, then we can distinguish two categories: suffixes that form adjectives from nouns and suffixes that form adjectives from different parts of speech.

Remember:

1. -less - a suffix indicating the absence of something.

A fearless boy saved a drowning dog - Fearless boy saved a drowning dog

2. -ese and -ian - suffixes indicating territorial or national affiliation

I can't stand Chinese kitchen - I can't stand Chinese food.

Italian men are so passionate! - Italian men are so passionate!

3. -centric - suffix indicating focus on something

He is so egocentric, that's why nobody loves him - He is so egocentric, that's why no one loves him.

4. -ed, -ous and -ful - suffixes indicating that the characterized object / object / person has certain qualities.

I like this brown-eyed boy - I like this brown-eyed boy (the adjective brown-eyed is formed from the nouns brown eyes and the suffix -ed).

Three adventurous travelers found a treasure in the forest - Three adventurous travelers found a treasure in the forest (the adventurous adventurous is formed from the noun adventure and the suffix -ous).

You sister is so graceful - Your sister is so graceful (the adjective graceful is formed from the noun grace and the suffix -ful).

5. -like - a suffix indicating that the subject of the statement is similar to the noun in the first part of the adjective.

This starlike snowflake is so beautiful - This starlike/starlike snowflake is so beautiful (the adjective starlike, formed by combining the noun star and the suffix -like, indicates the similarity of the noun snowflake with the object named in the first part of the adjective, namely the star / star ).

6. -proof - a suffix indicating that the subject of the statement is protected, resistant to something.

This waterproof watch is a wonderful present - This waterproof watch is a wonderful gift (the adjective waterproof is formed from the noun water and the suffix -proof).

Suffixes used with different parts of speech to form adjectives include: -y, -al, -ary, -ish, -able (-ible), -ive (-sive), -ic, -ant, -ical, - ward. The meanings of these suffixes are best remembered.

Remember:

1. -y, -ish, -al, -ary, -able (-ible), -ive (-sive), -ant - suffixes indicating that some characteristic, quality is inherent in the described subject of the statement.

This creamy soup smells so tasty - This creamy soup smells so tasty (adjective creamy, formed from the noun cream and the suffix -y).

Your stinky socks must be washed - Your stinky socks must be washed (adjective stinky, formed from the verb to stink and the suffix -y).

What a childish behavior - What kind of childish behavior (adjective childish, formed from the noun child and the suffix -ish;).

I have a black cat with whitish stripes - I have a black cat with whitish stripes (adjective whitish, formed from the adjective white and the suffix -ish).

You need to find an initial investment, to start tour business - In order to start a business, you need initial capital (the adjective initial is formed from the verb to initiate and the suffix -al).

I enjoy watching sentimental films - I like to watch sentimental films (the adjective sentimental is formed from the noun sentiment and the suffix -al).

You need to confirm your agreement in a documentary way - You must confirm your agreement in a documentary way (the adjective documentary is formed from the noun document and the suffix -ary).

Every child must get a secondary education - Every child must get a secondary education (the adjective secondary is formed from the ordinal number second and the suffix -ary).

Mary is a very sensible girl - Mary is a very sensible girl (the adjective sensible is formed from the noun sense and the suffix -ible).

The weather in autumn is so unpredictable - In autumn, the weather is so unpredictable (the adjective unpredictable is formed from the verb to predict and the suffix -able).

Teenagers like depressive music - Teenagers love depressive music (the adjective depressive is formed from the verb to depress and the suffix -sive).

Cheerfulness is a distinctive feature of your identity - Cheerfulness is a distinctive feature of your personality (the adjective distinctive is formed from the adjective distinct and the suffix -ive).

What a pleasant surprise - What a pleasant surprise! (the adjective pleasant is formed from the verb please and the suffix -ant).

I dream about the distant lands - I dream of distant lands (the adjective distant is formed from the noun distance and the suffix -ant).

2. -ic, -ical - suffixes indicating the dependence of the described object / object / phenomenon / person on something.

Modern electrical bells are extremely stylish - Modern electrical bells are extremely stylish (the adjective electrical is formed from the adjective electric and the suffix -al).

The magnetic field of our planet is stable - The magnetic field of our planet is stable (the adjective magnetic is formed from the noun magnet and the suffix -ic).

3. -ward - a suffix indicating direction.

Backward rewinding of the song may become an interesting occupation - Rewinding songs can become an exciting activity (the adjective backward is formed from the adverb back and the suffix -ward).

Kiev is southward of Moscow - Kyiv is located south of Moscow (the adjective southward is formed from the noun south and the suffix -ward).

The difference between the two categories above is obvious: the adjective suffixes belonging to the first group are formed only from nouns, and the suffixes that make up the second group are formed from both nouns and verbs, and even from numerals and adverbs.

However, such a classification is purely conditional and is intended to facilitate the memorization of the main suffixes characteristic of adjectives. If such a division does not simplify, but complicates the task, then it makes sense to replace it with any other, since the suffixes of adjectives in English can be grouped according to many different signs.