Unique tasks of the MTR. "Military Surgery"

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M.V. Skandakova

Omsk student construction teams (SSO).

Chronicle

Undoubtedly, student construction teams made a great contribution to the labor education of young people. In our article, we tried to reflect the chronicle of the Omsk SSO, from the moment of their inception to the present day. So far, such an attempt has been made in the literature only once, when in 1985 the Omsk book publishing house published a small book by Vyacheslav Viktorovich Dvorakovsky “With Komsomol fire in the chest” (1) for the anniversary date - the 20th anniversary of the Omsk student construction teams.

The main source for studying this topic was articles from various Omsk newspapers: Omskaya Pravda, Vecherniy Omsk, Molodoy Sibiryak, the student newspaper of the Omsk Polytechnic Institute Polytechnic, regional newspapers - Sibiryak (Kalachinsk), Mayak (Lubino). In these articles one can find critical and journalistic notes and essays, interviews with commanders and commissars of detachments, reports from meetings of fighters and veterans of the movement, as well as information about the advantages and disadvantages of the MTR.

Materials relating to 2005-2006 are taken from the reports of the revived regional headquarters of the Regional Youth public organization Omsk regional student detachment.

1958 - About 300 students of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University went to the steppes of Kazakhstan and built the first houses for the new settlers of the virgin lands. Thus began the movement of student construction teams.

1964 - The beginning of the biography of the Omsk SSO. 340 fighters from five universities of the city left for Kazakhstan. The detachment (commander A. Korneev, commissar V. Kiy) built the first student facilities, mastered 560 thousand rubles of capital investments. According to the results of the work, the detachment was awarded the Commemorative Red Banner of the Pavlodar Regional Committee of the Komsomol of Kazakhstan.

1965 - A detachment of 500 fighters from five universities of the city (commander M. Misyurov, commissar A. Kozlov) worked in state farms of the Pavlodar region, mastered 621 thousand rubles of capital investments.

1966 - The detachment consisted of 700 fighters (commander M. Belyankov, commissioner V. Davidzon) worked in the virgin areas of the Omsk region. The Energia detachment was formed, consisting of 220 fighters (commander V. Kiy), who helped in the electrification of the region's villages. 1,343 thousand rubles of capital investments have been disbursed. The transport construction detachment (commander B. Mikhailov) worked in Kazakhstan and was awarded the Red Banner of the Komsomol Central Committee.

1967 - The detachment consisted of 1193 people (commander V. Kostenko, commissioner A. Kozlov). 670 fighters built 89 objects in the regions of the region. 116 fighters of the Energia detachment commissioned 316 km of power lines. A transport construction detachment consisting of 410 people (commander V. Kovalev, commissar B. Mikhailov) worked in the Uzbek SSR. Almost 2.5 mil. rubles of investment.

1968 - The regional detachment (commander V. Yakubovich, commissar A. Demidenko) in the amount of 2330 people worked in the Omsk, Tyumen, Arkhangelsk regions, Komi ASSR, Primorsky Territory. The first group of girls "Blue Meridian" left for the island of Shikotan. For high performance, the detachment was awarded the challenge Red Banner of the Central Committee of the Komsomol and the Ministry Agriculture RSFSR, Honorary Diploma of the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR.

1969 - 2598 students worked in the Omsk region, in the Turkmen USSR, on Sakhalin (commander B. Mikhailov, commissioner E. Freiman). Detachments of the Polytechnic Institute are working hard on the Ust-Balyk-Omsk highway and in the Komi ASSR, on the construction of the Siyaniye Severa oil pipeline. A detachment of the Baikal Transport Institute worked at the Slyudyanka station in the Irkutsk region.

1970 - The detachment consisted of 2628 fighters (commander B. Mikhailov, commissioner E. Freiman), who worked in Tatarstan, built the Kama plant in Naberezhnye Chelny, in the Krasnodar Territory, Irkutsk, Sakhalin and Omsk regions. 5.2 million rubles of investments have been disbursed. As a result of the socialist competition, the regional detachment was awarded the challenge Red Banner of the Central Committee of the Komsomol and the Ministry of Agriculture of the RSFSR, the Certificate of Honor of the Ministry of Agricultural Construction of the RSFSR and the Central Committee of the Komsomol.

1971 - There are 3660 people in the detachment (commander V. Kovalek, commissar V. Boldyrev). The most important construction projects are: the Taurida water pipeline, the Maryanovsky feed mill, the Kalachinsky, Novovarshavsky, Russko-Polyansky, Chernoglazovsky, Lyubovsky, Bessarabsky and Isilkulsky elevators. 8,984 thousand rubles of capital investments have been disbursed. For the victory in the socialist competition, the regional detachment was awarded the challenge Red Banner of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League and the Ministry of Agricultural Construction.

1972 - The regional detachment (commander V. Kovalek, commissar A. Krivopusk) has 6137 fighters. Students worked at the All-Union shock Komsomol construction site - the construction of the Plastmass plant, at the Luzinsky pig farm, and the Izyumovsky poultry farm. Omsk students worked at the construction of the Volga Automobile Plant in Togliatti, the airport in Alma-Ata, at the construction sites of Dzhambul, at fish processing enterprises in the Sakhalin Region, in the fields of the Krasnodar Territory. At the end of the year, the regional detachment (for the second year in a row) was awarded the challenge Red Banner of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League and the Ministry of Agricultural Construction of the RSFSR.

1973 - A detachment was formed (commander V. Kovalek, commissar V. Khrustalev) of 6938 people. The most important objects of this working semester: the All-Union shock Komsomol construction of a plastics plant, the Luzinsky pig farm, powdered milk plants in the Sedelnikovsky and Kolosovsky districts of the Omsk region. The detachment completed the scope of work in the amount of 14,365 thousand rubles. For high production performance, the regional detachment was awarded the challenge Red Banner of the Ministry of Agricultural Construction of the RSFSR.

1974 - The detachment consisted of 6530 people (commander V. Kovalek, commissioner V. Khrustalev). For the first time, an international detachment of the Gödel University of Agrarian Sciences of the Hungarian People's Republic worked on the territory of our region. For active participation in the movement "Komsomol - rural school" the regional detachment was awarded the prize of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League for the best patronage work.

1975 - The regional detachment consisted of 7074 people (commander V. Usov, commissioner N. Bychkov). Most of the detachment worked at shock Komsomol construction sites in the region: at the Oktyabrskaya broiler poultry farm, the Luzinsky pig farm, at the plastics plant and at CHPP-5. 16.2 million rubles of investments have been disbursed. For the victory in the socialist competition, the regional detachment was awarded the challenge Red Banner of the Ministry of Agricultural Construction of the USSR.

1976 - The Omsk regional detachment numbered 7599 people in its ranks (commander V. Usov, commissar V. Dvorakovsky). The regional detachment mastered 16.2 million rubles of capital investments. Students worked in the Sakhalin and Irkutsk regions, in the Krasnodar Territory. As a result of the socialist competition, the regional detachment was awarded the challenge Red Banner of the Ministry of Agricultural Construction of the RSFSR.

1977 - 8206 fighters of the regional detachment (commander V. Usov, commissar V. Dvorakovsky) worked in the Krasnodar Territory, in the Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Alma-Ata regions, in Checheno-Ingushetia, in the Hungarian People's Republic. 17 million rubles of investments have been disbursed. 15 objects were awarded the "Student Quality Mark".

1978 - A detachment of 8984 people was formed (commander V. Usov, commissar V. Dvorakovsky). The detachments worked in the Tyumen region, on Sakhalin Island, in the Krasnodar Territory, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in Alma-Ata. Objects of the Omsk region: Chunaevsky pig fattening complex, Priirtyshskaya broiler poultry farm, indoor skating rink, CHPP-5, etc. In total, 18.5 million rubles of capital investments were mastered. For the fifth time, a student construction team from the Gödel University of Agrarian Sciences of the Hungarian People's Republic came to Omsk.

1979 - Omsk regional student detachment (commander V. Usov, commissioner S. Lipatov) consisted of 9600 people. His fighters worked at the All-Union shock Komsomol construction site - the Baikal-Amur Mainline, at regional shock construction sites. Students traveled to Sakhalin, the Krasnodar Territory, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and the Kazakh SSR. 19.2 million rubles of investments have been disbursed. For excellent work in the zone of the North, the Far East, Siberia, the Urals, the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League awarded the Omsk Regional Student Group with the challenge Red Banner of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League.

1980 - There are 10,665 fighters in the detachment (commander V. Usov, commissar S. Lipatov). Students worked in the Khabarovsk, Krasnodar Territories, in the Amur, Sakhalin, Kurgan, Alma-Ata regions, in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The international detachment "Friendship" traveled to the People's Republic of Mozambique. The shock objects of the region were the Chunaevsky pig farm, the Aromatika complex, CHPP-5, the Omsk and Irtysh poultry farms, and the Plastmass plant. For excellent work in the zone of the North, the Far East, Siberia and the Urals, the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League awarded the Omsk Regional Student Detachment with a challenge Red Banner.

1981 - The regional student detachment consisted of 10,722 people (commander V. Dvorakovsky, commissioner S. Privalova). The fighters of the detachment worked in the Hungarian People's Republic, in Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan, in Chechen-Ingushetia, at the All-Union shock Komsomol construction site - the Baikal-Amur Mainline, in the Sakhalin, Tyumen, Kurgan, Irkutsk regions and the Krasnodar Territory, at shock Komsomol construction sites in the Omsk region. In total, the fighters disbursed 21.2 million rubles of capital investments, of which 5,500 rubles were transferred to the Peace Fund.

1982 - In the regional student detachment (commander V. Dvorakovsky, commissioner S. Privalova) - 10869 fighters. Students worked in the Hungarian People's Republic, at All-Union shock construction sites - at BAM, in the Tyumen region, in the Krasnodar Territory, on Sakhalin, at construction sites in Omsk and the Omsk region. Addresses of the labor semester in the region and the city: Nadezhda greenhouse and greenhouse plant, the third stage of the Siberian broiler poultry farm, Priirtyshsky goose breeding plant, city pig slaughterhouse, Aromatika complex, CHPP-5. 21,263 thousand rubles of capital investments have been disbursed. The regional detachment was awarded the challenge Red Banner of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League and the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR.

1983 - The regional student detachment of 10,845 people (commander V. Dvorakovsky, commissioner S. Goncharuk) worked at the largest and most important construction projects in the region and the city: a complex for fattening a large cattle in with. Karpovka, Bolsherechensky milk powder plant, Luzinsky feed mill, etc. The fighters of the detachment worked in the Hungarian People's Republic, on the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline, in the Krasnodar Territory, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and fish processing in the Sakhalin Region.

On the repair of the Artyn orphanage, a detachment of gratuitous labor "Star" of the Pedagogical Institute worked.

According to the results of the All-Russian socialist competition of construction teams, the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. The All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League awarded the Omsk Regional Student Construction Team with a Certificate of Honor for the high quality of production activities, great political and mass work.

1984 - The number of the regional student detachment is 10,800 people (commander V. Dvorakovsky, commissioner A. Bryl). Students selflessly worked at the shock construction sites of the city, CHPP-5, treatment facilities, and the SK plant. The student groups of our region rendered great help to the workers of the Krasnodar Territory, Checheno-Ingushetia, Moldova, Chita and Magadan Regions, Alma-Ata, Semipalatinsk.

1985 - Year of the World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow. The fighters of the regional student detachment (commander A. Konovalov, commissar V. Lysenko) disbursed more than 20 million rubles of capital investments, 619 objects were put into operation.

The combined student team "Omich" worked during the preparation of the capital's festival facilities for the reception of participants in the XII World Festival of Youth and Students.

1986 - The All-Union student brigade is dedicated to the XXII Congress of the CPSU (commander A. Konovalov, commissar V. Lysenko). 20,022 thousand rubles of capital investments have been disbursed. A consolidated student team of 50 people from various universities in Omsk worked in the Kyiv region on the construction of housing (the Kommunar collective farm in the village of Fedorovka, Vyshgorod district) for people evacuated from Chernobyl.

36 construction teams worked in the Kalachinsky zone (commissar of the zonal SSO S. Nagaev). For 2 months, 3 million rubles were disbursed.

The OmSHI formed an international student group "Friendship-2" ("Baratshag"). Detachment commander G. Kunitsyn, commissioner E. Verevkin. 12 out of 30 students are Hungarian students at the University of Agricultural Sciences in Gödel. The fighters of the detachment worked on the construction of facilities of trust No. 3 SMU No. 3, participated in the construction of a tram depot.

The fighters of the regional detachment transferred more than 25,000 rubles to the aid fund for victims of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

1987 - Commander of the regional headquarters of linear student teams A. Konovalov, chief engineer of the regional headquarters of student teams S. Dobyl, commissioner E. Levchenko.

There were 20 research and production detachments, 64 detachments worked according to the team contract method. Funds earned during the days of unpaid labor were transferred to the development of the city of Gagarin, as well as to help youth unions in developing countries.

Regional construction projects in the summer: Luzino - construction of a feed mill. Kormilovka - elevator, Ust-Ishimsky district -

Highway Bolshaya Tava - Summer. City sites: airport, zonal school of Komsomol activists on the left bank, new production facilities of the Plastmass plant.

Mobile teams: picking tea, vegetables and fruits (Krasnodar, Checheno-Ingushetia), fishing teams (Sakhalin), construction of facilities (Primorye, Yakutia, Magadan region).

The movement "We design ourselves - we build ourselves" is expanding. SibADI students built 2 bridges.

The detachments spent 16.5 million rubles of capital investments.

1988 - Commander A. Konovalov, Commissioner E. Levchenko.

67% of the regional student brigade worked in organizations related to the implementation of the Food Program. There was a redistribution of students' efforts for the construction of rural facilities, 8 specialized groups of combine operators worked.

In the regional detachment, 34 rationalization proposals were introduced with an economic effect of 43.7 thousand rubles.

Soldiers of student groups repaired 46 club institutions. Prepared for the academic year 175 school sports halls.

A consolidated detachment of students - conductors "Express-88" worked, the backbone of which was made up of students of OMIIT.

1989 - In total in 1989, about 7,500 thousand students worked. 9.9 million rubles of installation work was spent in the Omsk region, Magadan (about 2 million rubles), in the Tyumen region (1.3 million rubles). Omsk detachments worked on Sakhalin, in the Krasnodar Territory, Checheno-Ingushetia.

Construction objects in Omsk: a new shoe factory, a kindergarten, a store, school No. 45, an airport in the village of Fedorovka (4 linear construction teams took part - about 100 people).

1990 - Commander of the Omsk regional headquarters of SO S. Palitsyn.

146 construction and 45 non-construction teams worked in the region total strength 5936 people. 10 million 372 thousand rubles have been disbursed. 421 fighters worked outside the region. According to the results of the regional social competition, the 1st place was taken by the united student squad SibADI.

For the first time, the Omsk regional headquarters of the SO on the basis of 6 universities in Omsk formed a student team of conductors to serve international trains. The train route passed through Prague, Warsaw, Berlin, Vienna.

1991 - This year there were 49 student construction teams, numbering 500 people, 5 teams of 385 people of non-construction profile. Mastered construction and installation works in the amount of 4.5 million rubles. 43 production facilities were built (including granaries, livestock buildings), 3 cultural centers were put into operation, 22 residential buildings were erected. 2 detachments of students took part in the laying of a narrow-gauge railway in difficult places in the Ust-Ishim region. Built 1 km of tracks.

Soldiers of student groups worked on the road - in Magadan and Sakhalin, in Kamchatka and in the Tyumen region, in the Krasnodar Territory and Chelyabinsk, in Igarka, Kazakhstan.

1992 - According to the regional headquarters of SO, the number of regional student teams was 1235 people. Of these, 1080 children left the region, and 155 worked on its territory. The regional headquarters sent 200 people to Sakhalin, 60 to Kamchatka, 6 to Tyumen, about 600 people to Krasnodar, 160 people to Magadan.

1994 - 745 people worked in the Omsk region and beyond. These are the “Omich” detachments of the Veterinary Institute, “Contact” and “Solnyshko” of the Transport Institute. They worked in the Tyumen region. SibADI students built a polyclinic in Omsk, a team from the Technical University built the Luzinsky pig farm.

1995 - Of the 200 regional and regional headquarters of the SOF, which worked in 1991 in the vast expanses of the USSR, only 40 remained. Among them is the Omsk headquarters of student detachments. 21 contracts were concluded, about 300 Omsk students found a job for the summer. Basically, these were students from those universities that traditionally stood at the forefront of construction team companies: transport academy, road institute, Technical University, OmGU. Students worked at the facilities of "Construction contract", "Construction contract-plus", "Construction restoration", as well as in the cities. Nizhnevartovsk, Neftyugansk, Surgut.

1997 - one detachment of the southern direction was assembled. AT last years construction team is undergoing changes. This is a detachment of work and rest of students. It is based on 20 educational institutions and consists of 110 people (the commander is the chairman of the association of student trade unions Galina Ivanovna Nevoit). They were picking fruit and tea.

1998 - Timid attempts to revive the MTR were made by the leadership of Omsk universities (polytechnic university, road transport academy). The detachments are mostly small (no more than 100 people). During this period, the SSOs created at the universities were engaged in the improvement of the territories of their universities, buildings, produced current and overhaul. Only construction teams from SibADI managed to go to the city of Adler to collect nuts. About 150 students worked at construction sites in the city, such as the Khudozhestvenny cinema, the ATC hospital on the street. Berezovaya, dental clinic on the street. Rabinovich and others.

1999 - In Sochi, a large group of students from Omsk worked to collect hazelnuts. It was planned to collect about 350 tons. Almost the entire crop was sent to the Babaev confectionery factory.

2002 - Modern student brigades were re-created at the initiative of the Youth Policy Department and the City Student Council. Basically, pedagogical teams operated in the city, which were engaged in organizing the leisure of children in summer time on the sites of the city. In total, there were 6 pedagogical detachments (5 in the districts and 1 in the scout center).

Together with the city student council, the construction team "Polytechnic" (OmSTU) was formed, which worked at the site of NPO "Mostovik" in the village. Hot key (80 people). The detachment was engaged in roofing work, restored the roadbed. SibADI offered students a job in the northern regions (Tyumen region, Nizhny Urengoy, Salekhard, Neftyugansk). Under the OmGUPS, a detachment "Explorer" (286 people) was created to work on railway transport.

According to various sources, in 2002, from 650 to 1,000 people worked as part of the Omsk student teams.

2003 - A mobile student group was formed, which worked in the Krasnodarchay association (Sochi). In the city of Omsk and the Omsk region, student teams "Mostovik" SibADI, the pedagogical team "Brig", and the team of OmGUPS guides traditionally worked.

2004 - At the initiative of students, with the support of the Ministry of Youth Affairs, physical education and sports of the Omsk region and the Association of trade union organizations of students of the Omsk region in November 2004 on the basis of the children's health camp "Beryozka" was held "I Regional Forum of student teams." The forum was attended by eighty students from 11 universities in Omsk and 2 branches of universities located in the city of Tara. The structure of the future headquarters of student teams was developed, proposals were prepared on the procedure for interaction with the Ministry of Youth Affairs, Physical Culture and Sports of the Omsk Region, elections were held for the Headquarters Commander and his deputies.

During the period from November 2004 to June 2005, under the leadership of the headquarters (commander of the regional headquarters Poteyko Aleksey Nikolaevich, first deputy commander Tsikunov Aleksey Andreevich), student detachments of various directions with a total number of 551 people were formed.

2005 - Commander of the regional headquarters A. N. Poteyko., First Deputy commander A. A. Tsikunov.

The largest detachment (351 fighters) - a detachment of conductors of passenger cars was formed on the basis of the Omsk State Transport University.

The soldiers worked on Far East- This is the student Putin squad "Ocean - 1", which worked as part of the consolidated All-Russian student squad "Primorye - 2005". The guys, consisting of 20 people, worked in Kamchatka, processing fish.

SSO "Granit" - a consolidated student team of 65 people under the guidance of specialists from NPO "Mostovik" carried out an engineering and geological survey of the foundations of the Assumption Cathedral.

As part of the consolidated student teams, the guys built a metro bridge, residential buildings, participated in the reconstruction of the SibADI educational building (a total of 77 fighters).

The fighters of the combined student pedagogical detachment "Brig", consisting of 38 people, worked as counselors in children's health camps.

2006 - Commander of the regional headquarters A. N. Poteyko, first deputy commander A. A. Tsikunov, commissioner Yu. N. Poteyko. In the 2006 season, the number of units of construction specialties increased by more than five times. 928 students of Omsk educational institutions worked as part of 39 construction teams of various directions. Student teams worked on almost all the landmark objects of our city, such as: Irtyshskaya Embankment, Assumption Cathedral, the building of the Administration of Omsk and the Legislative Assembly, residential microdistricts "Pribrezhny", "Stargorod", "Sibzavod", "12th microdistrict" .

Far away from native land two construction student teams worked, they were the Volzhanin MTR, which worked on the territory of the Vologda Oblast at the facility being built by the Mostovik NPO and the Start MTR, which worked in the village. Bolshereche (Omsk region) at the reconstruction of the communication center.

A detachment of guides (450 students) was formed from students from various universities in Omsk. In recent years, the need for such detachments has clearly manifested itself, and the annual order from the West Siberian Railway is growing.

In the summer of 2006, another unique tradition of the detachment movement was continued - Putin detachments engaged in fish processing in the Far East. One detachment was sent, consisting of both experienced fighters and newcomers.

In the summer of 2006, the detachments began work in a new service direction. The guys worked as promoters, waiters, loaders, a total of 353 people.

A very important and actively developing direction is the development of leader and pedagogical teams in the Omsk region, which became part of the Consolidated Regional Leadership Team, and then joined the teaching staff of 15 children health camps in the Omsk region. It was also possible to create a visiting student leader squad "Zvezda", which worked in the Leningrad region in the Children's health camp "City of Masters", a total of 212 fighters. The main engine of this direction at the headquarters is the year-round pedagogical detachment "Brig", which has existed for 16 years.

In total, 1943 fighters took part in the construction teams in the summer of 2006.

Thus, the Omsk regional student team has traveled a path of more than 40 years. There were ups and downs, mistakes, doubts and pride in a job well done. Let's wish the new generation of construction teams good luck on this difficult, but such a necessary and important path.

Bibliography:

Dvorakovsky V.V. With Komsomol fire in the chest (student construction teams of the Omsk region). Omsk: Book. publishing house, 1985.

There is little information about the special operations forces: these are young troops and they work under the heading “secret”. Fighters in balaclavas, their faces are not seen either in news stories or in photographs. These people silently and modestly carry out their task, but the results are talked about all over the world.

Special forces history

Troops special purpose were created in the 50s by a secret order, subordinate to the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff.

The first Soviet special forces could eliminate the commanders and influential politicians of the aggressor countries, destroy the complexes rocket launchers, aviation control points of aircraft or communication channels with nuclear submarines. Carrying out the assigned tasks, the special forces skillfully had to lead the enemy into a panic.

At the beginning of the 80s, there were 11 special forces brigades in the country. They fought in Afghanistan, Chechnya - their numbers grew. The commandos ceased to be a "piece" product, the fighters were used more and more often.

Special operations forces in the Russian Federation: formation

MTR - troops created to defend and protect the interests of Russia and its citizens anywhere in the world. This is a special forces that performs tasks in peacetime.

The history of the formation of the MTR of the Russian Armed Forces begins with the founding of special-purpose military units, on the basis of which, on March 5, 1999, the Specialist Training Center appeared. Part is located in Solnechnogorsk. The GRU group obeyed. Then it was called the Senezh Special Purpose Center. The fighters who underwent special training in the unit were nicknamed "sunflowers".

First fights new military unit adopted in Chechnya, during the second Chechen campaign.

Almost ten years later, during the reform of the RF Armed Forces, the special unit was reorganized into the Directorate of Special Operations, subordinate to the Chief of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces.

In April 2011, with the assistance of the FSB special forces, the formation of another Special Forces Center begins. TsSN is subordinate to the head of the GRU, located near Moscow. The unit was called the Kubinka-2 Special Purpose Center.

In March 2013, Russia announced that the country was preparing special operations forces. "Senezh" and "Kubinka-2" are part of the new forces.

Three years later, the marine department of special operations of the MTR was included in the Navy in the Crimea.

The first commander of the MTR of the Russian Armed Forces - Oleg Martyanov, 2009-2013 The command of the special operations forces remains one of the most closed structures of the armed forces of the Russian Federation.

Day of "polite people"

On February 26, 2015, the president signed the decree on the establishment of the day of special operations forces, the next day the fighters celebrated their first "day of polite people" - February 27.

A year before the signing of the decree, on the night of February 27, Russian fighters occupied all facilities of importance in ensuring the defense capability of Crimea, and part of the Ukrainian Armed Forces. The locals called the people in camouflage “polite” because they, performing a special task at a busy time, behaved with the Crimeans extremely courteously and modestly.

The emblem of the special operations forces is a bow with a stele on a bowstring pointing upwards. On the plumage of the arrow there are two spread wings.

Equipment of the soldiers of the MTR

The equipment and weapons of the special operations forces are unique. Equipment includes:

• headphones that muffle the sounds of battle and make it possible to talk through the built-in radio station (removed);
• the latest model Kalashnikov assault rifle with Picatinny rails, on which additional equipment can be attached;
• silent shooting devices;
• anti-fragmentation glasses;
• helmet - shockproof and anti-fragmentation;
• gun;
• mount for a night vision device;
• body armor - able to stop a bullet fired from a machine gun and a sniper rifle, with mounts for magazines with cartridges, grenades and a first aid kit;
• optical sight;
• camouflage with built-in elbow and knee pads;
• lightweight and durable tactical boots.

The equipment also includes: a tactical protection kit, an anti-fragmentation suit, a wetsuit, a diving kit, an unloading vest, and a thermal imaging monoculator.

The most unclassified is medical equipment.

Each specialist has:

1. Regular wearable medical kit.
2. Portable stretcher for carrying the wounded from the battlefield.
3. Means to stop bleeding - bandages, tourniquet or tourniquet, systems, saline, hemostatic.
4. Remedies for poisoning, antiseptics, painkillers, antishock, hemostatic.

The set weighs about 10 kg.

How Special Operations Forces Work

The occupation of the MTR fighters is conducting reconnaissance and sabotage behind enemy lines, as well as maintaining order in their rear.

The job comes with many hardships. Service in the army is at the limit, tickling the nerves, requiring the exertion of all forces and the readiness to sacrifice oneself for the sake of others.

The most important factor is the combat coherence of the team. Here you need absolute discipline, unconditional following the commander, and at the same time the ability to make independent decisions individually by each fighter.

Physical training is a necessary factor in the training of a specialist. Daily activities become a way of life. A warrior must have an absolute reaction in any situation, have the utmost endurance and endurance.

Equally important is the ability to work with modern weapons. This requires constant improvement of the professionalism of each specialist.

Work in a team, two and three, as part of a group is based on perfect interaction, the ability to literally understand comrades without words. Training brings to automatism every movement. Each warrior must not only know his own maneuver, but also be able to act instinctively and anticipate the actions of the enemy.

"Military Surgery"

Special Operations Forces Russian Federation are the military elite. The army group uses modern types of weapons and equipment, is well equipped and is ready at any time to perform combat mission under any conditions, anywhere in the world. The fighters are faced with the task of defending the interests of Russia and its citizens. Their work every day - every minute readiness for the immediate application of their skills.

These are special forces troops, they use methods of fighting that other troops do not use. The soldiers of the MTR are scouts, saboteurs, demolitionists, counter-saboteurs and partisans. They are paratroopers and divers, and use light weapon and PRK.

SOF in Syria

Accurate airstrikes were carried out thanks to the professionalism of the fighters. Specialists work in the deep rear, using the entire arsenal of special means of reconnaissance and enemy detection. And snipers with rifles do no less than bombers.

Correction of air strikes, elimination of terrorists and destruction of important objects - these are the tasks facing the MTR.

The Russian Armed Forces have been invited by the Syrian authorities. It was decided that it was better to stop the terrorists there than to wait for them in Russia. The MTR units found themselves in the thick of the confrontation. Skills acquired during training are used in combat conditions, skills are honed and professionalism is increased.

Unique MTR missions

Modern means of reconnaissance, surveillance and communications require extensive knowledge in the field of computer technology. Simulators using the latest electronics allow specialists to hone their skills and improve their professionalism in conditions as close as possible to combat.

Performing combat missions in different regions requires knowledge of the language of the host country, culture and folk customs.

Being in contact with the local population is an important factor in obtaining and implementing the information obtained. Great attention is paid to undercover operational and tactical-special training. Specialists must know perfectly the basic tactics and strategy of modern warfare.

They work under the heading "secret"

MTRs of the Russian Ministry of Defense use combat training systems. important place assigned to parachuting, fire training, mine-blasting and sapper business, tactics.

MTRs influence the economy and politics of other states with muscle and strength, but secretly. Foreign partisans are being trained, important objects are being destroyed, and interfering ones are being eliminated. MTR is in the USA, Germany, England, France, Israel. And they do not sit anywhere without work.

There were people in our country who performed the most important tasks all over the world, and they continue to do their job today.

All Russian special forces troops are fighting in the Caucasus with varying intensity, participating in special operations to destroy bandits and extremists.

Today, the Russian Armed Forces have 7 special forces brigades, as well as 4 detachments of combat swimmers.

A detachment of the MTR is worth an entire army

Only the best of the best get into the SSO. Applicants go through a rigorous selection process. According to the results of severe tests, it turns out whether a person is able to withstand difficult situations and not retreat from the most dangerous tasks.

Daily training is needed to be ready to perform any combat mission as clearly and efficiently as possible, quickly and creatively. Strength today special operations of the Russian Federation carry out direct work in the hottest spots of the planet.

The military elite of the country

The first special forces troops appeared in the GRU of the General Staff of the Russian Federation. Later, special units were formed in other law enforcement agencies and special services, designed for various tasks. For example, the TsSN FSB "Alpha" is fighting terror in transport, "Vympel" - at especially important facilities.

There are special forces in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in internal troops. The famous "maroon berets" are opposed by gangs and are the power support of the police. The task of the special forces of the FS OBNON is to fight the drug mafia. Special Forces of the Federal Penitentiary Service counteraction to riots in the penitentiary system - in Russian prisons and zones.

In the West, all special operations forces are brought into a single fist: land, sea, and air. In the Russian Federation, everything is divided. For several decades, the command has been trying to include aviation squadrons in the brigades, but so far to no avail.

But the leadership of the Russian armed forces has ceased to be ashamed of what it is doing in other countries. It declared its interests around the world and the goal of saving and protecting all Russian citizens: diplomats captured by extremists, sailors who fell into the hands of pirates, Russian citizens held hostage.

At the foot of Elbrus there is a stele to the Heroes of the Defense of Elbrus. Here, a Russian soldier defeated a division of selected German climbers in the war.

Russia returns to big story. It is argued that where the Russian soldier came, there will be peace, tranquility and justice. At the same time, we are talking not only about the special operations forces of the Russian Federation.

Military service at all times enjoyed great honor and respect in almost any existing state. After all, it is the troops that are the force that can protect the country from external aggression. It should be noted that the history of the development of military art has been going on since ancient times. Many of the modern principles of building armies were laid down in ancient Greece and Rome. Over time and gradual technical evolution, new devices and technologies were included in the activities of the military. This has led to the fact that in the 21st century the art of killing in most cases is realized remotely, using computers, missiles, drones, etc. However, there are tasks that simply cannot be handled remotely or with the help of machines. That is, it is necessary to involve people with a special level of training. Military of this type exist in every state. As a rule, they are combined into units. In the Russian Federation, there is a similar formation in the Armed Forces. It is engaged in the performance of special functions, and also has its own structure, staff and features, which will be discussed later in the article.

The concept of special units

The Special Operations Forces of the Russian Federation are special units in the structure of the Armed Forces, as already mentioned earlier. But few people understand what the category of "special units" is in general. As a rule, formations of this kind are created as part of the army, since it is in the conditions of hostilities that situations often arise that require a special approach. But there are also special units in the internal services, for example, the police, etc. Given this, we can conclude that special units are formations in the system of bodies involved in the comprehensive defense of the state, on whose shoulders the most dangerous and difficult in their mission essence.

Russian "analogue"

Special Operations Forces is a unit directly included in It was developed in 2009 as a result of the global reform of the entire defense sector of the state. The unit is assigned special tasks, which will be discussed in more detail later in the article. It should be noted that the Russian special operations forces report directly to the head of the RF Armed Forces. To date, the exact size of the special unit is unknown, since it is guarded by a special regime. As for the issue of equipment for the MTR, the command approached it quite professionally. In the activities of the unit, all available technical innovations in the field of military affairs are used. It should be noted that the staff of the special operations forces carries out its activities on the basis of a special service.

The main tasks of the division

The special operations forces of the Russian Federation are highly mobile units. Their employees have a special military training, which builds experience in performing important and dangerous tasks. In accordance with this, we can say that the main areas of work of the SSO are of a rather specific nature. They are usually implemented in a peaceful, war time both abroad and on the territory of the Russian Federation. It should be noted that the Russian special operations forces are a young unit. Many aspects and immediate goals of his work are still not fully known. However, we can say with confidence that the special operations forces are engaged in the implementation of the task of the same name, which, in turn, has its own peculiarities.

The concept of a special operation

The presented term characterizes the military process. It differs from ordinary operations in the specifics of its conduct, goals, and methods of activity of its subjects. First of all, it should be noted that a special operation is carried out by military units to protect the interests of the state in a particular territory. At the same time, such actions are considered special because it is simply impossible to implement them using conventional methods and means. That is, the subject composition of special operations is almost always highly qualified fighters of well-trained and highly mobile units. The methodological basis of their activities in most cases is the secrecy and secrecy of carrying out any actions. For this, the military special units undergo special psychological, combat, fire and other types of training. They are trained to operate both as part of a mobile group and individually behind enemy lines. The most common targets for special operations are:

Sabotage;

Sabotage;

Activities of a subversive nature, etc.

The history of the creation of the MTR

It has already been pointed out earlier that the special operations forces are a relatively young unit. AT modern form it didn't exist before. Its creation is preceded by a fairly long history. The MTR management body was created in 2009, when the general reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation began. Gradually, the structure of the new division developed and expanded. By 2012, the command of the special operations forces was created. It consisted of about nine special brigades. However, the actual creation of special operations forces began in 2013. At this time, the command of this formation began the implementation of planned work aimed at bringing the structure of these units into the proper form. According to Valery Gerasimenko, General of the Army, by March 23, 2013, the MTR personnel had already been actually formed. At this time, it was being prepared for direct use both on the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad. Around the end of April 2013, the Russian Armed Forces conducted exercises that were aimed at practicing practical actions in conditions as close as possible to real ones.

Unit structure

The special operations forces of the Russian Federation have their own internal structure, due to the need for prompt response to situations, the solution of which is within the scope of the unit. At the same time, the composition of the SSO, in turn, has an internal hierarchy that allows the distribution of functional responsibilities between individual structural elements. Thus, the special operations forces of the Russian Federation consist of the following elements:

• Direct command located in the Moscow region.
• Special center "Snezh", which is also located in the Moscow region. It should be noted that today this center is one of the main parts of the division presented in the article. Its task is not only to train fighters, but also to conduct special operations. Therefore, "Snezh" has a structure consisting of departments of different areas of activity, which will be discussed later.
• Special training center for specialists. In this division, direct training of personnel takes place. Here, in fact, are born Russian forces special operations. In addition, fighters from other special units of the Russian Federation are trained and retrained at the center.
• Similar to the "Snezh" combat center is "Cuba" or "Zazaborie", as it is commonly called.

Of course, there may be other special centers, but information about them can be strictly classified. This level of mystery around the MTR is not accidental. After all, the fighters of this unit carry out operations that are far from unambiguous. It should be noted that the world-famous SEAL division, the SEALs, also did not officially exist in the early stages of its development. Only with the passage of time was the fact of its creation and real activity revealed.

The structure of the special center "Snezh"

In order to at least roughly understand how the special operations forces of the RF Armed Forces work, it is necessary to consider in more detail the composition of the Snezh special purpose center, which was mentioned earlier in the article. It should be noted that in accordance with the tasks assigned to the MTR, the structure of the center includes a number of special departments. Each of them is responsible for maintaining combat training and performing specific functions. One of these departments is the airborne. The fighters serving in it, in accordance with the name, are constantly replenishing the arsenal of ways to penetrate the rear of the enemy directly by air. That is, there is a strong emphasis on skydiving, as well as flights by means of paragliders. The fighters of this department are comparable to employees, but their activities and landing methods are kept secret.

There is also a special mining unit. Its fighters specialize in activities and survival in appropriate conditions. As we know, the conduct of special operations in the mountains has an increased level of risk, which necessitates the need for special training of fighters. The same requirements are put forward for employees who work in the department for the destruction and capture of enemy infrastructure, that is, buildings, headquarters, bunkers, etc.

Multi-purpose in its essence is the department of special operations of the Naval Forces. Most often it is referred to as the sea. This formation is a competitor of the "fur seals" of the United States of America. Because its activity is based on the fulfillment of the task in the waters of lakes, rivers and seas. As a rule, fighters do their work from watercraft. In addition, the functional tasks of the department include the performance of reconnaissance operations, sabotage on the water bodies the enemy and those that are directly on the shore.

No less important and functional is the department specializing in the protection of high-ranking government officials. In this case, its functions at some points overlap with the activities of the Federal Security Service.

Additional structural departments special center"Snezh" are withdrawal and support units. In the first case, we are talking about formations that are engaged in the withdrawal of individual groups of SOF from the rear of the enemy or the place of the operation. Today, the withdrawal can be carried out both by air, by land and by water. The remaining divisions of the center are engaged in material support and communications. It should be noted that on the territory of "Snezh" there are special complexes that are used to provide fighters and maintain their combat form.

Russian special operations forces: how to get there?

Some young people would like to get into this division. To date, the recruitment process for service in the special operations forces of the Russian Federation is not exactly known. The composition of the unit, according to unclassified data, is completed at the expense of contract servicemen. That is, without exception, all employees are professional fighters, and not people who are serving in the military. In addition, many specialists of the unit enter it after graduating from special military educational institutions, which provide for certain faculties. These today are the Ryazan Higher Airborne Command School, and also. Nevertheless, it is possible that personnel in the MTR are also replenished by recruiting people who are already serving in units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Conflicts involving the unit

To date, special operations forces have officially been involved in the territory of the state of Syria. In this country, the unit was engaged in ground reconnaissance of the area to ensure the conduct of air strikes. At the same time, the activities of the unit are confirmed by a fact that was also covered in the media. According to the official version, near Palmyra in March 2016, the SSO fighters liberated the city. Due to the superior forces of the enemy, one of the employees special forces was killed. In addition to military operations in Syria, there are many unofficial reports about the activities of the SOF in other military conflicts, for example, in the North Caucasus in the process of fighting Islamists. The most controversial is the fact of the participation of the fighters of the mentioned unit in the Crimean crisis.

Emblem of the special unit

The special operations forces of Russia, the emblem of which is presented in the article, have a special symbolism. First of all, it is represented by a common sign that exists in all military formations in Russia. The emblem of the MTR of the Russian Federation is a gray wreath, at the top of which there is a reduced emblem of the Armed Forces of Russia, namely: a double-headed golden eagle. In the center of the sign of the special operations forces is a bow, the bowstring of which is pulled by an arrow with wings. This symbol also has a golden color.

So, in this article, photos of the special operations forces of the Russian Federation were presented. We also found out the main tasks and composition of this unit. Let's hope that soon there will be more information about the activities of the MTR, which will make it possible to judge the quality of the work of this unit.

Soldiers of the All-Union Shock Komsomol Detachment leave for shock construction sites in the Soviet country

All-Union Student Construction Teams(construction teams, VSSO) - the Komsomol all-Union program of the Central Committee of the Komsomol for students of higher, secondary vocational and primary educational institutions, forming temporary labor collectives, for voluntary work in their free time (as a rule, summer holidays) to various objects of the national economy Soviet Union, bearing a state and all-encompassing character in the USSR.

All-Union Student Construction Detachment (VSSO) - form of organization paid work studying youth, organized on the basis of official regulations of the state. Since it was about work in their free time from their main studies (that is, studies), and the bulk of these workers were students, this form received the well-established name of the “labor semester”.

First labor semester Soviet students passed in the summer of 1924, when the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the People's Commissariat of Labor and Education issued the first instruction on the practice of students in the summer. The organization of the work of students during vacations at industrial and agricultural enterprises of the country, this document assigned to the Komsomol organizations of universities, instructing the leadership of the host organizations and the relevant people's commissariats and departments to provide them with the necessary assistance in this. Later, taking into account the legal subtleties associated with the involvement of persons who were students (including minors), educational ministries, the State Committee for Labor and Social Affairs and other departments of the USSR issued a number of documents that put this work in a clear legal field .

In the 1920s, the first to respond to the call to start a working semester were students of the Moscow State Technical University. N. E. Bauman. In 1933, 350 thousand representatives of university youth were already working on the construction sites of the five-year plan. "Workers" worked on the construction of Magnitogorsk and Dneproges, the Moscow Metro, the Moscow-Omsk railway, harvesting in the Moscow region and Ukraine, logging in the north and Siberia. The first post-war student labor brigade was formed in 1948 in Leningrad. Its core was made up of students of the Polytechnic Institute. They went to the construction of the Neppovskaya and Lozhgolovskaya hydroelectric power stations in the Leningrad Region.

The decision to create the first student brigade was made on October 13, 1958 at the IXth reporting and election conference of the Komsomol organization of the Physics Department of Moscow State University. The spring of 1959 is considered to be the moment of the emergence of student teams, when 339 students of physics from the Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov went to Tselina in the North Kazakhstan region (Bulaevsky district), where they built 16 objects, completing the amount of work in the amount of 250 thousand rubles . During the summer they managed to build 12 houses, a calf-house, two poultry-houses and a rabbit-house. Soon, students from other universities began to arrive in Tselina.

Impact construction

• 1967 - VAZ was declared the All-Union shock Komsomol construction site
• 1971 - KAMAZ was declared the All-Union shock-Komsomol construction site (until the first car in 1976)
• 1974 - BAM was declared the All-Union shock-Komsomol construction site (until the golden crutch in 1979)
• 1978 - The next All-Union shock-Komsomol construction was announced - the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station.
• 1979 - Detachments worked at BAM, Primorye, Tyumen oil fields.

An All-Union rally of members of student groups is being held in Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR.

• 1982 - Participation of the MTR in the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline.
• 1985 - Construction teams participate in the shock Komsomol construction site of KATEK.

The peak of SO development in the USSR falls on the same year: applications were submitted from ministries and departments to attract 2 million students, the number of the All-Union student brigade amounted to 830 thousand people. By the mid-1980s, 12.758 million students had passed through the SSO.

In the summer of 1986, MTR soldiers participate in shock construction projects in the USSR - Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station, BAM, KATEK, Ekibastuz, Tyumen gas fields. Hundreds of volunteers went to the Kyiv region to build housing for Chernobyl survivors. In Tajikistan, fighters of student groups helped to eliminate the consequences of the earthquake. Thanks to student groups, the cities of Ust-Ilimsk and Bratsk were founded.

Organizational structure

The formation of the VSSO was under the supreme jurisdiction of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, where for this purpose in 1969 it was created Central Headquarters of the All-Union Student Construction Detachment(VSSO). Similar headquarters were created in the republican committees of the Komsomol. In the RSFSR, as well as in Ukraine and other major republics with a regional (territorial) division, regional-level headquarters were created (under the jurisdiction of the respective regional committees / regional committees of the Komsomol). In other republics - for example, Georgia, - the headquarters of the VSSO (in the early 1980s, Lordkipanidze, secretary of the Central Committee of the Komsomol of Georgia, was its commander) was created directly under the Central Committee of the Komsomol.

These headquarters were in charge of the formation, on the one hand, of the list of facilities where students were to work in the current year, and on the other, the distribution of these facilities between higher and secondary specialized educational institutions of the respective republics, which formed linear student construction teams (LSO). The formation of the VSSO, depending on the size and structure of the educational institution, was organized either by the “big committee” (VLKSM) of the university, or distributed among the faculty committees of the VLKSM.

During the production period, in the summer, the regional structure for managing construction teams on the basis of location became more active. After all, the objects on which LSO worked were outside the cities, regions, and often the republics in which construction teams were formed. The republican, regional and regional committees of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League entrusted the tasks of managing them to the commanders and members of the regional headquarters appointed by them. Apart from regional, regional etc. (corresponding to the units of the administrative division of the USSR), in some cases also formed zonal. For example, in the early 1980s in the North Caucasus (Pyatigorsk, Mineralnye Vody, Nalchik), the work of the VSSO, which included student citizens of other countries, was supervised by the zonal headquarters of the VSSO "International" with headquarters in Kislovodsk.

Symbols of construction teams

As a rule, chevrons and signs of a particular detachment or group of detachments were sewn onto the jacket of a construction team fighter. There were signs "VSSO" - an all-Union student construction team, later replaced by a chevron "LSO" - a linear student team; signs of regional associations, chevrons of an educational institution and a specific detachment. Some of the chevrons were made centrally, for example, "LSO", "LSO commander", "Central headquarters of student detachments", the rest were made separately by each detachment or headquarters, usually by silkscreen printing.

Since 1962, badges began to be issued centrally for construction teams - first "Student Virgin Construction" (from 1962 to 1973), then "Student Construction Teams" (from 1968 to 1972) and, finally, "All-Union Student Team" (from 1973 to 1992) . Commemorative badges and pennants were issued in small editions, both centrally and in the republics, territories, regions and, of course, cities and universities. Small editions were made even for individual student groups (for anniversaries and other memorable dates).

Brief Construction Brigade Dictionary

Construction team fighter

• Line Detachment Headquarters- the governing body of the LSO, consisting of the commander, commissar, foreman, supply manager, treasurer and doctor of the detachment.
• Construction team headquarters- to manage activities within the framework of the construction team movement in the USSR, a hierarchy of headquarters was created: from the all-Union level to the republican (territorial) and regional - as part of the Central Committee of the Komsomol of the corresponding administrative-territorial units, and, at the functional level - the headquarters of the Komsomol committees of higher and secondary special educational institutions that were in charge of the formation of the main "working units" - linear construction teams (LSO). Each LSO (or simply, a construction team) created its own headquarters (see below Line Detachment Headquarters).

commander of all construction teams of the Leningrad State University in 1980-84. was, ex officio, the secretary of the Komsomol committee of the Leningrad State University, now the first deputy Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation A. I. Bastrykin, the chief of staff is the current philosopher and political scientist, professor A. I. Strebkov.

• Line squad leader- Head of LSO. By position, the position is elective; in Soviet time the commander of the LSO was appointed by the Komsomol committee after the approval by the party committee (party bureau) of the educational institution that formed the linear construction team (LSO). Carried ultimate responsibility to the bodies that appointed and approved him for all aspects of the activities of the LSO, including those delegated, in accordance with their duties and competence, to the foreman and other members of the LSO headquarters.

Commander - chief manager of funds LSO cash desks, position with right of first signature on the financial documents of the detachment (see also below Treasurer and manager).

First commander in 1980, for work in the Kavminvod area as part of the zonal construction team "International") was in 1980 one of the current heads of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation A. I. Rodenkov, the second (in 1981) was a prominent scientist and economist, Professor V. M. Shavshukov .

• commissioner- Head of the detachment on a par with the commander. Formally, the position of MTR commissar was "elected", but the selection and approval for it was the exclusive prerogative of the party committee (party bureau) of the educational institution, which acted on the basis of the formal presentation of the "chosen" candidate by the Komsomol committee. As a general rule, members of the CPSU, candidates for members of the CPSU or Komsomol activists included in the unspoken "queue" for admission to the CPSU were appointed to the commissars. Often, not students were sent as commissars of the VSSO, but graduate students or junior employees from the teaching staff. Responding, like army political officers, for political and cultural work, the commissars became the head of the non-statutory Komsomol organization of the VSSO, having the right to raise the issue at its meetings, up to the exclusion of violators from the Komsomol (and the university).

First Commissioner international LSO "Optimum" (first formed at the Faculty of Economics of the Leningrad State University in 1980 for work in the Kavminvod area as part of the zonal construction team "International") was the current Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Finance of the Russian Federation A. L. Kudrin.

• Master- responsible organizer and producer of the LSO work, its "foreman". In the next season of work of construction teams, he was the first (sometimes together with the future commander, if one had already been appointed), to begin preparing the scope of work (and in case of incompetence of the "political appointees" to the commanders, he took over these functions in full). I left no later than February-March of the current year (if necessary, together with lodgers) to the place of the future deployment of SALW, entered into negotiations with the leadership of state contractors and subcontractors, receiving lists of objects from them and - which is far from unimportant! - Approximately coordinating the estimate and prices of these works. With the beginning of work, he distributed the volumes accepted by him for execution between foremen construction team; made proposals to the headquarters of the MTR on the distribution of the fund of accrued wages between brigades in accordance with labor participation rate(KTU; although this payment scheme was officially recommended, in practice some units circumvented it). Participated in daily planning meetings host construction organization (if there were several objects, they could also receive foremen interested in resolving issues of supplying their sites) as a foreman, resolving all issues of supplying the site with materials and tools. He bore ultimate responsibility for issues that were directly under the control of foremen: compliance with safety regulations, labor discipline, etc .; submitted to the host organization documents on the assignment of construction and other qualifications to members of the detachment, as well as on making entries in their work books.

The organizer of the first trip, and then master international LSO "Optimum" (first formed at the Faculty of Economics of the Leningrad State University in 1980 for work in the Kavminvod area as part of the zonal construction team "International") was the economist A.V. which formed the design of his sleeve patch, used in 1980-84).

• Brigadier- by general definition, the head of a functional unit of a larger site (construction site, workshop, etc.) performing the corresponding production task, with the direct participation of the foreman in these works along with other members of his team (that is, the position does not imply release from the main job). An intermediary in relations between members of his brigade and higher management (in the LSO - foreman and commander) in resolving issues, primarily, the logistics of the front of work and their payment. The LSO usually had at least 2-3 brigades, numbering from 5-10 to 15 or more people, depending on the type of activity. As a rule, student brigades were formed in the host organization as an independent structural unit (along with other brigades). However, due to the specifics of the facility, students could be included in the units already existing at the enterprise (construction site, etc.) under the guidance of professional foremen; in this case, the senior in experience from this group - while maintaining the status in his LSO foreman- was a "deputy" foreman-professional.

The foremen of the international LSO "Optimum" (formed at the Faculty of Economics of the Leningrad State University; worked in the Kavminvod area as part of the zonal construction team "International") were in 1980-82. well-known now: scientist and politician Andrei Illarionov and publicist Dmitry Travin.

• apartment owner- non-systemic name of the functional position, performed by certain leaders of the detachment (commander, foreman, foremen; sometimes the future detachment also traveled as part of the tenants cook) in the preparatory period for SALW. The costs of sending lodgers to the places of the future deployment of the detachment were assumed by the headquarters of the MTR of the educational institution or the district detachment. When deciding on the expediency of the business trip itself, this headquarters drew up the relevant travel documents and accepted financial reports on them in the prescribed form. Behind the cases of attributing expenses on business trips of lodgers to the account of funds individually earned by members of the detachment, there were, as a rule, abuses (the absence of an operational need for a preliminary departure to an already equipped place of deployment; attempts to pay twice for the same fare, from two sources - railway .tickets were not registered - and so on.)

• manager, head of the economic part - a financially responsible position in the detachment, which involved the acceptance for storage of property and valuables acquired at the expense of funds LSO cash desks(that is, from the money transferred to the caretaker by the treasurer) or transferred to the detachment by its members or the organization that formed the detachment, for temporary economic use (for example, kettles, pots). Combining the duties of supply manager and treasurer was a serious (but alas, not uncommon) violation of financial discipline and served as a source of serious financial abuse in some VSSOs. In itself, the presence of a caretaker in the leadership structure of the LSO was due, first of all, to the need to organize their own food station, kitchen. In these cases, the duties of the supply manager were performed, concurrently, cook detachment.

• Treasurer- a materially responsible position, the content of which, according to the Rules of Conduct in force in the USSR accounting and reporting, corresponded to the duties of the organization’s cashier, who, as an exception, combined this position with the functions of a “senior accountant as a chief accountant”. The keeper Money (LSO cash desks) and responsible for reporting on their movement. In the financial documentation of the LSO - the head with right of second signature (right of first signature belonged to the commander of the LSO as the manager of the detachment's funds).

• Detachment Doctor. As a rule, two doctors (the so-called. sandwich), the main of which (determined on the basis of qualifications) was ex officio part of the headquarters of the LSO. In the overwhelming majority of LSOs, students and post-graduates of medical universities worked as physicians. However, with the consent of the chief doctor of the district (zonal) detachment, who was responsible for the formation of this part of the construction detachment contingent, the LSO doctor and his assistant could be appointed other persons with a secondary or higher medical education. "Medbrat" ("nurse") were not obliged to work at the production sites together with the detachment, but, as a rule, joined some of his brigade in order to receive additional labor earnings.

Like squad master, his doctor started work long before the departure: he was responsible for collecting documents for the mandatory medical examination of those leaving, and if the detachment traveled to encephalo-hazardous and other areas critical to health, to receive the necessary vaccinations. Only the largest universities in the country (the rank of Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv universities) had their own polyclinics, on the basis of which it was possible to successfully conduct medical examinations and vaccinations in an organized manner. In other cases, doctors from other detachments had to "run" after the construction detachments almost until the day of departure, demanding relevant certificates from them. However, the doctor had the right to forbid the departure of such negligent ones: after all, in the event of illness, infection or death of a soldier who did not submit a certificate, the law placed the doctor of the detachment (and its commander) in full responsibility.

• Squad chef- another (like doctors) necessary position, thanks to which the composition of the detachment, assembled on the basis of some highly specialized faculty or technical school (physics, mathematics, philosophers, etc.), was “diluted” with representatives of other educational institutions, specialties, creating favorable prerequisites for "cross-cultural" communication. There are no statistics on what percentage of cooks were students and graduates of culinary technical schools, and what percentage were self-taught from among “their” students. However, in any case, the appointment to the position of a cook required the candidate to obtain a SES certificate in advance, and implied regular communication with medical and sanitary and epidemiological services throughout the LSO work season. According to the statistics of the Leningrad State University, out of about 50 construction teams, less than half actually had their own kitchen (and, accordingly, cooks) - namely, those who worked far from civilization. In the rest of the detachments, meals were provided in nearby and / or factory canteens (in these cases, not from the funds of a common boiler, but at their own expense); however, in case of emergency, the presence of a person with a SES certificate was also required in these units.

• Sandvyka- cm. squad doctor.

• Glavhud- chief art director

• "Ladle"- cm. squad cook

• "Chronicler"- maintains an annals of detachment affairs

• Fighter- a member of the detachment who has worked at least one virgin lands

• virgin soil- place of work and residence of the detachment (summer)

• Tselinka- both ceremonial and work clothes (jacket) of the members of the detachment, the subject of special pride of each fighter

• construction, fighting- another name for the jacket of a construction team fighter, used in the European part of Russia, the jackets of fighters of pedagogical student teams, student teams of guides and medical student teams are also called.

• Old man- a fighter of the detachment who has worked for 3 years (virgin lands) or more

Traditions and holidays of various units

In various construction teams, formed by universities and technical schools throughout the country, the USSR, various traditions and holidays were formed and maintained. The list below (as well as this entire article originally) was compiled from the annals of only one of them (obviously, the Almagest of the PM-PU Leningrad State University named after A. A. Zhdanov).

Burying the green serpent- an action that takes place 1-2 days before departure to the virgin lands. The goal is to stop (from now on) drinking alcohol for the duration of the labor landing.

Virgin New Year (from July 31 to August 1); March 8(8 August); February 23(July 23); The 14th of February(August 14). These days, members of the detachment prepare gifts made by themselves, draw postcards to each other, congratulate the authorities, send telegrams to other detachments. There are many different holidays in the virgin lands. For example, Sports Day, courtesy day, Neptune Day, Builder's Day, Draw Day, anarchy day etc., etc. The choice is at the discretion of the detachment.

DMB - day of the young fighter. On this day, the headquarters of the detachment is selected from young fighters from the first virgin lands. They change places with the "oldies" and "build" them. The next day everything goes back to normal...

Baptism, Initiation into greenery- the day when new fighters are tested for courage, endurance. As a rule, this day is unexpected, and becomes the most memorable in the virgin lands. Tests are difficult and easy, but fun and imaginative.

Once a season, the headquarters of some district and zonal detachments organized festivals and other holidays, which brought together all the construction teams of the region. Headquarters ZSO "International" ( North Caucasus) held such festivals in Kislovodsk. Their agenda included sports competitions, and, of course, amateur construction brigade competitions.

Dissolution

In September 1991, the XXII Extraordinary Congress of the Komsomol considered the political role of the Komsomol as a federation of communist youth unions to be exhausted and announced the self-dissolution of the organization. Thus, with the self-dissolution of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, the movement of student detachments practically disintegrated (Cessation of the activities of the Central Headquarters of the SO). However, in Sverdlovsk region the Sverdlovsk Regional Student Detachment has been preserved and continues to work, which includes several dozen construction teams, pedagogical teams and teams of conductors.

Notable members

Many went through the school of construction teams famous people of our country: Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, ex-mayor of Moscow Yuri Luzhkov, deputy mayor of Moscow Lyudmila Ivanovna Shvetsova, ex-governor of the Krasnoyarsk Territory