Unfortunately, situations when a mother is forced to undergo “express training” on the technique of intramuscular injections are not uncommon. Someone cannot leave a sick child in the hospital, someone simply does not have a hospital nearby, and another mother is not able to pay for the services of a nurse. Here the question arises - how to give injections to a child. By the way, this “talent” can come in handy in the most unexpected situation. So we remember...

What is needed for injections in the ass to a newborn - we are preparing for manipulation.

First of all, we buy at the pharmacy everything that is needed for injections:

• The drug itself. Naturally prescribed by a doctor, and only in the dosage that corresponds to the prescription. Checking the expiration date is a must. It is also worth correlating the contents of the ampoule and the description in the instructions (they must match).
• Medical alcohol.
• Sterile cotton.
• Syringes.

Choosing a syringe for injections for a child correctly:

• syringes- Disposable only.
• Needle for intramuscular injection usually comes with a syringe. Make sure that the needle from the kit is suitable for injection (they are different for water and oil injections).
• Choosing a syringe with a needle depends on the age and build of the baby, the drug and its dosage.
• The needle should easily enter under the skin, so we choose it correctly - so that the injection, instead of intramuscular, does not turn out to be subcutaneous, and after that we do not have to treat the lump-seal. For babies up to a year: syringes for babies 1 ml. For babies 1-5 years old: syringes - 2 ml, needle - 0.5x25. For children 6-9 years old: syringe - 2 ml, needle 0.5x25 or 0.6x30

Find in advance a place where it will be more convenient to give the baby an injection: the lighting should be bright, the baby should be comfortable, and so should you. Before you unpack the syringe, one more time check the dosage and expiration date of the medicine, drug name.

Preparation for intramuscular injection to a child - detailed instructions.

• First, wash your hands thoroughly with soap. and wipe them with rubbing alcohol.
• Unless otherwise prescribed by a doctor, we inject into the gluteal muscle . It is not difficult to determine the “point” for the injection: mentally divide the buttock (and not the whole ass!) into 4 squares and “aim” at the upper right square (if the buttock is right). For the left buttock, the square, respectively, will be the upper left.
• We keep calm otherwise, the baby will instantly feel your panic, and it will be very difficult to give an injection. The more confident and relaxed you yourself and, most importantly, the baby, the easier the needle will enter.
• We wipe the ampoule with alcohol , dry cotton wool or a piece of sterile gauze. We make an incision on the ampoule - along the line of the proposed break. For this, a special nail file is used (usually attached to the package). It is strictly forbidden to beat off, break off, “bite off” the tip of the ampoule without this tool - there is a risk that small fragments will get inside.
• Unpacking a disposable syringe from the side of the piston.
• We connect it with a needle, without removing the protective cap from the needle.
• If the medicine is in the ampoule - in dry form, dilute it, according to the instructions and prescription of the doctor, with water for injection or other drug prescribed by the doctor.
• Remove the cap from the needle and recruiting the required amount of the drug in the syringe.
• Be sure to remove air from the syringe. To do this, raise the syringe with the needle up, lightly tap the syringe with your finger so that all air bubbles rise closer to the hole (to the needle). We press the piston, expelling the air out.
• If everything is right - a drop of the drug will appear on the needle hole. We remove a drop of cotton wool moistened with alcohol, put on a cap.

Advice: we carry out all preparatory manipulations so that the baby does not see them - you should not scare the baby in advance. We leave the prepared syringe with medicine (and with a cap on the needle) on a clean saucer on the shelf / table, and only then we call / bring the child into the room.

Intramuscular injection technique for young children - a video on how to give a child an injection.

• Massage your buttocks with warm hands “for an injection” - gently and gently to “disperse the blood” and relax the gluteal muscle.
• Calm the baby, distract, so that he wouldn't be afraid. Turn on the cartoon, call dad dressed up as a clown, or give the baby a toy syringe and a teddy bear - let him “inject” at this very moment - for “one-two-three”. The ideal option is to distract the baby so that he does not notice the moment when you bring the syringe over his booty. So the gluteal muscle will be more relaxed, and the injection itself will be less painful and faster.
• Wipe the injection site with cotton (a piece of gauze) moistened with alcohol - from left to right.
• Remove the cap from the syringe.
• With your free hand, collect the desired gluteal "Square" into a fold (for adults, with injections, on the contrary, the skin is stretched).
• Fast and sharp, but controlled movement insert the needle at a 90 degree angle. The needle is inserted to a depth of three quarters of its length. The injection is intramuscular, so when the needle is inserted to a shallower depth, you reduce the therapeutic effect of the drug and create a “ground” for the appearance of a subcutaneous bump.
• Thumb - on the piston, and fix the syringe in the hand with the middle and index fingers. Press the plunger and slowly inject the medicine.
• Next, the place where the needle is inserted , lightly press with cotton wool soaked in alcohol (prepare in advance), and quickly remove the needle.
• With the same cotton we press the hole from the needle lightly massaging the skin for a few seconds.

Do not forget to draw a funny baby iodine mesh on the pope(at the injection site), so that the medicine is better absorbed, and regularly massaging the buttocks to avoid "bumps".

And the most important thing- praise your baby, because he with dignity, like a real fighter, withstood this procedure.

If you liked our article and have thoughts about it, please share with us! It is very important for us to know your opinion!

29.07.2015 2985 3

When a baby appears in the house, sometimes situations may arise when the child needs qualified medical care, and there is no doctor nearby. Young parents do not need to be scared, it is better to learn how to carry out some medical manipulations on their own.

One of the most necessary and widespread medical practices are intramuscular injections for children. This manipulation can be learned in advance and then no illness will take you by surprise. An injection is the administration of a drug through a syringe. Most often, intramuscular injections are in demand.

What needs to be prepared for an injection? (alcohol, medicine, syringe, etc.)

Highly simple rules, compliance with which will help to avoid complications:

Wash your hands

Check the medicine (expiration date, dosage, appearance, the presence of sediment)

Check the prescription for the dose prescribed by the doctor. If in doubt, call your doctor!

Check for the presence of a diamond nail file, which is used to open the ampoules

Take out the alcohol injection pads (or sterile cotton and alcohol)

Remove the syringe without opening the package (check the expiration date, the package itself)

Prepare a clean plate, wipe it with alcohol

All these actions are best done so that the baby does not see your preparations. Don't worry him ahead of time.

Sequential preparation for injection (wash hands, mix medicine)

• Wash your hands thoroughly again. Wipe them down with alcohol.
• Also wipe with alcohol and an ampoule with medicine.
• Shake all the medicine into the widest part of the ampoule.
• Gently make several cutting movements along the ampoule with a nail file.
• Open the package with the syringe from the side of the needle.
• Check whether the needle is firmly attached to the syringe body, whether the cap is removed.
• Break off the tip of the ampoule with alcoholized cotton.
• Put the tip of the ampoule on the prepared plate.
• Without touching the edges of the ampoule, draw the medicine with the needle.
• If the medicine is in the form of a powder that needs to be diluted, dilute the composition strictly according to the instructions.
• Be sure to wipe the medicine vial with alcohol before injecting the diluent into it.
• Put the ampoule on a plate prepared in advance.
• Cap the needle, the needle is sterile, and you need to keep it in the air as little as possible.
• Shake the syringe, tap it with your finger so that the trapped air rises up
• Release air bubbles, they need to be squeezed out with a piston through the needle without removing the cap
• Put the finished syringe on a sterile surface (on a plate)
• Have another sterile alcohol wipe nearby, unpack it

The moral readiness of the child

Most babies have a negative attitude towards injections. A few tricks can help you give injections to children without tears and scandal. You can invite the baby to play in the hospital, first performing a few non-painful manipulations. You can promise a reward for the fact that the baby will behave well during the injection. Highly good result is achieved when the child is passionate about something: a cartoon, playing with another parent, with an older brother or sister.

How to do it right - intramuscular injection technique

• Put the baby on the tummy. Bare his buttocks.
• Distract the little one, if the gluteal muscle is relaxed, the injection is less painful.
• Mentally divide the buttock into four parts.
• Wipe the outer top quarter with an alcohol wipe
• Massage the entire gluteal muscle at the same time, this will distract the child.
• Remove the cap from the needle
• Slightly fold the desired square of the buttocks
• Insert the needle at a 90 degree angle to a depth of more than half of the needle
• Slowly press the syringe plunger with your thumb
• Apply pressure to the injection site with a sterile alcohol pad and withdraw the needle.
• Gently massage the injection site to help the medicine disperse faster.
• Have pity on the baby
• Do not forget to throw away the remains of the ampoule, syringe and napkins.

If you do not have an assistant, and you have to do the injection alone, you can use this technique. Having prepared everything for manipulation in advance
her, sit on a chair, placing the child between your legs facing your left hand. If the baby is not able to stand, put him on his knees face down. Squeeze the child's legs with your knees, press the child to your knees with the elbow of your left hand, and right hand make an injection. This method, of course, will not please the baby at all, but it will allow you to give an injection alone.

Remember a few more rules:

• It is strictly forbidden to give injections to children with a previously used syringe. Do not store used syringes. Dispose of them by tightly capping the needle.
• Do not use cosmetics or alcohol to clean the injection site.
• Choose the right syringes and needles. Talk to your doctor about which syringe is best for injection. For babies, the smallest needles 5 mm long are needed. For older children, from six months to a year, you can use two-millimeter syringes.
• Before choosing the medicine with a needle from the ampoule, warm the ampoule with your hands. Warm medicine will cause less soreness and be absorbed better.
• Observe the storage conditions of medicines. If the medicine is stored longer than it should be, it is absolutely impossible to make an injection.
• Intramuscular injections for children should not be done at a shallow depth. This will result in bumps. The medicine will not get into the muscle, but will spread under the skin.
• If you accidentally touch a sterile needle with your hand, if you drop an ampoule, syringe or needle, throw them away. Inject with a new syringe from a new ampoule. Do not save on the health of your own child.
• When carrying out an injection, absolute hygiene rules must be observed. This will prevent infectious complications.

Be sure to praise your son or daughter after the injection. Try to immediately switch the attention of the child to something positive.

Ekaterina Morozova

Reading time: 7 minutes

A A

Unfortunately, situations when a mother is forced to undergo “express training” on the technique of intramuscular injections are not uncommon. Someone cannot leave a sick child in the hospital, someone simply does not have a hospital nearby, and another mother is not able to pay for the services of a nurse. Here the question arises - how to give injections to a child. By the way, this “talent” can come in handy in the most unexpected situation. So we remember...

What is needed for injections in the ass to a newborn - we are preparing for manipulation.

First of all, we buy at the pharmacy everything that is needed for injections:

• The drug itself . Naturally prescribed by a doctor, and only in the dosage that corresponds to the prescription. Checking the expiration date is a must. It is also worth correlating the contents of the ampoule and the description in the instructions (they must match).
• Medical alcohol.
• Sterile cotton.
• Syringes.

Choosing a syringe for injections for a child correctly:

• syringes- Disposable only.
• Needle for intramuscular injection usually comes with a syringe. Make sure that the needle from the kit is suitable for injection (they are different for water and oil injections).
• Choosing a syringe with a needle depends on the age and build of the baby, the drug and its dosage.
• The needle should easily enter under the skin, therefore, we choose it correctly - so that the injection, instead of intramuscular, does not turn out to be subcutaneous, and after that we do not have to treat the lump-seal. For babies up to a year: syringes for babies 1 ml. For babies 1-5 years old: syringes - 2 ml, needle - 0.5x25. For children 6-9 years old: syringe - 2 ml, needle 0.5x25 or 0.6x30

Find in advance a place where it will be more convenient to give the baby an injection: the lighting should be bright, the baby should be comfortable, and so should you. Before you unpack the syringe, one more time check the dosage and expiration date of the medicine, drug name.

Preparation for intramuscular injection to a child - detailed instructions.

• First, wash your hands thoroughly with soap. and wipe them with rubbing alcohol.
• Unless otherwise prescribed by a doctor, we inject into the gluteal muscle . It is not difficult to determine the “point” for the injection: mentally divide the buttock (and not the whole ass!) into 4 squares and “aim” at the upper right square (if the buttock is right). For the left buttock, the square, respectively, will be the upper left.
• We keep calm otherwise, the baby will instantly feel your panic, and it will be very difficult to give an injection. The more confident and relaxed you yourself and, most importantly, the baby, the easier the needle will enter.
• We wipe the ampoule with alcohol , dry cotton wool or a piece of sterile gauze. We make an incision on the ampoule - along the line of the proposed break. For this, a special nail file is used (usually attached to the package). It is strictly forbidden to beat off, break off, “bite off” the tip of the ampoule without this tool - there is a risk that small fragments will get inside.
• Unpacking a disposable syringe from the side of the piston.
• We connect it with a needle, without removing the protective cap from the needle.
• If the medicine is in the ampoule - in dry form, dilute it, according to the instructions and prescription of the doctor, with water for injection or other drug prescribed by the doctor.
• Remove the cap from the needle and recruiting the required amount of the drug in the syringe.
• Be sure to remove air from the syringe. To do this, raise the syringe with the needle up, lightly tap the syringe with your finger so that all air bubbles rise closer to the hole (to the needle). We press the piston, expelling the air out.
• If everything is right - a drop of the drug will appear on the needle hole. We remove a drop of cotton wool moistened with alcohol, put on a cap.

Advice: we carry out all preparatory manipulations so that the baby does not see them - you should not scare the baby in advance. We leave the prepared syringe with medicine (and with a cap on the needle) on a clean saucer on the shelf / table, and only then we call / bring the child into the room.

Intramuscular injection technique for young children - a video on how to give a child an injection.

• Massage your buttocks with warm hands “for an injection” - gently and gently to “disperse the blood” and relax the gluteal muscle.
• Calm the baby, distract, so that he wouldn't be afraid. Turn on the cartoon, call dad dressed up as a clown, or give the baby a toy syringe and a teddy bear - let him “inject” at this very moment - for “one-two-three”. The ideal option is to distract the baby so that he does not notice the moment when you bring the syringe over his booty. So the gluteal muscle will be more relaxed, and the injection itself will be less painful and faster.
• Wipe the injection site with cotton (a piece of gauze) moistened with alcohol - from left to right.
• Remove the cap from the syringe.
• With your free hand, collect the desired gluteal "Square" into a fold (for adults, with injections, on the contrary, the skin is stretched).
• Fast and sharp, but controlled movement insert the needle at a 90 degree angle. The needle is inserted to a depth of three quarters of its length. The injection is intramuscular, so when the needle is inserted to a shallower depth, you reduce the therapeutic effect of the drug and create a “ground” for the appearance of a subcutaneous bump.
• Thumb - on the piston, and fix the syringe in the hand with the middle and index fingers. Press the plunger and slowly inject the medicine.
• Next, the place where the needle is inserted , lightly press with cotton wool soaked in alcohol (prepare in advance), and quickly remove the needle.
• With the same cotton we press the hole from the needle lightly massaging the skin for a few seconds.

Do not forget to draw a funny baby iodine mesh on the pope(at the injection site), so that the medicine is better absorbed, and regularly massaging the buttocks to avoid "bumps".

And the most important thing- praise your baby, because he with dignity, like a real fighter, withstood this procedure.

If you liked our article and have thoughts about it, please share with us! It is very important for us to know your opinion!

3190

Unfortunately, no one is immune from disease. It is especially unpleasant and always difficult when a child is sick. Depending on the form of the course and the severity of the problem, the doctor prescribes various medications, however, they can only act on the disease and help get rid of it if they enter the body.

In more or less mild cases, the baby, of course, will be prescribed syrups, potions or tablets, but it happens that the disease turns out to be too serious, which means that treatment without injections will be ineffective and impossible.

If you are with a child on inpatient treatment in a hospital, then, of course, the nurse will do the injections, however, what if, due to some circumstances, you have to get sick at home, and it is not possible to call a qualified specialist for manipulation every day? In this case, it is worth mastering the injection technique on your own, especially since such a skill can come in handy more than once in life.

What are injections for young children: the main types of injections and their features

First of all, it is worth understanding some important nuances and types of procedure.

Popularly referred to as an "injection" process, in medical terminology it is called an "injection" and means the introduction of fluid into the body using a syringe.

The appointment of injections is considered a rather controversial and controversial issue, since the achievements of modern pharmacology today make it possible to do without injections in most cases of diseases, including even pneumonia and other equally serious diseases.

The desire to limit the number of injections as much as possible and narrow the range of indications for them forces the best pharmaceutical companies in the world to create new fast-acting drugs that will have the same effective effect as injections, but without possible unpleasant injection consequences:

• for example, it is not at all uncommon for the risk of infection during manipulation due to a violation of sterile conditions - we can talk about both banal staphylococcus aureus and such terrible diseases as viral hepatitis B or AIDS;
• sometimes the tissues of the body react to the injection with severe redness, irritation and swelling, and in addition, if the drug is administered incorrectly, a hematoma or abscess may form at the injection site, which is fraught with new troubles and problems;
• if the pills or medicine can simply provoke an allergic reaction, then the injection can cause anaphylactic shock with a fatal outcome;
• many injections have a whole range of side and specific effects, like magnesia or hot injections of calcium chloride;
• drugs in injections are always more expensive than their tablet counterparts, plus - take into account the work of a nurse if for some reason you cannot administer the medicine yourself;
• after all, not only children, but also adults are afraid of injections, because this is a really unpleasant and very painful process.

However, even taking into account all the above disadvantages of injections, many are still at the mercy of the stereotype, believing that effective treatment there are no injections, and doctors prescribe them, wanting to play it safe and please demanding patients. Although, of course, there are cases when an injection is almost the only way to help.

Therefore, you should not use injections for safety net, because there must be certain indications for the appointment of injections:

• if necessary, an immediate therapeutic effect;
• if a small patient cannot drink the medicine due to loss of consciousness / severe vomiting, etc.;
• the medicine cannot be taken orally because it does not have the ability to absorb into the blood or is destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract;
• the drug will have a stronger effect or its effect will be much longer when injected.

Types of injections

If we talk about the types of injections, then there are several of them. The following three types are considered the most common.

1. Subcutaneous administration of the drug (abbreviated designation - s / c).
2. Intramuscular injections (in / m).
3. Intravenous administration of drugs and solutions (in / in).

The first type of injection is mainly represented by vaccinations. It is used in cases where the immediate effect of the administered drug is not required, since it can only begin to act when it enters the bloodstream, and there are fewer vessels under the skin than in the muscle.

To make such an injection, you need to pull back a little and take the skin on the shoulder, under the shoulder blade, on the thigh or the lateral surface of the abdomen into a fold, and then put the needle between the muscle and the skin and inject the drug under the skin.

The second type is the most common: doctors prescribe intramuscular administration of vitamins and antispasmodics, antibiotics and antipyretics. The popularity of intramuscular injections is also explained by their availability and relatively simple technique, so if you wish, you can and should learn how to do this type of injection yourself.

Intramuscular injection of the drug, as a rule, occurs in the buttocks, that is, in the ass, since it is in the gluteal muscles that there is the most powerful layer of muscle tissue that has a small number of nerve endings. However, drugs can be injected into both the thigh and upper arm.

Intravenous drug administration requires professional medical training, so it is recommended that only nurses and doctors perform such procedures. There are two types of intravenous injections:

• "Jet" injection of the drug with a syringe into a vein - the manipulation is performed at least slowly, but not for long;
• infusion or the introduction of a large volume of liquid using a dropper - is used in cases where the drug will be more effective when administered slowly and diluted.

In addition, there are some other types of injections: for example, sensitivity tests to antibiotics or before the administration of therapeutic sera are done intradermally, and an injection can also be made into the spinal canal (for meningitis) or into the joint cavity (for arthritis), and if necessary local anesthesia, as in the case of tooth treatment, the doctor will inject directly into his nerve trunks.

Choosing the right things

Now let's look at the preparation and selection of everything necessary for the injection.

So, here's what you need to purchase at the pharmacy.

• Medicine your child has been prescribed by a doctor. Be sure to check the expiration date on liquid ampoules or dry powder vials. Also, do not forget to pay attention to the fact that the dosage is consistent with the prescribed prescription.
• If the drug is not in ampoules, but in the form of a dry powder, then a solvent will still be needed for the preparation of injections - it can be lidocaine or novocaine, saline or some other means. Be sure to look in the instructions for the drug, with what and how it should be properly diluted.
• Syringes - take only disposable. As for the size, it is necessary to take into account the amount of medicine that will need to be injected, however, often a two milliliter syringe will be enough for children, although sometimes a smaller or larger syringe may be needed.
• Needles - usually come with disposable syringes. You should check if the needle is suitable for the injection you need, as they are designed for oil injections and water injections.
• In order for the needle to easily and less painfully enter under the skin, you need to choose it correctly: for crumbs younger than a year old, there is no reason to take a syringe of more than one milliliter - the thinnest needles are included with them, for children from one to five years old, as mentioned, syringes will be needed a volume of two milliliters with needles measuring 0.5 × 25 millimeters, for an older child, the same syringe may be suitable, or the size of the needle will be slightly larger - 0.6 × 30 millimeters.
• You will also need 96% medical alcohol as an antiseptic.
• Do not forget to prepare both sterile cotton wool or cotton balls, and a special nail file, with which the ampoules are opened.

Getting ready for manipulation

Having prepared everything you need for the procedure, you can proceed to its direct implementation.

In order for this not too pleasant process to pass for the baby as calmly and painlessly as possible, it is worth adhering to some simple, but mandatory rules:

• before proceeding with the manipulations, it is necessary to wash your hands well with soap and water, and it is better to additionally disinfect them with medical alcohol or alcohol wipes;
• neither the syringe nor the needle needs to be opened in advance - it is better to print the kit just before the injection is made;
• since it is still not clear to the baby what the meaning and purpose of your preparations are, try to do everything quickly, but carefully and calmly, as chaotic movements or panic can frighten him and set him up in advance that an unpleasant procedure is ahead;
• taking an ampoule with medicine, warm it a little in your palm so that the injection is not cold;
• if there are no special prescriptions from the doctor, then the injection should be done in the ass, especially since if you are a non-professional in terms of injections, then after injections into the arm or thigh, some negative consequences may occur;
• before giving an injection, it is better to stretch the muscles of the baby's buttocks with light massage movements that do not cause tension, while your hands should be warm;
• the procedure should be carried out in a place where both you and the child will be comfortable - keep in mind that the baby should lie on the tummy during the injection, and also make sure that there is enough bright lighting;
• before opening the medicine, check its expiration date again and be sure to check the dosage and name of the drug with the prescription;
• the ampoule should also be wiped with sterile gauze or cotton wool soaked in medical alcohol;
• do not break off, do not beat off and, of course, do not bite off the tip of the ampoule - to open it correctly, use a special nail file, otherwise there is a risk that small fragments will fall inside when opened;
• using this device, you need to make a small incision / notch on the ampoule along the line of the alleged break - that is, just press it several times with a nail file, but before that, shake the ampoule a little and tap on its tip with your fingernail so that the medicine glass down;
• if you are afraid of cutting yourself, wrap the ampoule with a napkin and press its tip away from you;
• after opening the medicine, set it aside for a couple of seconds and take care of the syringe;
• unpack it from the side of the piston and connect it to the needle right inside the package without removing the protective cap from it;
• well, if there are two needles in the kit - the one that is long and coarser, you will pierce the stopper of the vial with the drug or you can lower it into the very depths of the ampoule, and the other - small and thin - then you will inject, they should come with and sterile tweezers, with which you can change the first needle to the second;
• so, remove the cap from the needle and lower the plunger of the syringe with the needle all the way into the ampoule or vial of medicine, so that no air enters the syringe;
• slowly and carefully draw fluid by pulling the piston towards you;
• it is better to take the medicine a little more than necessary, since then it will be necessary to release excess air from the syringe - to do this, make a few clicks on the syringe so that the air bubbles rise up, and, turning it vertically, gradually press the piston until a drop of liquid will not appear at the tip of the needle;
• after that, you can close the needle with a cap.

If the medicine that is prescribed to the child is not sold in liquid ampoules, but in dry powder vials, then you will need to do the following:

• all manipulations with the preparation of the syringe will be the same;
• taking a vial of powder, also wipe it with sterile gauze or cotton swab with ethyl alcohol and open the metal lid;
• then wipe the rubber cap that was under the metal one, pierce it with a needle and inject the solvent;
• shake the bottle for a while so that the powder is completely dissolved and there are no grains or lumps left;
• turn the vial upside down and draw the solution into the syringe;
• release excess air and, replacing the needle, close it with a cap.

Pediatricians advise to carry out all preparations out of sight of the child, so as not to once again frighten him with incomprehensible medical manipulations. Better get ready in another room or in the kitchen, and then come to the baby, who at this time may be distracted by another family member.

How to do an intramuscular injection in the buttock: step by step instructions and a detailed explanation

When you have already prepared everything, then you should not gather strength for a long time and waste time. Your movements should be accurate and measured, but fast.

In no case do not panic, because the entire success of the procedure depends on the accuracy of your actions.

• Visually divide any baby's buttock into four identical square-shaped sectors, that is, as if draw a cross in the middle to get four identical squares.
• Your task is to inject into the center of the extreme upper square or quarter of the gluteal muscle, since it is there that there are no vascular nerve bundles, if you hit them, you can provoke bleeding, cause pain, numbness of the limb and other unpleasant consequences.
• Wipe the area where you will inject with a cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol.
• Try to fix the child as much as possible so that he does not accidentally twitch during the injection and break the needle. It’s good if someone from the family will help you - while you are administering the medicine, the baby needs to be kept, distracted, and consoled.
• If you give the baby an injection yourself, then you can put it with your tummy on your knees and fix it with your other hand.
• After massaging the baby's buttocks, with your free hand, grab the area into which you will inject - the upper extreme part of the priests, and gather it into a fold.
• Then, with an accurate and quick movement, insert the needle into this thick fold two-thirds strictly at an angle of ninety degrees.
• Continue to hold the needle perpendicular to the plane of the priests, release the buttock, and fix the syringe in your hand with your index and middle fingers, while holding your thumb on its piston.
• Slowly press the plunger and inject the medicine.
• Press the place on the pope where the needle is inserted with a cotton swab dipped in alcohol, and pull the needle out with a quick, clear movement.
• Massage the injection site a little with a cotton swab so that the alcohol can disinfect the wound, and the medicine is quickly absorbed.
• Close the syringe needle with a cap and discard the used syringe.

That's all, the unpleasant procedure is over, but if you do everything right, then the child should practically not feel pain.

Injections without painful consequences: how to do it to avoid bumps, bruises and seals after injections

Even professional doctors fail - they can also accidentally get into a nerve or vessel, hurt the patient, and what can we say about those who are trying to give an injection to their baby for the first time in their lives.

The main task of mom or dad in this case is to overcome their own fear and cope with their own naughty nerves. You may first try to practice on a pillow or dummy, like medical students, or ask the nurse to observe your actions and correct them if you make a mistake.

Well, to minimize the discomfort and pain of the procedure, try to take into account the following nuances:

• use three-component syringes of modern production with a rubber seal on the piston;
• do not insert the needle slowly and gradually - by doing this you only stretch the pain and flour, remember the sharpness, speed and clarity of movements;
• but the medicine must be administered really slowly - the more accurately and smoothly you inject the liquid, the less likely it is that bruises and seals will form after the injection;
• rapid administration of the drug is allowed only if the child is hysterical and breaks out;
• alternate the sides of the priests - one day inject into the upper right square, and the next - into the left;
• give injections at a distance of at least one to two centimeters from each other;
• if oil injections are prescribed for the baby, then do not forget to warm them up a little in warm water before use, and when you insert a needle into the ass, then slightly pull the syringe plunger towards you;
• the appearance of blood may indicate that you have hit a blood vessel directly - try to carefully change the depth of the injection or its direction;
• regularly massage the child's buttocks so that the medicine is better absorbed and bumps do not form;
• if seals or bruises still appear, warm the problem areas with a heating pad and draw an iodine mesh on the baby's pope;
• you can smear the bumps with Heparin ointment, Levomikol and Traumeel S also help well;
• have and folk remedies struggle with seals - someone puts a plate of thinly sliced ​​\u200b\u200bunsalted cheese on them, others - cabbage leaves with honey.

How to calm the child and persuade him to carry out the procedure?

However, the procedure will be best if you first agree with the baby and prepare him mentally for what should happen.

Initially, the child does not know what an injection is, how unpleasant or painful it is, scary, etc. However, many parents use the medical topic as the main deterrent of their child, telling him that if he does not eat porridge / well to lead or obey, then you will immediately call a doctor who will make an injection with a syringe with a huge needle.

Do you think, after such colorful descriptions, will the baby be afraid of all the people in white coats and their terrible weapon- injections? Well, of course, yes.

Of course, you can’t explain to a newborn or one-year-old baby that this procedure is vital or very necessary for him, that after the injection his tummy, pen or head will stop hurting, that after that he will become healthy again and you can go for a walk / in a cafe for ice cream / for a visit or another place desired by the baby. However, already from the age of two, all this can and should be told to the child, correctly setting him up for the procedure.

Buy a doctor's toy kit for your child, read him a fairy tale about the kind and wonderful doctor Aibolit, play with him in the hospital - let him give injections and give medicine to his animals, dolls or cars. At the same time, explain what could be the “cause of illness” in toys: unwashed hands, bathing in cold water, overeating ice cream, etc.

You can give a joint injection - you are a baby, and he is a favorite bear for “one-two-three”. Some parents try to distract the baby during the procedure with new toys, interesting cartoons, or other maneuvers.

Do not deceive the child by telling him that the injection is not painful or scary at all, because, firstly, he is really scared, and secondly, it still hurts. Also, you can’t hide from a baby with a syringe and try to prick him on the sly or in a dream - in this case, the stress and nervous shock from the procedure can simply lead to unpredictable consequences.

It is also not allowed to swear or blame the baby in front of strangers, humiliate him and shame him for being afraid of an injection or crying. The child expects support and help from you, especially during illness, and if you also inflict an additional portion of pain, shame and fear on him, then he will generally withdraw into himself, stop trusting you, and the memory of this will remain with him for the rest of his life. a life.

Do not restrain a baby who is breaking out and thrashing in hysterics by forcibly trying to give him an injection, unless it is vitally necessary. It is better to postpone the procedure and try to calm the child first, talk to him, look for an individual approach, create a comfortable environment, and only then try again.

According to medical statistics, every fifth adult resident has post-Soviet space there is an overwhelming fear of injections. This problem is called "trypanophobia" and is considered a specific disorder.

One of the factors of its appearance and progression is precisely the negative experience from childhood. Therefore, try to do everything possible so that your baby understands the need for injections, manages to cope with his fears and overcome them.

After the end of the procedure, be sure to praise your little hero for the fact that he steadfastly endured everything.

Conclusion

Intramuscular injection is one of the simplest medical manipulations. However, even it requires compliance with certain rules. If you have patience and confidence, then you will definitely succeed. Try to respect your child, love him - always and no matter what. And let the skill of giving injections be needed as rarely as possible, and the children grow up healthy!

Despite the relatively short period of time during which there has been an improvement in the design of syringes and injection techniques, today injections are one of the most common medical procedures performed in the world. Thus, more than 16 billion injections are performed annually in developed and developing countries. At the same time, more than 95% of injections are performed for medicinal purposes, 3% for vaccination, while the rest are for other purposes, such as blood transfusions. It should also be borne in mind that in order to take a general, biological or serological blood test, an injection is required.

An injection is an invasive procedure performed with a syringe and a hollow needle. This procedure is based on the perforation of the skin with a needle (often deeper tissues) with the subsequent introduction of liquids to a certain depth or the sampling of biological material.

Injections are an integral part of the modern arsenal of medical interventions. They have a number of undeniable advantages over other methods of delivering drugs into the body. However, there are also a number of disadvantages associated with the need to strictly adhere to the rules of antisepsis.

The history of the development of injections has ancient origins associated with the use of weapons such as poisoned darts and arrowheads, which have been successfully used by the warriors of some tribes for thousands of years to introduce poisonous substances into the internal environment of the body. In fact, the syringe is represented by a simple pump, the prototype of which was an enema. Descriptions of inventions similar to the syringe can be found in the works of Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle and Pascal, while the first mention of intravenous injections dates back to the 17th century.

In the history of the improvement of injections, one should especially highlight the year 1656, in which Ren (scientist) conducted a large number of experiments on dogs to administer opiates. The syringe used was a hollow tube with an attached bladder acting as a container for the drug. In order to gain access to the vein, a skin incision was made, and therefore this procedure was not sterile.

However, one of the first in the history of the development of injections, an experiment on a person, conducted in the same year, failed. This was due to the fact that a servant was chosen to conduct the experiment, who was not eager to participate in this event. In this regard, during the execution of the incision, he lost consciousness, and the experiment was terminated.

It took about 100 years until a normal syringe with an attached needle was invented, designed to purposefully pierce the skin. In 1807, a syringe was described in Edinburgh as an instrument for drawing up liquid and then expelling it with force.

There is evidence that the history of injections is associated with the infusion of various substances into the blood vessels of corpses in order to conduct various studies. As a rule, these references date back to the 17th and 18th centuries.

Successful subcutaneous injection became possible only in the 19th century, as a way to vaccinate against the disease. The increase in interest in injections has been associated with the introduction of drugs into the human body. Attempts were also made to remove the skin layer with subsequent placement of drugs on the surface of the defect. In 1836, attempts were made by Lafargue to administer morphine subcutaneously as solid granules through a skin defect created with a scalpel, and later with a thick needle.

In the late 19th and early 20th century, subcutaneous injections generated more interest than intravenous injections. However, only then it became known about the systemic effect of even a locally administered drug, which today is not surprising to anyone.

As a rule, the first mentions of the use of intravenous injections to achieve pain relief are associated with a large number of negative reviews (possibly associated with a high concentration of drugs). According to a number of sources, intravenous administration of drugs was considered illegal until the 1920s, due to the widespread drug addiction. However, after 1925, it was found that reducing drug doses significantly reduced the number of complications.

In addition to the introduction of opiates, intravenous injections after 1925 also began to be used to treat syphilis and malaria.

Another big problem was the use of reusable syringes. So, the first disposable syringes were used for injections during the 1st World War as a syringe tube for pain relief.

Later, metal syringes were replaced with glass ones, and then with plastic ones (the first prototypes appeared in 1955), which is associated with compliance with the rules of asepsis and antisepsis. Currently, injections require compliance with a number of strict rules aimed at reducing possible complications.

The first injections made to children were carried out, as a rule, for vaccination against certain diseases. As a rule, now also the first injections given to a newborn are carried out, in most cases, for vaccinations in accordance with the vaccination schedule.

Due to the low level of immune protection (as a rule, within six months after birth), injections for children should be accompanied by maximum compliance with the rules of asepsis and antisepsis due to the high likelihood of developing infectious complications.

Due to the special structure of the body, injections for children are carried out a little differently than adults. This is especially true for newborns, infants and preschool age. The performance of injections in school, adolescent and adult periods does not have significant differences.

As a rule, in newborns, if possible, preference is given to other methods of drug administration, however, it is difficult to estimate the amount of the drug that enters the systemic circulation. So, with oral use of drugs in children, compared with adults, the intensity of their absorption is much lower than in adults, which is associated with less pronounced vascularization of the stomach and intestines. In this regard, parenteral administration of drugs in some cases is quite justified.

As a rule, injections for children should be entrusted to specialists - either a doctor with the appropriate education, or a paramedical worker, which is associated with the knowledge and skills to provide the necessary assistance in the development of complications. In this regard, injections at home are not recommended.

Also, great attention should be paid to the needles and syringes with which the injection will be carried out, which directly correlates with the severity pain syndrome. So, if possible, preference is given to thin and sharp needles (an exception is oily solutions, for the introduction of which thick needles with a larger clearance are used). Often, to reduce the severity of pain, the injection site after treatment is moistened with ether or chloroethyl.

If it is known that frequent parenteral administration of drugs will be required (usually during treatment in a hospital), resort to the installation of a catheter. However, due to possible complications (air embolism, pyrogenic and allergic reactions and thrombophlebitis), caution should be exercised. In addition, if the introduction of large volumes of liquids is indicated, children should not be given a daily volume quickly (in 2-4 hours), as this is fraught with the development of pulmonary and cerebral edema.

Due to the peculiarities of the development of the superficial veins of the extremities (they are small and poorly visible) and the good development of subcutaneous adipose tissue, intravenous injections are given to infants in the superficial veins of the head (mainly in the temple or forehead), which is associated with their fixation by fascia. Over the age of 3 years, intravenous injections are usually performed in the superficial cubital veins, although, if they are poorly visualized, injections into the veins of the hand and foot are possible.

As a rule, the child gets used to injections and no longer experiences a strong fear of this procedure. However, this requires proper preparation of children. So, it is required to immediately warn the child about the painfulness of the procedure, without misleading him. It should also be remembered that the rate of administration of the drug also affects the severity of pain. If subcutaneous or intramuscular injections were performed, local treatment with an alcohol solution is recommended after the procedure, which not only reduces pain, but also improves drug absorption.

It is difficult to imagine the treatment of the adult population without the use of injections, because a huge number of drugs are administered by injection. In addition, intravenous administration of solutions in acute, life threatening situations. In such cases, often, instead of injecting several times, a catheter is installed (into the veins of the elbow or subclavian), which allows for a very short time (several tens of seconds) to affect the patient's condition.

Injections for adults are carried out in accordance with established rules. As a rule, intramuscular and subcutaneous injections are carried out at home by ordinary people who do not have a special medical education. At the same time, intravenous, intradermal and other types of injections require special education, which is associated not only with a high probability of a violation of the administration of the drug (which will negate its effectiveness), but also with possible complications.

Currently, injections for adults are performed exclusively with disposable syringes, which is associated with the prevention of the transmission of various infections, the most severe of which include HIV, hepatitis B and C. Previously (20 years ago), reusable syringes and, often, needles were widely used, which after each patient underwent special treatment. In this regard, there was a high probability of infection of the patient when reusing a syringe that was in contact with infected blood.

Unfortunately, injections are not always used for medicinal purposes. So, intravenous injections for adults and today in certain circles of people have a high probability of developing a wide variety of complications. As a rule, these are drug addicts using intravenous administration of drugs. These groups of the population are characterized not only by the neglect of the elementary rules of asepsis (injections with previously used syringes), but also by the rules of antiseptics (according to the addicts themselves, saliva and tap water were used to dilute psychotropic substances in powder form).

In most cases, this does not remain without consequences. So, in drug addicts, damage to the tricuspid valve leaflets is often found, which is manifested by infective endocarditis and often leads to the development of heart failure. In addition, against the background of a change in the state of immune defense, drug addicts who use intravenous injections for drug administration are much more likely to develop septic conditions.

Injections for the elderly

In the elderly, there is often a need for the introduction of certain drugs with the help of injections at home. Generally, an increasingly common drug administered by injection to the elderly is insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus. Also, injections are often required for vitamin deficiency (usually B12 and a number of others). Also, intravenous injections play an important role in stabilizing the condition of an elderly patient during the development of acute, life-threatening conditions.

However, injections in the elderly have their own characteristics, which is due to age-related changes in the skin (it becomes thinner, loses elasticity), subcutaneous fat (decrease in layer thickness) and blood vessels. In this regard, they are much more likely to experience bleeding from injection sites or hematomas. There is also a decrease in the efficiency of the immune system, which may be associated with poor nutrition, taking glucocorticosteroids for concomitant diseases. This leads to an increased likelihood of developing thrombophlebitis.

Often, if the needle is poorly fixed in the vein, the elderly experience an injury to the vessel with the development of subcutaneous hemorrhage, which makes it necessary to puncture another vein.

Also, elderly patients often have to make injections into the joint cavity, which is associated with the wide spread of osteoarthritis and various autoimmune diseases.

Any injection involves puncturing the skin or other tissues of a person with a needle, followed by the introduction or collection of substances. However, in accordance with the depth or organ into which the needle is inserted, it is customary to distinguish several types of injections used to treat a person:

• intramuscular;
• intravenous;
• subcutaneous;
• intradermal;
• intraosseous;
• intra-abdominal;
• epidural;
• intracardiac;
• intra-articular;
• intravitreal;
• intracavernous.

Intramuscular injection

Intramuscular injection is one of the most common types of drug administration in medicine. With this type of injection, the drug is injected directly into the muscle tissue.

As a rule, an intramuscular injection is performed if there is a need to administer certain types of drugs in small volumes. Depending on the chemical properties drug, after an injection, it can be absorbed both quickly and slowly.

As a rule, the possibility of an intramuscular injection is due to the large number of vessels passing through the muscle tissue. In this regard, with this type of injection, the rate of absorption of the drug substance into the systemic circulation is much higher than with subcutaneous or intradermal injections. Also, depending on the injection site, the possible amount of drug administered is from 2 to 5 milliliters of liquid.

At intramuscular injections held:

• injection into the deltoid muscle;
• injection in the buttock;
• injection in the thigh (rectum and lateral wide muscles).

An injection into a vein is carried out for the direct introduction of liquid substances into the venous bed. As a rule, intravenous injections are used to administer certain drugs, which is prescribed in the instructions for their use. An intravenous injection, depending on the amount of the administered drug, can be made both for the administration of the drug from a syringe and from a dropper.

Intravenous drugs can be used to:

• correction of electrolyte imbalance;
• drug delivery (including chemotherapy);
• blood transfusions;
• restoration of circulating blood volume.

An injection into a vein, compared with other types of injections, is the most fast way drug delivery to the systemic circulation. In addition, the bioavailability of the administered drug is 100%.

Hypodermic injection

With a subcutaneous injection, drugs are injected into the subcutaneous layer (under the epidermis and dermis). Subcutaneous injections are a very effective way to administer vaccines and drugs such as morphine, diacetylmorphine, and goserelin.

The tissue under the skin has a small number of blood vessels, and therefore a steady, but slow rate of absorption of substances is achieved here. So, drugs after a subcutaneous injection are absorbed more slowly than after intramuscular injections and faster than after intradermal injections.

When injected under the skin are carried out:

• injections in the abdomen (front surface);
• the outer part of the shoulder;
• outer thigh;
• in the area under the shoulder blades.

Intradermal injection

With an intradermal injection, the drug is injected directly into the skin (which consists of the epidermis and dermis). The procedure can be both diagnostic and anesthetic in nature. It requires special education. With the correct injection technique, a whitish tubercle appears in the form of a lemon peel.

With intraosseous injections, drugs are infused directly into the bone marrow, which, due to the combination of properties, is an alternative to intravenous injections. Typically, this method is used to infuse drugs into the central circulation when intravenous access is not available. Comparison of the rate of entry of substances into the systemic circulation from the muscles, veins and bone marrow showed that the rate of reabsorption of the drug during intravenous and intraosseous injections is almost identical (the assessment was made on children).

With intra-abdominal injections, drugs are injected directly into the abdominal cavity. Due to the high probability of infection, this type of injection is practically not performed in humans. They can be used when it becomes necessary to infuse a large amount of fluid to replace the lost blood in the absence of the possibility of intravenous access. Also, this method was previously widely used for the introduction of chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of ovaries.

With an epidural injection, the drug is injected into the epidural space of the spinal cord. This type of injection is used to provide anesthesia (for pain relief), diagnosis (administration of radiopaque agents), and therapeutic intervention (eg, glucocorticoids). For the first time this type of injection for anesthesia was used in 1921 by the Spanish military surgeon Fidel Pages.

With an intracardial injection, the administration of the drug (usually adrenaline) is carried out directly into the myocardium through the fourth intercostal space. Previously, this method was used only in emergency situations. Currently, it is more preferable to inject drugs into the endotracheal tube or directly into the bone.

Currently, intra-articular injections are carried out both for diagnostic (for taking synovial fluid) and for therapeutic (for rheumatoid, psoriatic arthritis, gout, tendonitis, bursitis, carpal tunnel syndrome and, sometimes, for osteoarthritis) purposes. The needle is inserted into the affected joint, where it provides a dose of any of the anti-inflammatory drugs.

With intravitreal injections, drugs are injected into the eye. As a rule, this method of drug administration is used in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. Manipulation is carried out only by specially trained personnel.

An intracavernous injection is given at the base of the external genitalia in men and is used to test for erectile dysfunction in men. They can lead to various complications.

Injection technique and possible complications

Injections for adults are performed in accordance with a regulated algorithm of actions. This is primarily aimed at enhancing the effect of the injection, as well as reducing the likelihood of developing possible complications accompanying the injections. Also, instructions for use, in most cases, do not contain injection techniques. In this regard, the person conducting the procedure often has to resort to the study of specialized literature.

With an intramuscular injection in the leg, unlike an injection in the deltoid muscle, the introduction of substances with a volume of more than 1 milliliter is allowed. Typically, oil-based drugs, narcotic drugs, antibiotics, sedatives, and antiemetics are injected into the thigh.

As a rule, an injection into the thigh is carried out in the front surface - in the lateral wide and straight part of the square muscle. In general, injections into the rectus quadriceps are not recommended for children under 7 months of age and those who cannot walk due to loss of muscle tone (usually cerebral palsy).

An injection in the leg, in most cases, is made in the straight part of the quadriceps arbitrarily in the middle part of the front surface of the thigh. As a rule, if a person is thin (and therefore the thickness of the muscle layer and subcutaneous fat is small), there is a high probability of damage to the periosteum. In this regard, it is recommended to create a fold and hold the syringe like a "pen".

In order to find a place for an injection in the leg in the straight part of the quadriceps, it is necessary to divide the front surface of the thigh into three parts vertically and horizontally. The injection is carried out in the outer middle quadrant.

As with any injection, the injection site is pretreated. After that, in the treated area, while fixing the skin with the fingers of the other hand, an injection is made in the leg at a right angle. If blood appears (which indicates that it has entered the vessel), the needle should be removed and an injection should be made in another place. If there is a suspicion of too deep insertion of the needle (into the periosteum), the syringe should be slightly pulled back.

An injection in the thigh should be done in a position in which the quadriceps is completely relaxed, which is associated both with the pain of the procedure and with a decrease in the likelihood of needle fracture. In such situations, the broken tip should be removed immediately with tweezers.

Injections in the stomach

Subcutaneous injections into the abdomen, in most cases, are carried out to administer insulin in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This is due to the convenience of the procedure, as well as a large surface area into which the drug can be injected without getting into the places of previous injections. Camphor, cordiamine, morphine, promedol and a number of vitamins can also be administered subcutaneously.

Injections in the abdomen are made only after careful treatment of the injection site. After that, the skin is grasped with the fingers of the left hand into the fold and a needle is inserted at an angle of 45 degrees into the lower part of the fold for a couple of centimeters. The drug is injected slowly (at a rate of 1 milliliter in 10 seconds). After removing the needle, apply cotton wool soaked in alcohol.

When injected into the abdomen, complications associated with the ingress of oil solutions into the vessels (may cause embolism) are possible. Also, with this method of administration, there is a high probability of developing complications, usually of an infectious nature, due to the lower regenerative capabilities of the subcutaneous adipose tissue. As a rule, with the development of the infectious process, local and general signs of inflammation are noted. In case of redness or thickening of the skin in the area of ​​​​administration of the drug, a warm compress is placed from a 40% alcohol solution. However, this manipulation should be carried out by a specialist.

An injection in the buttock is made only in the upper outer quadrant, which is associated with the passage of the sciatic nerve and large vessels. In this regard, with this type of intramuscular injection, foreign communities recommend an attempt at aspiration before the administration of the drug substance.

The technique for injecting into the buttock is the same as for injecting into the thigh. So, after pre-treatment of the planned injection site, the skin is fixed (to facilitate puncture), after which the needle is inserted at a right angle for almost the entire length (in infants 3 cm) in order to make it easier to pull the metal fragment out of the muscle in case of a fracture. The rate of drug administration depends on its structure. Thus, hydrophilic substances can be administered fairly quickly, while oil-based preparations should be preheated and administered as slowly as possible (to reduce pain).

The technique for performing intramuscular injections is not particularly difficult. In this regard, these injections are performed at home quite often. At the same time, most complications are associated with ignorance of the injection site, as well as a large amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue in some individuals.

With injections of other localization

An injection into a vein is also one of the most common types of injections used in modern medicine. This manipulation requires training in special skills, which is associated with a high likelihood of complications.

The procedure for inserting a needle into a vein for further use for therapeutic, diagnostic and prophylactic purposes is called venipuncture. As a rule, in adults, during the injection, preference is given to the median vein of the cubital fossa, due to the absence of large nerves passing in this area.

Before an injection is made into a vein, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe intended venipuncture is treated with alcohol, after which a tourniquet is applied to the shoulder in order to increase pressure in the superficial venous vessels (to facilitate needle insertion). Also, to insert a needle into the lumen of a vein, it is required to fix the skin and only then pierce it. After passing the needle into the skin, you need to make sure that you are inside the vessel by pulling the syringe plunger towards you.

The most common complications associated with intravenous injections include:

• air embolism;
• development of thrombophlebitis;
• pyrogenic and allergic reactions.

Complications with injections in the ass and thigh

Complications with intramuscular injections in the ass and thigh, subject to the rules for performing the procedure, develop quite rarely and can be represented by:

• needle fracture;
• damage to the nerve trunks;
• damage to large vessels;
• infiltrate.

To fracture of the needle during intramuscular injections in the ass and thigh occur with a sharp contraction of the muscles during the injection, which in most cases is associated with the use of a blunt needle. Also, the position of the patient affects the likelihood of developing this complication (with a standing injection, the frequency is slightly higher).

Damage to the nerve trunks during intramuscular injections in the ass and thigh is usually associated with the wrong choice of the injection site, followed by the introduction of the drug too close to the nerve. The patient complains of pain at the injection site and along the nerve, and lameness often develops. Symptoms may last up to a week. In situations where there has been direct damage to the nerve (the blunt end of the needle) or thrombosis of the vessel responsible for the blood supply to the nerve, neuritis, paralysis, paresis and impaired sensitivity in the limb may occur. For the treatment of this complication, it is recommended to consult a specialist.

In healthy people, with timely detection of damage to a large vessel during intramuscular injections in the ass, severe consequences, in most cases, do not occur. If the damage is not detected in time and the drug is introduced into the systemic circulation, there is a high probability of developing side effects caused by the drug.

An intramuscular injection into the buttock and thigh, in case of violation of the rules of asepsis and antisepsis, as well as the introduction of irritating substances that lead to inflammation, an infiltrate may form, which is manifested by redness, swelling and soreness. The patient also complains of limited movement and local pain. With untimely provision of medical care, there is a high probability of developing an abscess - an acute purulent complication, in which tissue melts and severe fever occurs.

Which is better - an injection in the buttock or in the thigh

The absorption of substances into the systemic circulation has approximately the same rate, and therefore there is no advantage in treatment with an intramuscular injection in the buttock before an injection in the thigh. However, it is generally accepted that an injection in the thigh is done in situations where there are burns in the buttocks, inflammatory processes and abscesses.

As a rule, a standing injection can be performed with most types of injections. The exceptions are intramuscular injections in the thigh and intravenous injections, due to the high likelihood of complications.

Intravenous injection while standing is not recommended. This is due to the fact that in the event of an anaphylactic reaction or the effect of a drug, the patient may lose consciousness, which is fraught with a head injury when falling.

It is allowed to make an intramuscular injection while standing in the buttock and thigh, however, a necessary condition for performing this procedure is complete relaxation of the muscle. This is due to the fact that the pain when performing an injection into a relaxed muscle is much higher.

In this regard, an intramuscular injection in the buttock can be done both while standing (transferring body weight to the other leg) and lying down. An intramuscular injection into the thigh is best done lying down.

Which is better - painkillers injections or pills

Painkillers are presented a wide range medicines, which are divided into two large groups:

• central action (narcotic and non-narcotic);
• peripheral action.

In accordance with the volume of anesthesia, local and systemic effects are distinguished. As a rule, local anesthesia is required for outpatient surgical interventions, while systemic anesthesia is required for severe injuries, as well as extensive interventions as part of anesthesia care.

Also, the injection site has a significant effect on the effectiveness of pain relief injections. So, epidural injections have a persistent and fast (within a few tens of seconds) effect on the elimination of pain. At the same time, intravenous or intramuscular injections have an analgesic effect with some delay. At the same time, intradermal and subcutaneous injections have only a local anesthetic effect.

The most effective analgesic injections are narcotic analgesics, but their use is accompanied by a large number of complications. At the time of drug administration, the most severe complication is respiratory arrest, which is associated with depression of the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata. Long-term complications include the development of addiction (when taking the same doses as before, the analgesic effect is reduced) and dependence (there is a strong craving for opiates).

There are also less effective analgesic injections that are more widely available (usually non-opioid systemic analgesics, as well as peripheral topical analgesics).

The most common analogue of anesthetic injections is tablets. However, due to the fact that with intravenous and intramuscular injections, the rate of entry of drugs into the systemic circulation is much higher than with oral administration, the time to reach target receptors by the anesthetic is also much lower. In addition, when administered intramuscularly, the drug is absorbed more evenly, which makes it possible to achieve a prolonged analgesic effect.

Thus, pain relief injections are much more effective than. However, they are also less convenient to use, as they require certain tools and are not always available at work (for headaches) or at the scene of an accident.

Are there analogues of injections that are not inferior to them in terms of effectiveness

Analogues of injections include both methods for introducing drugs into the body, providing local action of drugs, and methods aimed at creating a systemic effect (which are divided into enteral and parenteral).

An analogue of local injections can be represented by ointments, patches, creams, pastes and drops. At the same time, analogues to achieve a systemic effect of the action of medicinal substances include enteral and parenteral agents (in accordance with the method of administration). Enteral include dry and liquid dosage forms. Their entry into the systemic circulation is ensured by the absorption of the drug from the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract.

An analogue of intravenous injections when there is a need for regular administration of drugs into the systemic circulation are catheters (subclavian and peripheral), as well as port systems. As a rule, when installing catheters, it is necessary to puncture the vein with a needle, which is then used to eliminate

The installation of port systems requires a minimally invasive procedure. surgical intervention(not accompanied by extensive intraoperative trauma). After installing the port, not only the introduction of drugs into the systemic circulation is facilitated, but the frequency of complications is also reduced. In fact, this type of central catheter is widely used today for the treatment of cancer.

Often people start taking vitamins in injections. This may be due both to a real deficiency of certain vitamins in the body, and to the patient's need to achieve certain goals (as a rule, these are young people who want to achieve a more pronounced anabolic effect).

Also, often under "vitamins" in injections they mean various compounds that are not related to this type of substance. So, vitamins include compounds that bind to the active center of enzymes in the body and are necessary for its functioning. Enzymes do not perform an energy or plastic function.

Complications associated with taking vitamins in injections are divided into related:

• with the procedure;
• action of the drug.

As a rule, vitamins are most often administered intramuscularly, and therefore the development of all the complications characteristic of this type of injection is possible.

At the same time, with too much of the administered medicinal substance, the complications that cause vitamins both in injections and tablets are manifested by symptoms of hypervitaminosis. As a rule, the external manifestations of this condition are determined by a specific vitamin.

Are the indications for injections at home and in the hospital

Indications for injections at home and in the hospital are determined in accordance with the clinical specific situation, which depends on the patient's condition and the complexity of the manipulation.

So, the serious condition of the patient is often associated with the development of acute conditions that pose a threat to life. In such cases, the injections are carried out in the existing conditions with the presence of qualified personnel. Injections in such situations are aimed at saving lives. At the same time, if indications for injections arose in a patient in serious condition while in a medical facility, they are safer due to the presence of an intensive care team, which, as a rule, will carry out the necessary procedures.

Recently, health care reforms in Russia have set such a goal for a medical institution as reducing the bed-day. That is, the patient should be discharged as soon as possible. However, in most cases, taking drugs should be long-term (10 or more days, depending on the underlying disease), and therefore the indications for injections are greatly expanded.

Also, the indications for injections at home are expanding significantly in the presence of chronic diseases that require long-term medication (the most striking example is diabetes mellitus). The patient himself monitors the time of the injections, and conducts them in accordance with the instructions.

Should I read the instructions for the use of injections

Before giving injections, the instructions for use should be carefully studied by the person performing the procedure. This is due, first of all, to the fact that the wrong dosage, as well as the injection site, can cause the development of various complications with almost any type of injection.

Regardless of the type of injections performed, the instructions for the use of the drug contain the following data:

• release form, composition and packaging;
• indications;
• contraindications;
• dosage;
• impact on pregnancy;
• interaction with other drugs;
• conditions and terms of storage;
• possible side effects.

As a rule, the optimal time for injections is determined by the properties of the administered drug and the purpose of its administration.

So, if these are insulin preparations, then long-acting drugs are distinguished (aimed at maintaining a constant level of glucose in the blood plasma, in connection with this they are administered 1 or 2 times a day) and short-acting (aimed at compensating for glucose levels after meals, and therefore taken before meals).

At the same time, if it is necessary to carry out the introduction of antibiotics, then preference is given to long-acting drugs with the least number of side effects. In this case, the introduction of drugs is carried out at a time when the concentration of the drug falls below the threshold level.

What are the features of injection preparations

Preparations for injections must have a number of properties, which is associated with their direct introduction into the tissues of the body. So, they must be sterile (the exception is, the purpose of which is to create immune protection).

At the same time, according to the properties, some injection preparations can only be administered in a certain way. So, oily solutions and substances with irritating properties should not be administered intravenously.

Also, irritants should not be injected into the subcutaneous adipose tissue (due to the high likelihood of developing an infiltrate), although often a decrease in the concentration of the drug reduces its damaging properties.