Dictionary containing synonyms, their explanations, illustrative material for them; not only explains the meanings in words, but also puts at the disposal of the translator a set of lexical means for a more accurate expression of thought ... Explanatory Translation Dictionary
synonym dictionary- see linguistic dictionary ...
synonym dictionary Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography
synonym dictionary- A lexicographic publication intended for a systematic description of synonymic groups, series, paradigms, characteristic of the vocabulary of a particular language ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Synonym dictionary- see Synonymy ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
linguistic dictionary- A dictionary that explains the meaning and use of words (as opposed to an encyclopedic dictionary that provides information about the relevant realities of objects, phenomena, events). Dialect (regional) dictionary. Dictionary containing ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
vocabulary- Cm … Synonym dictionary
index dictionary- noun, number of synonyms: 2 symphony (14) dictionary (50) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
translator dictionary Synonym dictionary
reference dictionary- noun, number of synonyms: 1 dictionary (50) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
thesaurus dictionary- noun, number of synonyms: 1 dictionary (50) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
Books
- Dictionary of synonyms for schoolchildren, M. V. Petrova. The dictionary of synonyms includes about 6,000 words of both the modern Russian language and obsolete words, jargon, etc. It lists the most common words that make up ... Buy for 564 rubles
- Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language, Z. E. Aleksandrova. The dictionary is of interest to people of various professions, and primarily to writers, journalists, and translators. It helps to choose the most successful word or phrase for more ...
We have already warned you about the various dangers lurking in the way of learning English. They warned about English words that sound the same and tried to protect them from hospitality to false brothers from other languages, reminded them of possible annoying typos and misspellings in written speech.
“If I knew where to fall, I would spread straw,” says folk wisdom. We suggest stocking up not with straw, but with attention when reading this article, which will tell you about the correct use of synonymous verbs in English. +1 step to perfection for you, and +1 good deed for us to saving supermen
SAY or TELL
He told , “I will go home”.
I said, "I will go home"
The first phrase does not look like a long story at all, so leave the TELL verb for another STORY, and you can and should use the SAY verb to announce your plans to go home.
LIKE or LOVE
I like you. Will you marry me?
I love you. Will you marry me?
Any girl, having heard the first phrase with the word LIKE, will hardly agree to the second one with the word MARRY. Love is a much stronger feeling than sympathy. Of course, you can also say “I love dogs”, but this will literally mean that you can hardly imagine your life without our smaller four-legged brothers
STAY or REMAIN
We stayed in a very good hotel.
We stayed in a very nice hotel.
What do you usually do in a hotel? That's right, stop for a short time. You can use the REMAIN verb only if you decide to stay for a long time, live in a hotel. But is it necessary? Think carefully before choosing a verb and signing yourself up as a hotel guest.
TAKE PLACE or TAKE PART
The meeting will take part soon.
The meeting will take place soon.
I will take part in this meeting.
TAKE PLACE is translated as "happen". TAKE PART - “participate”. You as a person can participate in anything. Remember: you can participate in meetings (take part), but the meetings themselves and other events can only happen (take place).
GROW UP or GROW
These flowers grow up quickly.
These flowers grow quickly.
When I grow up I'll be a star.
In this case, flowers grow, and children grow up or grow up. The verb GROW UP applies only to humans, GROW to all other growing creatures.
BORROW or LEND
I want to lend a car from you.
I want to borrow a car from you.
Will you please lend me your car?
Compare: LEND- lend, lend; BORROW - borrow, borrow for a while. You cannot order someone to lend you something - you can only ask/ask for it. By using the verb BORROW, you make someone aware of your desire to borrow an item.
PICK or PICK U.P.
We picked up flowers in the garden.
We picked flowers in the garden.
He picked up his pen from the floor.
With the help of the verb PICK, you can pick, shoot, pick flowers or fruits, for example. With the help of the verb PICK UP, you can pick up, bring the girls you like home. It is from this verb that the well-known "pick-up artists" originated. By the way, PICK UP can also handle from the floor, as in the example;)
STEAL or ROB
Someone has robbed all her money.
Someone has stolen all her money.
Someone robbed a bank.
The verb STEAL is translated as "to steal, steal". The word "rob" in all its appearance resembles the verb GRAB. Robbery is an open illegal appropriation of another's property. Theft is almost the same, only a secret action, without spectators and witnesses. You can also remember this: they rob on a grand scale (banks, peoples, enterprises), and they steal on a small scale (wallets, phones, jewelry).
DISCOVER or INVENT
America was invented by Columbus.
America was discovered by Columbus.
Flemming invented penicillin.
Columbus discovered America (discovered), and Popov invented radio (invented), and it could not be the other way around. What is not the fruit of your imagination and labor, but only successfully found in time, is a discovery. The result of hard work is already an invention. The Discovery Channel, for example, doesn't invent anything. And the appearance of the fifth model of the IPhone does not dare to be called a discovery.
REFUSE or DENY
Helen denied to go shopping with us.
Helen refused to go shopping with us.
She denied that she wanted a new dress.
The verb DENY is most often used in the sense of “to deny; reject; do not recognize existence", and the verb REFUSE- "reject, refuse, reject". Wise Elena in this example could not deny the offer to go shopping, but she could refuse it due to the fact that she denied her desire to purchase a new dress. With women, their desires and purchases, everything is much more complicated than with the verbs DENY and REFUSE.
HANGED or HUNG
We hanged the picture on the wall.
We hung the picture on the wall.
Nobody has been hanged in UK since 1964.
The verb "HANG" in the past tense has two forms: hung and hanged. Remember: HUNG can be a picture, but HANGED is a person. Also HUNG can be a computer program, for example. Let the verb HANGED continue to be used in this sense only in the past tense and is found only on the pages of history books.
WEAR or PUT ON
She always puts on black shoes.
She always wears black shoes.
I put on my coat and went out.
WEAR means to wear. For example, as in the title of the movie "The Devil Wears PRADA". PUT ON - “put on”. Remember what exactly is “Put on”, and not “Put on”. Because you can wear something only for yourself, but you can wear someone else. “I put on stockings” and “I put tights on my daughter.”
TEAR or TEAR UP
He tore up his coat on a nail.
He tore his coat on a nail.
He was angry and tore up the letter.
TEAR UP - pull out, pull out. TEAR - tear, tear, tear. The enraged man tore his coat off the nail and snatched the letter from his hands. The difference is obvious ;)
SEAT and SIT
We seat at a desk to write a letter.
We sit at a desk to write a letter.
She seated the children one by one.
SIT (sit) you can do it yourself. But SEAT (seat / seat) can be someone: guests, children, friends, spectators.
RISE or RAISE
Ben raises very early in the morning.
Ben rises very early in the morning.
A good boss raises your salary often.
RISE can be yourself in the morning in the amount of one person. RAISE needs an unlimited amount of salary. RISE (to rise) can also be the sun or an airplane, for example. RAISE denotes an increase in number, degree, level, rank, position.
We cannot mention the features of the use of all similar verbs in one article. But we can bring to your attention a picture that will add +10 to eloquence;) However, do not play too much in the speaker and do not salt your speech with synonyms. Everything is good in moderation!
Be careful and careful not only when crossing the road, but also when using verbs that are similar in meaning and often in sound (not to mention the trinity of irregular verbs like read-read-read). We wish you to master this art as soon as possible, so that after your words “hanged this picture” not a single picture meets with soap and rope
The search for interlingual lexical correspondences began at that distant and unknown to the world prehistoric moment, when the first interlingual communication began to be carried out among heterogeneous communities.
The existence of interlingual lexical correspondences is not accidental, but a natural fact of linguistic reality, which, like the very possibility of translation, is explained by extra and interlinguistic factors.
One of the main reasons for the regular nature of interlingual correspondences lies in the single material essence of human thinking, which, from a physiological, psychological and logical point of view, obeys general laws and is the same for all people, and from a linguistic point of view, it is mutually adequate. Material reality, which is generally the same for all mankind and is reflected in the concepts fixed in lexical units, predetermines the existence of interlingual lexical correspondences. The lexical categorization of reality is the division of being into concepts expressed by words.
In the course of the historical development of human society, the processes of global integration noticeably prevail over the tendencies towards the national isolation of peoples. Since the world, the spiritual and material achievements of science and technology, the richness of cultures, past and present, have many similarities and commonalities and are becoming more and more united in earthly civilization, then the semantic content of the vocabulary of various languages of the world is becoming increasingly close, reducing the amount of so-called non-equivalent vocabulary and conceptual differences in the meanings of compared words. So, the commonality of earthly civilization, the unity of the laws of human thinking and the universality of the natural communicative system of mankind determine the possibility of an adequate translation in general and the presence of regular lexical correspondences in particular.
Interlingual full synonyms should be considered words of two (or more) languages that are correlated in one of their meanings, which express the same concept and do not differ from each other in emotionally expressive, stylistic or any other type of constant significant information. House (in the basic meaning of "housing, structure, building") - house - maison - casa; cough -- cough -- tousser -- toser; good -- good -- bon -- bien;
In the monolingual plan, full synonyms (for example, linguistics - linguistics) are a relatively rare phenomenon.
The second type of interlingual synonyms is relative synonyms, which have the same material and semantic content (they are correlated by the same denotation), but emotionally expressive, stylistic or any other significant information is different. In other words, any word (or an equivalent lexical unit) in the compared meaning is both a full and a relative synonym, depending on which word of the corresponding synonymic series it is compared with.
The classification of synonyms proposed by academician V. Vinogradov, namely, their division into stylistic, ideographic, and absolute, is successfully used by linguists to describe synonyms in English.
Synonyms representing the same concept in different stylistic registers are called stylistic, respectively, and, as a rule, can be interchanged (especially towards a neutral register). The differences between them are in the scope; the shades of the meaning itself are purely stylistic in nature.
The same concept or object can be named differently in different styles or registers of speech within the same dialect or variant of the language (gentleman/man/chap; thrifty/economical/stingy), as well as vary across dialects and variants of the same language (cowshed/ cowhouse; haystack/hayrick; tap/faucet; windshield/windscreen). The belonging of synonyms to different styles and registers of speech, that is, the stylistic coloring of the word, is very important, but it does not affect the conceptual side of the meaning. For example, the words please and pray convey the neutral and archaic coloring of the request, respectively; stop talking and shut up differ in the degree of emotionality and, according to it, in the areas of use. In this case, there is no conceptual difference between the denotations, but there are only restrictions of a stylistic nature, to which emotive differences can be added. For example, in the series small/ little/ tiny/ wee (girl), the synonyms small and little differ from each other in emotiveness (small -- not large in degree, size, etc.; little -- small, usually emotive, often preceded by another adjective , expressing feeling: a pretty little girl), tiny reinforces the meaning of small (tiny -- extremely small), and wee carries semes not only of size and emotional evaluation, but also a stylistic sign of belonging to a dialect (wee -- very small).
Stylistically homogeneous synonyms are usually called ideographic, or conceptual, because they belong to the same (often neutral) stylistic sphere, they are correlated with the same concept, offering different aspects of looking at it (power - force - energy are correlated with the general concept, the most pronounced word power (power -- ability to do or act; force -- power of body or mind; energy -- force, capacity to do things and get things done; beautiful -- handsome -- pretty-good-looking describe one and the same feature, expressed to varying degrees and characteristic of different denotations). The value common to all members of the series is called invariant, that is, unchanged, to which shades are added in each of the synonyms. The clarifying function of synonymy begins to operate. The carrier of the purest invariant meaning , stylistically neutral -- the dominant of the series In the above examples, the dominant words are power and good-looking.
If the meanings of conceptual synonyms completely coincide (and in a polysemantic word, lexico-semantic variants enter into synonymy relations), they are called absolute (or complete) synonyms. There are few such words in the language, and there are pairs (or rows) of absolute synonyms for a short time (spirants / fricatives). In the future, a redistribution of semes takes place within the members of the series, and synonyms either begin to differ in terms of use (term, stylistic coloring, etc.), or acquire a new semantic connotation depending on compatibility with other words. In the first case they become stylistic, in the second they become relative (or partial) conceptual synonyms. Examples of the formation of stylistic synonyms are the division of the spheres of functioning of the nouns valley and dale; the verbs same and cause, the first of which refers to the general literary layer of vocabulary, and the second is used in the terminological sphere as a philosophical term. The verb cause is also included in the synonymous series cause -- trigger -- start, whose members are partial conceptual synonyms, differing not stylistically, but in shades of meaning (cause: make smth happen; trigger -- be the cause of smth serious or violent; start -- make a beginning of smth).
The same subject relatedness is also manifested in the fact that synonymous relations can appear in speech between those words that are not synonyms in the language. So, the words poet and swan are not connected by any common meaning, however, in speech, both these words are used synonymously in the meaning of poet, when it comes to W. Shakespeare (the Swan of Avon). The generality of the context in this case allows us to call such synonyms contextual. A number of contextual synonyms are fixed over time in the language, acting in the same context, and then we can talk about contextual synonymy of individual lexico-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. For example, the verbs smash, condemn, stop, fight are not synonymous in the basic meaning, but in the context with racism they are united by the dominant fight.
It is important to consider synonyms not so much as words that can replace each other, but as words that clarify the thought and attitude to what is being said. The work on synonyms reveals not only the correspondence, but also the differences between them. These differences may relate to additional meanings, stylistic characteristics and usage in combination with certain words.
Synonyms are distinguished by the generality of the subject meaning (the subject meaning coincides with the scope of the meaning of the word). Synonyms are single-field categorically identical dictionary units that coincide in volume in one or more dictionary meanings.
For example: bold - brave, secret - mystery, linguistics and linguistics; to end - to finish, jail - prison, gulf - bay, car - automobile.
Synonyms refer to the same class of objects. When in lexicology they talk about synonyms, they mean and compare the dictionary meanings of words.
The same items get two names:
- a) by chance (with one of them gradually falling into disuse)
- b) or due to logical necessity: each of the words characterizes the subject in a different way (in this case, each of the words is stored in the language, being assigned to different styles of speech).
The criterion of synonymy is the coincidence of the volumes of meanings and the possibility of using the word to name all the objects that make up the volume of the meaning of the word.
The difference between synonyms as words with identical subject meaning can go along several lines.
Synonyms can:
match not in all dictionary meanings (if the word is polysemantic)
match not in all combinatorial meanings (i.e. differ in compatibility)
differ in the component composition of meanings (i.e. have different definitive, emotional and associative meanings)
vary in place of distribution, time of use and scope of use.
Based on the foregoing, the following types of synonyms can be distinguished:
- 1) full and partial
- 2) combinatorially identical and combinatorially non-identical;
- 3) identical in component composition (semantic doublets) and different in component composition (emotionally - non-identical, definitively - non-identical);
- 4) single-style and multi-style
- 5) American-British synonyms - the names of the same objects, accepted in the American and British versions of the English language.
The same synonyms may belong to different species, for example, be at the same time partial emotionally non-identical synonyms that differ in place of distribution.
Full synonyms - they have the same dictionary meanings.
Pilot: airman - flyer - flying man
Screenwriter: screenwriter - scriptwriter - scripter - scenarist
Partial - polysemantic words that coincide only in some of their dictionary meanings.
Combinatorially non-identical synonyms are words that match in dictionary meanings, but do not match in combinatorial meanings. They have different compatibility and cannot replace each other in all contexts of the same type.
Table 1
Semantic doublets, i.e. synonyms that have the same component composition, i.e. coinciding in defining, emotional and associative meanings, there are very few, they practically do not exist.
Coinciding in their subject meaning, synonyms usually differ in other components.
4) emotionally non-identical synonyms - they express a different emotional and evaluative attitude towards the same objects and, as a rule, belong to different styles of speech, being at the same time synonyms of different styles.
soldier (stylistically unmarked.) - warrior (torzh.)
get arrested - get nailed (rough)
get married - get buckled (joking)
he saw a girl (stylistically neutral) - he beheld a girl (torzh., book style)
5) associatively non-identical synonyms have different associative meanings.
They are semantically derived from different roots and relate the same object to different classes of objects.
For example: money: cabbage, chips, berries, dough, brass
prison: cage, den, cooler, school, can, hotel.
Associatively non-identical synonyms, as a rule, differ in emotional coloring and scope of use and are synonyms of different styles.
6) definitively non-identical synonyms - synonyms, of which one expresses the everyday, and the other - a scientifically developed concept of the same subject. Let's compare, for example, the conceptual content of the words water, acid, power, area in everyday and scientific understanding.
For some period of time, synonyms can be used in parallel, differing only in associative meaning (which is a secondary component) and compatibility, but in the end they either clearly differentiate stylistically, or one of them goes out of use.
There are many synonymous pairs in English, in which one of the synonyms is the phrase:
Die - pass away, join the great majority, take the ferry, kick the bucket, go the way of all flesh.
7) false synonyms are single-field categorically identical words that, unlike synonyms, name not one class of objects, but different classes of objects.
There are 2 types of false synonyms: interchangeable in some cases: car and vehicle, and non-interchangeable: famous and notorious.
Vehicle (vehicle) and car (car, car) - express generic and specific concepts. Their volumes partially coincide, they can sometimes replace each other, but the content of the statement changes: the thought is expressed more accurately or less accurately.
Vehicle is not only car. If we say vehicle, meaning a car, then the features that distinguish a car from other vehicles are not important for us.
I.V. Arnold identifies ideographic synonyms and stylistic synonyms:
Ideographic synonyms differ either in additional meanings, or in use and compatibility with others, or both.
to understand - to realize
to understand - refers to some. a specific statement to understand words, a rule, a text, to realize - implies the ability to grasp some situation.
Stylistic synonyms are close, and sometimes identical in meaning, but are used in different styles of the language:
enemy (st. neutral)
opponent (official)
Have you ever wondered why we need synonyms in English? Why do we need a hundred ways to say the same thing?
Maybe, well, them, these English synonyms? Maybe it's enough to learn good, important, beautiful and a couple of others?
But no!
But what about shades of meaning? Accuracy and freedom of expression? Elegance of style? Vocabulary wealth?
Shades of meaning
Firstly, English synonyms convey different shades of meaning and different intensity of emotions. For example:
good - great - awesome - terrific - amazing - fantastic
important - essential - vital - key - indispensable
beautiful - attractive - good-looking - charming - gorgeous
Agree, for us, as native speakers of the Russian language, there is a difference between “good” and “mind-blowing”?! So are English synonyms - the taste and color are different.
English synonyms (and Russian ones too!) are great because we can say exactly what we want. And we are not limited by the word important only because we don’t know, we don’t know how to put it more precisely.
Do you pay attention to English synonyms? Leave a comment - let's discuss!
Each language is rich in synonyms, thanks to which the beauty of speech is achieved. To find a synonym for a certain word, people most often turn to dictionaries. In your native language, choosing the correct synonym that does not change the meaning of the sentence will not be difficult. But what if you, for example, are studying English and want to find a synonym for a certain word? Of course, you may have some difficulties.
A typical entry in a dictionary, for example, for the word "large"(English) big) as follows:
Big (adjective) - big
- large
large, great, greater, big, high, wide
- large
large, major, big, coarse, massive, heavy
- important
important, significant, great, big, substantial, serious
- significant
significant, great, considerable, large, substantial, big
- wide
wide, broad, general, large, full, big
- tall
high, tall, lofty, big, elevated, heavy
- extensive
extensive, vast, large, broad, wide, big
- loud
loud, sounding, big, clarion, strong, ringing
- adult
adult, grown-up, big, marriageable, grown-up, full-grown
- generous
generous, magnanimous, benevolent, forgiving, noble, big
As you can see, there is no shortage of synonyms. The problem is completely different - how to choose the right meaning for you? It’s good if you have an English-Russian dictionary of synonyms, that is, immediately with a translation. If not, you need to try not to make a mistake. Of course, the use of a particular word depends on the context.
Example:
Youhaveabigdog.- You have a big dog.
Youhaveafatdog.- You have a fat dog.
Of course, a dog can be just big, and fat, and huge. Think about exactly what you want to say. If you know the translation exactly, then it will be easy for you to choose the correct synonym. If not, try using it in another phrase.
You have a fat house.- You have a big house. You won't say that, will you?
About the house, no, but about a dog or a cat, it is quite possible to say so, of course, if this is true.
Another example:
nice- adjective, translated into Russian means "nice". Let's look at the synonyms for the word "pleasant" in English.
Nice (adjective) - good, pleasant
- good
good, well, nice, fine, kind, satisfactory
- nice
pleasant, nice, agreeable, enjoyable, pleasing, good
- beautiful
beautiful, nice, handsome, lovely, goodly, fair
- cute
cute, dear, nice, sweet, darling, lovely
- glorious
glorious, nice, famous, decent, pleasant, dear
- kind
good, kind, kindly, gracious, nice, gentle
- tasty
tasty, yummy, savory, palatable, nice, appetizing
- delicate
elegant, graceful, fine, slim, delicate, nice, courteous
- kind
kind, accommodating, dear, amiable, gracious, nice
- careful
careful, neat, tidy, trim, snug, nice
- thin
thin, fine, subtle, delicate, small, nice
- legible
legible, picky, choosy, discriminating, nice, fastidious
Compare offers:
These flowers smell nice. These flowers smell nice.
Theseflowerssmellcourteous. These flowers have a delicate scent.
People usually are courteous if they are civilized. - People are usually delicate if they are well brought up.
As you can see from the examples, finding a synonym is not a problem. The problem is to use it correctly. It will be a big advantage for you to be able to speak with native English speakers. In this case, by the expression on their faces or the question, you can understand that "fat house" or "delicate smell of flowers" are not entirely acceptable phrases in the English language.
