Why do the ovaries swell in men. Why do testicles swell? Inflammatory process of the seminal appendage

Thanks to their anatomical features, men very often suffer from various diseases of the genitourinary system. This is large group, which includes both benign pathology and malignant. Men may experience a variety of symptoms. Among them, a special place is occupied by an increase in the size of the testicles, in particular the right one. A similar symptom may indicate the development of dropsy, epididymitis, tumors and other diseases. Whatever the reason for the enlargement of the right testicle, you should immediately consult a doctor. A similar sign in guys is almost always clearly visible, since normally the testicles resemble egg. They are dense and elastic to the touch, their surface is even.

In the event that the male sex glands are changed, then this is a reason to seek medical help. It must be remembered that swelling is primarily a symptom, under which any pathology lies. Many sick men put off going to the doctor, while self-medicating. All this can eventually lead to complications, because it is the testicles that are involved in the production of spermatozoa. In advanced cases, sexual function can be significantly impaired, up to infertility. Let us consider in more detail why the right testicle in a man is swollen, what is the etiology, additional symptoms and treatment of this condition.

Causes of swelling

Testicles swell for various reasons. Conventionally, all etiological factors can be divided into testicular and non-testicular. The first group includes various traumatic injuries (bruises, hematomas), tumor-like formations (carcinoma, sarcoma), cancer. Diseases such as tuberculosis, epididymitis, abscess, syphilis, orchitis, filariasis can lead to an increase in the size of the right testicle. Often the scrotum can be enlarged on the right, but the testicle itself is not involved in the process. This is caused by the development of dropsy, hematocele, varicocele and other reasons. In some cases, swelling is observed during the development of a hernia.

For men, it will be useful to know that it is necessary to regularly examine the scrotum, in particular the testicles. This is done in order to timely detect changes, including swelling. It is best to examine a testicle in a man after a hot shower or bath. The thing is that in warm water the scrotum relaxes and the testicles descend, while it will be much easier to identify the swelling.

Inflammation of the appendage

A large testicle may be a symptom of epididymitis. Epididymitis is an inflammatory process in the epididymis. What causes this pathological condition? In most cases, epididymitis develops against the background of infection in the genitourinary system. It can be various viruses, bacteria, chlamydia. Of great importance in the development of epididymitis are sexually transmitted infections, such as trichomoniasis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes. Most often, epididymitis is a complication of the underlying disease of the genitourinary system.

A large right testicle can be observed after suffering parotitis, tuberculosis, inflammation of the prostate gland or urethra. A man's testicle swells with trauma, the use of certain medications, such as Amiodarone. Epididymitis is manifested by the development of swelling of the testicles. Can swell both right and left. Along with this, men are concerned about pain in the groin and scrotum, which may increase with defecation or urination. In men, there is a burning sensation during urination, pain during ejaculation, a feeling of discomfort. Often the body temperature rises. There is often blood in the seminal fluid.

Diagnosis and treatment of epididymitis

Testicular edema is one of the many symptoms that indicates inflammation of the testicular appendages. To make a correct diagnosis, the doctor must collect an anamnesis of life and disease, evaluate the results of laboratory tests. Diagnostic value has a general analysis of blood and urine, ultrasound of the scrotum, specific tests for chlamydia and gonorrhea. In some cases scanning is used. To identify the causative agent of the infection, you will need to do a urine culture. This may take a long time.

Since swelling with epididymitis in most cases is caused by the development of pathogenic microflora, treatment includes the use of antibiotics. It is preferable to prescribe drugs from the group of tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones, such as Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline. What to do besides taking antibiotics? Therapy includes physiotherapy, taking painkillers (with severe pain syndrome). For men, rest and limitation of physical activity are important.

Hydatid torsion

If in men the right testicle is swollen, then this may indicate the development of torsion. This pathology is a torsion of the epididymis around the pedicle. The appendage itself is located at the upper pole of the testicle. In men, this condition is very rare, most often it occurs in children due to the underdevelopment of connective tissue. Why do testicles enlarge with torsion? The main causes of this disease are injuries, hypothermia, strong emotional arousal. As a result of all this, a strong muscle contraction occurs, which contributes to torsion.

If the injury was on the right side, then the right testicle is larger than the left. This is one of the symptoms, but not the only one. At the initial stage, men experience pain, swelling in the affected area (in the right or left testicle), hyperemia. Later, the swelling begins to disappear, and a bean-sized mass appears on the affected area, this is the hydatida. A dangerous complication of this pathology can be necrosis and melting of the scrotum, so it is necessary to use surgical methods of treatment in the first stages. As a diagnosis, a simple method of transillumination (diaphanoscopy), ultrasound is used.

Testicular edema with varicocele

Swelling of the right testicle is a sign of the development of varicocele in men. This is a very common pathology, which occurs in about 15-17% of cases in men. Most often, varicocele is diagnosed in adolescence. Varicocele is a varicose vein in the spermatic cord. Most men live with him and do not experience any discomfort. The danger of this condition is that it can lead to infertility. In addition, some patients experience pain over time. Interestingly, the right testicle is affected much less frequently than the left.

The cause of this disease is the poor functioning of the valves that prevent the reverse flow of blood in the veins. This contributes to the overflow of the veins and their expansion. The testicle is surrounded by a venous network, which affects temperature regime. It is known that for normal spermatogenesis, the testicle must be periodically cooled. In this situation, this does not happen. Swelling of the right or left testicle is a sign of a varicocele. An increase in the size of the scrotum is characteristic of stage 3 of the disease, when dilated veins in the form of clusters are observed. The treatment for varicocele is surgery.

Testicular neoplasms

Swelling of the right or left testis may indicate the development of a neoplasm.

Malignant tumors and cancer are the most unfavorable causes. This issue is very relevant in view of the fact that tumors are increasingly being detected in young men aged 15 to 30 years. In the general structure of neoplasms, they have a low share - only 1%. An interesting fact is that tumors in most cases are unilateral. With the development of cancer of the right or left testicle, the risk of a tumor on the other half of the scrotum increases. The most common cause of tumor development is cryptorchidism. What it is?

Cryptorchidism is characterized by undescended testicles into the scrotum. Against this background, seminoma often develops. Infections (HIV), malnutrition, and traumatic injuries are important. The most common tumors are seminoma, sarcoma, teratoma. The most important symptoms of a tumor are testicular hardening and enlargement. Pain may be absent. In some cases, gynecomastia is detected in men. Some tumors can metastasize to other organs. Diagnosis consists in the determination of onco-markers, ultrasound and other methods. Treatment is operative. Additional methods treatments are chemotherapy, radiation therapy.

Traumatic injuries

Testicular edema is characteristic of trauma. Injuries can be closed or open. With subcutaneous lesions, pain is observed, shock may develop. It occurs when kicking, when riding a bicycle. If a subcutaneous hemorrhage occurs in men, then the scrotum swells, its color becomes cyanotic. The right testicle or the left testicle is dense, painful on palpation. It is enlarged. If the bruise is not strong, superficial, then all the symptoms disappear after a while. Otherwise, organ necrosis is possible. In the presence of a hematoma or abscess, compresses are prescribed, opening and drainage are indicated.

It must be remembered that, despite the vulnerable location of the testicles, swelling can pass quite quickly, they restore their function. This occurs because the testicles cushion on impact, which reduces injuries. First aid for testicular injury consists in the use of painkillers, resting the scrotum, giving an elevated position. You can use cold compresses, supporting bandage. If the swelling and pain do not disappear after a few hours, then you should consult a doctor.

Thus, testicular edema (swelling) is a sign of various diseases and external influences. The most significant of them are tumors, epididymitis, hernias, testicular injuries, adnexal torsion. An enlarged testicle is a reason to see a doctor, as otherwise complications are possible, up to infertility. Many people ignore the fact why the right testicle is larger than the left, or vice versa. Only when other symptoms join does the person think about it.

The testicles are an important organ that provides sexual function in men, so treatment should be primarily aimed at eliminating the underlying cause of this disease.

Men are just as susceptible to diseases of the genitourinary system as women. Currently, there are many different pathological conditions in which the genital organs of men suffer. These include various infectious diseases (syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, candidiasis), neoplasms (benign and malignant), and inflammatory processes. Very often, some diseases are manifested by symptoms such as testicular enlargement, soreness. In some cases, the right or left egg suffers. Often both testes are involved in the process.

It should be noted that the left egg in men is most exposed to harmful factors due to its location. Pain and swelling can be the result of an injury or a more formidable disease, such as cancer. It is important that such clinical manifestations significantly worsen the quality of life of a sick person. In some cases, such symptoms, when the process is running, lead to impaired sexual function and even infertility. Therefore, it is very important to make an accurate diagnosis in time and prescribe therapeutic measures. Let us consider in detail what to do if the left testicle is swollen and hurts, what is the etiology, accompanying symptoms and treatment of this pathology.

Why does the testicle grow and hurt

If the egg swells, then you need to see a doctor. To be able to determine the cause of pain and swelling, you need to imagine the structural features of the scrotum. The scrotum is a leathery sack that contains the testes (male sex glands). Appendages are attached to the testicles. In addition, in the scrotum is the initial section of the spermatic cords. Thus, the pathology of any of the listed structures can become the cause of pain and swelling. Today in medical practice the most common cause soreness and swelling is hydrocele, varicocele, inguinal-scrotal hernia, epididymitis, egg inflammation and some other conditions.

If the testicles are swollen, this indicates an infection. Many microorganisms (cocci, viruses, fungi, chlamydia, unicellular) act as an infectious agent. The most serious reason that the left testicle or right is swollen is neoplasms. If the left testicle hurts, then a bruise could serve as an etiological factor. Among all the causes, there are those that require emergency medical attention. This refers to egg torsion. It is also important that visually sometimes it is not the testicle itself that swells, but the scrotum. At the same time, fluid can accumulate in it, which often looks like inflammation of the testes themselves.

Inguinal-scrotal hernia

If the left testicle is swollen, then this may indicate the presence of a hernia. A similar condition occurs when part of the contents of the intestine enters the scrotal cavity. This occurs most often due to the weakness of the inguinal ring. Heavy physical exertion, overstrain can contribute to the weakening of the tissue of the inguinal ring. This increases the pressure in the abdominal cavity, which provokes the exit of the hernial sac into the inguinal canal and scrotum. This pathological condition is typical for men of mature and advanced age. Sometimes a hernia can develop in a newborn child in violation of embryogenesis.

The risk factor is overweight men, the presence of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. What are the symptoms of this pathology? Inguinal-scrotal hernia always has clear symptoms. It causes swelling in the groin area. If the contents descend into the scrotum itself, then it increases in size. It is important that the sizes are very large. It all depends on the degree of the disease. When a hernia is infringed, patients experience sharp pain. Reddening of the skin is characteristic.

Diagnostics and therapeutic measures

Diagnosis of a hernia involves the collection of information from the patient. Of particular value are the patient's complaints of pain, the presence of swelling. This indicates a hernia. But with its small size, it is difficult to make an accurate diagnosis. In this situation, they resort to other diagnostic methods. For this, ultrasound and contrast radiography are used. The latter can give an idea of ​​what is in the hernial sac. To determine the presence of infringement, you will need to use a cough test.

It is carried out very easily. It is necessary to put a hand on the area of ​​​​the hernial sac and ask the patient to cough. If the shocks are transmitted to the bag, then this indicates an uninjured hernia. Otherwise, a more difficult diagnosis is made. What to do if with an inguinal hernia? Treatment can be conservative (wearing a bandage, exclusion of physical activity) and radical. In the first case, it is not possible to get rid of the cause, but it is possible to eliminate the symptoms and prevent the internal contents from falling into the hernial sac.

The most radical and effective way of treatment is to perform an operation. It consists in removing the hernial contents from the inguinal region and scrotum to its original place, followed by strengthening the hernial orifice and the walls of the inguinal ring. To do this, make a special plastic. Of great importance is the fact that during the operation the viability of the intestines is necessarily determined. If necrosis occurs, then this area is removed. After the intervention, patients should be at rest, they are advised to wear tight swimming trunks or a bandage.

If the left testicle or both eggs have increased in size, then the cause may lie in epididymitis. This pathology is quite common in men. It is characterized by inflammation of the epididymis, redness and swelling of the testis or scrotum. The greatest threat is acute epididymitis. Epididymitis rarely develops as a primary disease, more often it is a complication of another disease. It can appear with cystitis or prostatitis. An interesting fact is that the testicles and their appendages can be affected after suffering parotitis or tuberculosis.

Equally important are infections that can spread through sexual contact. The risk group is men under the age of 30 and the elderly. Epididymitis is diverse clinical manifestations. With it, the testicles increase in size, their swelling is observed. In addition, men are concerned about pain in the scrotum or testicle. It can be affected as one appendage, or both at once. A concomitant symptom is pain in the separation of urine, burning. Sexual disorders are often noted. During the release of seminal fluid, pain is observed, blood may be present in the ejaculate. If epididymitis captures the testicular tissue itself, then orchitis develops.

Diagnostic and therapeutic measures

What to do if the doctor suspects epididymitis? First, you need to conduct a thorough diagnosis. Secondly, prescribe adequate therapy. Making a diagnosis involves conducting general tests. In addition, a urine culture is done to identify the causative agent of the infection. It must be remembered that epididymitis is not always infectious in nature. The reason may be trauma. Tests are done to determine if gonorrhea or chlamydia is present. The final diagnosis is made after receiving the results of the studies. Instrumental methods include ultrasound, scrotum scanning.

If a man is worried about pain in the scrotum, the testicles are enlarged, then they do everything to get rid of these symptoms and eliminate the main cause of the pathology. In the presence of an infectious agent, treatment consists in the use of antibiotics. The most effective against infections of the genitourinary system drugs from the group of fluoroquinolones. Macrolides and tetracyclines can be used. In order to eliminate pain, painkillers from the NSAID group are used. They do physiotherapy procedures that allow you to eliminate pain, while the testicles gradually take on their original appearance. Epididymitis is dangerous possible complications. These include the development of a chronic form of pathology, tissue necrosis, the formation of abscesses and infertility. If the left testicle or the right one hurts, then this indicates the involvement of the testis itself in the pathological process.

Testicular torsion

Another pathology, which is characterized by pain and swelling of the testicles, is torsion. Most often it is found in young men over the age of 10 years. What are the causes of torsion and what is done in such a situation? The testicles become twisted for several reasons. The provoking factor is increased motor or physical activity, as a result of which there is a strong contraction of the muscle fibers that raise the testicles. Torsion also occurs against the background of traumatic injuries. Separately, it is necessary to highlight the congenital torsion of the egg, which is observed due to improper descent of the testes into the scrotum. This condition is called cryptorchidism.

Pain occurs due to torsion due to vascular compression, vein thrombosis and ischemia. Most often, rotation occurs along a vertical axis. If the left testicle or the right testicle is twisted, then the man has a sharp pain. The testicles increase in size. Nausea or vomiting may occur. Egg torsion is in some cases associated with hydrocele. When the first signs of torsion appear, manual detorsion (reduction of the egg) is done.

It must be done by a doctor. With the ineffectiveness of this method of treatment, surgical intervention is performed. Torsion is dangerous because in a sick man, as a result of atrophy of the epithelium, the process of formation of germ cells is disrupted, and infertility occurs.

dropsy of the testicles

The left testicle or both testicles in a man may swell due to the development of dropsy. The peculiarity of this disease is that the symptoms increase gradually, and at first they may not bother a sick person. Dropsy is characterized by swelling of the testicles. Edema intensifies in the evening and almost completely disappears by morning. Acute dropsy is characterized by a more rapid course. With it, there is swelling, pain in the testicles, swelling. Often a person has a fever. As for the causes of hydrocele, inflammation of the scrotum and trauma are of the greatest importance. Less commonly, dropsy develops against the background of neoplasms.

Diagnosis of dropsy is based on data external examination affected area, complaints of a man. Additionally, diaphanoscopy is performed. This method allows you to determine the presence of serous fluid by transillumination of the organ. But it is not always effective. Probing the scrotum is of great importance. To the touch it is dense and elastic. Her skin is smooth. The testicles may not be palpable. Hydrocele in a complicated course leads to a violation of potency and infertility. In some cases, acute urinary retention occurs.

Most effective method treatment of dropsy of the egg is an operation. It consists of puncture and drainage. In this case, all fluid is removed from the scrotal cavity. In addition, antibiotics are administered. The pain is relieved with painkillers. Thus, the left testicle can swell and hurt for various reasons. It is important to determine the nature of the pain, accompanying symptoms. The correct diagnosis and treatment tactics largely depend on this.

Therapy should be timely, since in many diseases, damage to the testicle can lead to infertility.

Prevention of inflammation and pain consists in observing the rules of personal hygiene, preventing unprotected sexual intercourse, and timely treatment of chronic and acute diseases.

The main causes of testicular enlargement are infectious, inflammatory processes, impaired blood flow, trauma, testicular torsion, epididymis or appendage; cysts and tumors, stagnation of blood in the genitals. Analysis of previous symptoms, instrumental and laboratory diagnostics allow you to accurately establish the diagnosis. Complications of these pathologies can be testicular atrophy and necrosis, infertility. In inflammatory diseases, conservative treatment is carried out, in other cases, surgical intervention is required.

• Show all

  Causes of testicular enlargement

  If a man's testicle is swollen, then several processes may be the cause of this:

  • Mechanical factors:
    • , hydatids (bubble-shaped pendant) of the testis or epididymis;
    • injuries (bruise, hematoma, hematocele - accumulation of blood in the vaginal membrane);
    • inguinal-scrotal hernia.
  • Inflammatory processes:
    • orchitis (in the testicle);
    • epididymitis (in the epididymis);
    • epididymo-orchitis - a combined lesion;
    • purulent abscesses;
    • Fournier gangrene.
  • Tumors.
  • A spermatocele is a cyst filled with sperm.
  • Hydrocele (hydrocele) of the testis, congenital and acquired.
  • Varicocele - varicose veins.
  • Testicular infarction in vascular pathologies (stroke, thrombosis).

  The most common are injuries, torsion, varicocele, dropsy. Each of these deviations is characterized by its own symptoms and predisposing factors that help to establish the reason why a man's testicle is swollen.

  Injury to the testicle can occur even with a blow to the genital area. When damaged by a blunt object, falling on the perineum, clamping between any object and the pelvic bones, post-traumatic inflammatory processes develop in the scrotum. A peculiar physiological mechanism that protects the testicles is their greater mobility and contraction of the muscle that lifts them at the time of the load.

  With a severe bruise, complications may occur in the form of a rupture of the membrane, the formation of an intershell hematoma, or a hematocele. The rupture of the shell can be determined by palpation - its heterogeneity is revealed. At home, cold compresses and painkillers help to cope with bruises.

  With the development of the inflammatory process and hematoma, antibiotic treatment is required. Rupture of the membrane and hematocele are direct indications for surgery. The tears are sutured, and in severe cases, when the tissues are crushed and damaged, the testicle is removed.

  Inflammation of the epididymis and testis

  The causes of inflammatory diseases are the following:

  • infectious viral, bacterial and fungal diseases: gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, tuberculosis, mycoplasmosis, chlamydia and others;
  • purulent processes of other localization;
  • torsion and death of appendages, testicular torsion;
  • traumatic factors (including postoperative, weight lifting);
  • reflux of urine into the ejaculatory ducts;
  • stagnant processes;
  • medical transurethral manipulations (and others), surgical interventions for the removal of an adenoma or excision of the vas deferens;
  • taking certain medications (Amiodarone, Kordaron, Aritmil and others);
  • hypothermia.

  The initial source of infection of the testicles can be prostatitis, prostate adenoma and syphilis. In a child, orchitis is most often associated with viral diseases (SARS, influenza, parotitis, and others). In adult men, testicular involvement in most cases occurs when infected with mycoplasmas Micoplasma hominis and urealiticum. The course of the disease becomes protracted and recurrent.

  Blood stasis occurs in the following cases:

  • excessively active sex life;
  • interrupted sexual intercourse and an erection outside of it;
  • masturbation;
  • chronic constipation;
  • passive lifestyle;
  • microtrauma while cycling;
  • varicose disease;
  • haemorrhoids.

  The symptoms of orchitis are:

  • acute, radiating to the middle part of the abdomen and to the lower back;
  • swelling of the testicles (most often its appendage becomes inflamed);
  • compaction and tension of tissues;
  • redness of the scrotum;
  • smooth surface as a result of edema;
  • an increase in body temperature, which on the 4th day of illness can reach 40 degrees;
  • in the presence of multiple abscesses, testicular cavities are not palpable.

  

  Orchiepididymitis

  By the end of the second week from the onset of inflammation, spontaneous regression of the disease is possible. Lack of treatment in some cases leads to complications:

  • the formation of purulent abscesses (most often in patients with diabetes mellitus and in elderly men suffering from prostate adenoma);
  • the transition of the disease to a chronic form;
  • the appearance of fistulas in the scrotum;
  • inflammation of the vas deferens and spermatic cord, leading to severe pain in the groin and signs of peritoneal irritation;
  • male infertility;
  • ischemia and testicular infarction, which cause it to be removed.

  In a chronic course, it is increased due to edema of the appendage, and the signs of the disease are more smoothed:

  • the intensity of pain decreases;
  • painful sensations either occur periodically (during physical exertion, walking), or disappear;
  • body temperature returns to normal;
  • in some cases, a seal is felt in the head of the appendage, the appearance of which is associated with the accumulation of blood;
  • often the disease occurs against the background of urethritis or is associated with a focus of infection outside the genital organs.

  Signs of gonorrheal epididymitis are:

  • inflammation of the urethra 3-10 days after intercourse;
  • bilateral swelling of the testicles;
  • purulent discharge from the urethra;
  • redness of the external opening of the urethra.

  

  Differential diagnosis and treatment

  Before treating orchitis and epididymitis, it is necessary to conduct a differential diagnosis with diseases such as:

  • Tuberculosis. The appendage is tuberous, and the vas deferens is clearly palpable on palpation, as it is thickened. Sharp soreness of the appendage. The persistent course of the disease with the use of antibiotics is characteristic. Isolated tuberculosis of the genital organs is detected in rare cases, usually it is combined with lesions of another localization.
  • cysts. They are usually located in the head of the appendage and, when palpated, have a pasty consistency.
  • Tumor. One of the signs of a neoplasm is its density, while the testicles do not hurt.
  • Syphilis. With this disease, the testicle becomes dense, its soreness persists for a long time, characteristic skin rashes on the body are observed.
  • Sperm granuloma (introduction of sperm into the main tissue of the testicles). The tumor is located in the head of the appendage, there is an alternation of dense and soft areas, there is no inflammatory process.

  Treatment of inflammation of the testicle and its appendage, regardless of the cause of its occurrence, is carried out with the help of antibiotic therapy. The choice of drug depends on the pathogen and the nature of the course of the disease:

  • general infections and tonsillitis - penicillin preparations (Oxacillin, Ampicillin and others), sulfonamides (Sulfalen, Sulfadimetoksin);
  • influenza, SARS, urethritis and prostatitis - tetracyclines and macrolides (Erythromycin, Bactrim), Doxycycline, Sumamed;
  • with pyelonephritis and prostate adenoma, additional identification of the type of pathogen (hemolyzing Escherichia or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus) and determination of their sensitivity for the selection of the appropriate drug are required;
  • at chronic form diseases - antibiotics of the nitrofuran series, Nitroxoline, Nevigramone.

  Additionally, the following groups of drugs and treatment methods are used:

  • to prevent testicular atrophy - drugs that prevent thrombosis (Aspirin, Ticlopidin and others), B vitamins, nicotinic acid, Methyluracil, Lidaza;
  • analgesics and antispasmodics, novocaine blockade of the spermatic cord;
  • to reduce the inflammatory process - cold compresses on the first day, and camphor on subsequent days;
  • surgical drainage of purulent abscesses and in case of an acute purulent process;
  • wearing a suspensor to support the scrotum and improve the outflow of blood from the genitals.

  

  Jockstrap

  Hospitalization in a hospital is carried out in the following cases:

  • heat;
  • pronounced signs of intoxication, chills;
  • significant inflammatory enlargement of the scrotum;
  • suppuration.

  

  hydrocele

  An increase in the volume of the scrotum with a hydrocele (hydrocele) or funicular (hydrocele of the spermatic cord) is associated with the accumulation of serous fluid between the membranes. This disease is more common in childhood, due to a violation of the development of the genital organs. Congenital dropsy with age can gradually decrease and disappear by 1.5 years, so expectant tactics are used in relation to babies. In older boys and adult men, hydrocele is an acquired pathology that occurs infrequently - in 1-3% of cases. Its reasons are:

  • trauma;
  • inflammatory processes;
  • violation of the lymphatic flow after surgery (ligation of veins with varicocele, removal of the tumor);
  • decompensated heart failure.

  

  hydrocele

  The signs of a hydrocele are:

  • swelling of the right, left testicle, or bilateral;
  • pain in the groin and scrotum (it is absent in acquired chronic dropsy);
  • the volume of the damaged part of the scrotum changes during the day (decrease after a state of rest, night sleep) or with tension (after straining it increases and becomes more dense);
  • elasticity on palpation;
  • swelling of the upper layer of the skin in the inguinal region and its softening, observed with large hydrocele;
  • rounded shape of the enlarged part of the scrotum;
  • with dropsy communicating with the abdominal cavity, pressure on the formation leads to the fact that part of the fluid gradually passes there.

  In the acute course of the process associated with infectious diseases, the following symptoms are added:

  • a rapid increase in the scrotum in a few hours;
  • redness and swelling of the skin;
  • acute pain when probing;
  • high temperature (up to 40 degrees);
  • chills;
  • general weakness.

  The difference between dropsy and inguinal hernia is that it cannot be reduced. To clarify the diagnosis, ultrasound diagnostics is performed. In adolescents, the presence of a tumor is primarily excluded. Conservative treatment of dropsy is indicated only if it occurs against the background of the inflammatory diseases described above, and with allergic swelling of the scrotum.

  The chronic form is treated surgically under local anesthesia. If this is not possible (with general severe diseases), then the liquid is aspirated and iodine, alcohol, formalin or hydrocortisone are administered. Complications of the disease with large edema for a long time are testicular atrophy and infertility.

  Testicular torsion

  As a result of testicular torsion around the spermatic cord, the blood supply to the testicle is disturbed, leading to its edema and the occurrence of a secondary hydrocele. Most often, torsion occurs in children and adolescents, but can also occur in 40-50 years of age. The cause of this pathology are:

  • scrotum injury;
  • abdominal tension;
  • increased physical activity, outdoor games in children;
  • sudden movements that provoke contraction of the muscle that lifts the testicle (in rare cases, torsion occurs at rest, during sleep);
  • malformations of the genital organs in children;
  • infectious and inflammatory processes in the scrotum.

  

  Testicular torsion

  The characteristic signs of torsion are:

  • acute sharp pain in the testicle, radiating to the inguinal region and lower abdomen (in newborn boys, painless enlargement of the scrotum);
  • increased pain when trying to raise the testicle;
  • collapse symptoms: nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness;
  • tumor-like formation in the upper part of the scrotum;
  • upward displacement of the affected testicle, its immobility;
  • hydrocele;
  • swelling and redness of the scrotum;
  • no cremaster reflex.

  

  Cremaster reflex

  For the purpose of differential diagnosis, an ultrasound examination is performed. Torsion is dangerous because irreversible ischemic processes quickly occur in the damaged testicle. With torsion of more than one turn, severe testicular atrophy develops after 4 hours, and its necrosis after 6-12 hours. Therefore, if these symptoms are detected, you should immediately consult a doctor.

  

  Testicular torsion and surgery to correct it

  In the first hours, this condition can be corrected in some patients with the help of manual unwinding. With the preservation of the dead testicle in the body of a man, antisperm antibodies arise, leading to infertility.

  the only effective way treatment of the disease is surgery with a reversal of the testicle. If the operation was performed no later than 6 hours after the onset of torsion, then the probability of maintaining the viability of the organ is almost 100%. After a day, these chances are negligible, and the testicle is removed.

  Torsion of testicular appendage or epididymis

  The appendix of the testicle (or hydatid) has the form of small polypoid formations localized on the testicle, its epididymis or the vas deferens. When twisting his legs at the initial stage, the following symptoms occur:

  • sudden appearance of varying intensity;
  • nausea;
  • preservation of testicular mobility, its vertical location and cremasteric reflex;
  • a small knot of dark blue color, translucent through the skin;
  • painful spherical compaction on palpation;
  • in some cases - pain when walking and prolonged sexual arousal.

  

  Hydatid torsion (pendant) testis

  Subsequently, there is swelling and redness of the scrotum. With severe pain, the patient undergoes surgical intervention. In the absence of treatment due to the development of cicatricial changes, the functionality of the testicles decreases by up to 40%.

  Varicocele

  Varicose (varicocele) is found in 16% of the examined patients. One of its symptoms is an increase in the scrotum, most often on the left side (in 86% of cases), which is due to the peculiarities of the blood supply to the male reproductive system. In addition, other signs are noted:

  • prolapse of the left side of the scrotum;
  • reduction of the testicle on palpation;
  • drawing pain in the testicle, scrotum, inguinal region;
  • increased pain when walking, physical exertion and sexual arousal (in advanced cases, the pain is permanent);
  • in the supine position, the size of the scrotum may decrease;
  • dilated veins on palpation.

  

  Varicocele

  In many cases, there are also symptoms such as:

  • blood in the urine;
  • increased blood pressure;
  • lower back pain.

  The causes of impaired blood flow are:

  • insufficiency of the valves of the testicular vein or their congenital absence;
  • weakness of the venous walls, replacement of muscle fibers with connective tissue;
  • infringement of the renal vein;
  • the presence of neoplasms in the kidneys and other pelvic organs, most often detected in older men;
  • thrombosis of the renal veins;
  • injuries in the lumbar region.

  Treatment of varicocele is carried out by a surgical method (Ivanissevich, Palomo operation, supragroinal ligation of the internal spermatic vein, microsurgical method and other types of interventions).

  Tumors

  Benign testicular tumors (teratoma, lipoma, chondroma, fibromyoma) are a very rare pathology and occur in 0.8% of all neoplasms. Malignant tumors of such localization also occupy the last place in oncology (1-2% of patients). Most often they are observed in young and middle age with the greatest sexual activity (17-45 years). The appearance of a malignant tumor is often preceded by trauma, surgery in the inguinal region, and inflammatory diseases.

  Testicular tumors at the initial stage develop painlessly, asymptomatically and for a long time (for several months). Subsequently, the following symptoms appear:

  • feeling of pressure in the affected testicle;
  • pain as a result of increased pressure in the testicle, often it gives to the groin, thigh and lower back (before the appearance of metastases);
  • compaction on palpation of the scrotum.

  Subsequently, the process becomes more rapid. With a significant increase in the tumor, additional symptoms join:

  • compaction and growth of the testicle;
  • bumpy surface of the testicles;
  • cohesion of the neoplasm with the skin of the scrotum;
  • the appearance of secondary dropsy of the testicle;
  • temperature rise to 37-38 degrees;
  • general weakness;
  • decreased sexual desire, impotence;
  • enlargement and soreness of the mammary glands, other signs of feminization, and in children - early puberty.

  

  testicular cancer

  For malignant tumors of the testicle, the early appearance of metastases is characteristic, therefore it is important to identify this disease in time by self-examination and palpation. In the last stages of the development of the malignant process, when metastasis begins in the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, brain and kidneys, phenomena such as:

  • swelling of the lower extremities;
  • an increase in inguinal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes;
  • back pain due to compression of the nerve roots by enlarged lymph nodes;
  • varicocele;
  • kidney failure;
  • blood in the urine;
  • intestinal obstruction;
  • jaundice and other symptoms.

  The presence of the true cause of the disease, therefore, if cancer is suspected, testicular puncture is done. Treatment is complex - surgical, radiation and chemotherapy.

  Fournier's gangrene

  With Fournier's gangrene, the following symptoms are noted:

  • redness and enlargement of the scrotum, penis;
  • pungent odor associated with the development of an infectious process;
  • a characteristic crackling sound in the superficial layers of the skin from above in the center of the penis;
  • with the progression of tissue necrosis, typical symptoms of fever and intoxication appear.

  

  Fournier's gangrene

  For differential diagnosis with other diseases, ultrasound is performed before the development of gangrene. Treatment is carried out through surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy.

  Other diseases

  The reasons why a testicle is swollen in a man can also be other, more rare pathologies:

  • Leukemic infiltration. In this case, there is a seal and an increase in one or both testicles. A biopsy is performed to confirm the diagnosis.
  • Hemorrhagic inflammation of the blood vessels (Schonlein-Henoch vasculitis). Its symptoms are pain in the scrotum, thickening and redness of the skin, the absence of an infectious lesion, identical manifestations in other areas of the skin.
  • Allergic edema. The clinical picture of this disease resembles testicular torsion. It occurs in people prone to allergization due to wearing synthetic underwear, as well as as a result of a reaction to detergents and personal hygiene products.

  In some cases, there is also idiopathic edema, in which the enlargement of the scrotum occurs painlessly, and diagnostic measures do not help to establish the cause. The treatment for this condition is to use a suspensorium.

  ethnoscience

  In the complex treatment of orchitis and epididymitis, the following folk remedies are used:

  • 2 tsp crushed yarrow herb pour 1 tbsp. boiling water and insist for 1 hour. Then strain the infusion and drink in several doses throughout the day.
  • 1 st. l. cornflower flowers pour 1 tbsp. boiling water, insist in a thermos for 30-60 minutes and strain. Drink an infusion of a quarter cup 3 times a day before meals.
  • Mix rowan juice with the same amount of fresh potato juice. Drink on an empty stomach 1-2 times a day for half a glass.
  • Grind 100 g of wormwood herb and take 1 pinch with a small amount of water every 2 hours for 3 days. In the next 4 days, reduce the intake to 5-6 times a day.
  • Strained and cooled decoction of wormwood with a syringe without a needle is injected into the urethra, then clamp the head. The procedure is carried out every day, its duration is 10 minutes.

  The following remedies will help in the fight against varicocele:

  • Grind and squeeze the juice of St. John's wort. Mix 50 ml of juice with 1 glass of milk. Take this mixture every morning for 2 months. The course of treatment must be repeated every six months.
  • Grind fresh horse chestnut leaves and pour boiling water in a ratio of 1: 1, cool. Then wrap in gauze and attach to the scrotum. Keep the compress for 2 hours. This procedure should be done every day, the total duration of therapy is 20 days. Treatment is carried out 4-6 times during the year.
  • 3 art. l. crushed white acacia flowers mix with 1 tbsp. l. salt, leave for 30 minutes to soak. Then make a gauze compress on the scrotum for 1-1.5 hours. The procedure is done 1 time per day, only 5 days. After 2 weeks, the course is repeated.
  • Extract juice from 1 tbsp. rowan and viburnum berries, mix with the juice of 1 lemon. The mixture before taking must be diluted with half boiled water and add 1 tbsp. l. flower honey. The remedy is drunk after breakfast for 20 days.

A testicular tumor is formed from its own tissues and has a malignant character. The disease occurs mainly in men under thirty years of age. Particularly susceptible to the development of this disease are young people suffering in infancy - an ailment in which the testicle, even after the birth of the baby, does not descend into the scrotum, but continues to remain in the abdominal cavity. The temperature in the abdominal cavity is several degrees higher than in the scrotum. With a disease in a child, this can lead to the formation of a malignant tumor in the testicle. metastasizes already at the first stages of development. Metastases first enter the lymphatic system of the body. First, the inguinal lymph nodes are affected, as well as those located near the aorta. Then - more distant human organs. The tumor of the right testicle and the tumor of the left testicle have no difference between them. The symptoms are the same. Diagnosis and treatment are similar. The difference is possible, except perhaps in the degree of damage - one testicle may suffer more than the other. In this case, doctors will most likely remove both testicles.

Tumor leads to cancer

Testicular tumors are of two types:

1. germinogenic- growing from the epithelium of the testis. These include: seminoma, chorionepithelioma, teratoblastoma, embryonic cancer.
2. Non-germinogenic- developing from the main tissues of the testicles. Varieties of non-germinogenic cancer: leidigoma, sertolioma, sarcoma.

Of the two types, testicular germ cell tumors are the most common. The most common of them seminoma- observed in half of men suffering from testicular cancer. Seminoma develops in the form of a compacted lobular nodule. It grows at a slow pace without bleeding and necrosis. Seminoma metastases often affect the lymph nodes, lungs, and bones first. This type of tumor is treated better than others. The results are usually very positive. It is very important to be able to distinguish seminoma from non-seminal formations during examination. The latter are characterized by rapid development, outpouring of blood, tissue death, early metastasis to the lungs and liver.

With advanced disease, the testicle increases to a very large size.

Risk factors

There are many reasons for the development of testicular tumors. Precursor factors that increase the risk of this disease are the following:

• Not descending into the scrotum of one or two testicles at once dramatically increases the likelihood of oncology in this area. If, in childhood, a patient suffering from cryptorchidism was operated on and the testicles were moved to their proper place (into the scrotum), the chances of developing oncology remain.
• Heredity, when one of the other men in the family had a similar disease.
• Underdevelopment of one or both testicles (very small, too soft, or vice versa - compacted), or the presence of congenital scars on the tissue.
• Testicular injury.
• Previous operations on one of the testicles for its removal due to the development of oncology.

Symptoms

In the majority of those suffering from this disease, the tumor develops painlessly. Men simply feel increased compaction in the scrotum. In this case, the affected testicle loses its sensitivity. In 10% of patients, pain is still present. It arises through the outpouring of blood into the tumor itself. In such cases, the symptoms of the disease are similar to acute epididymitis and orchitis. The main thing here is not to make a mistake with the diagnosis. At later stages, metastases are spreading almost throughout the body. There is pain in the abdomen and back. Anorexia is observed, and in some situations - gynecomastia. As for the stages of development of testicular cancer, here, as in other types of malignant tumors, everything depends on the degree of prevalence of the disease.

• Stage I - an oncological neoplasm with no metastases.
• Stage II - metastasis occurs in the nearest areas of the lymphatic system - the groin and abdominal cavity.
• Stage III - the penetration of metastases into remote areas of the lymphatic system, as well as into other organs: lungs, liver, bones, brain.

Disease incidence statistics

As mentioned above, the development of a tumor in the testicles affects mainly young men. But there are also cases when older people also suffered from this disease. Aesculapius distinguish three peak periods of manifestation of the disease throughout the life of men: up to 10 years, from 20 to 40 years and after 60 years.

The principle of surgical treatment

Approximately 2% of all malignant tumors are cancerous tumors. In 20% of cases in men who suffered from unilateral non-descended testicles in childhood, cancer develops on the other side. If the testicles do not descend on both sides, the probability of oncology formation is 30%.

Diagnosis of testicular tumor

First of all, the doctor examines the scrotum. This will already allow you to find out some information about the tumor present. If the patient does not have undescended testicles, but his scrotum is asymmetrical, this condition may indicate the presence of fluid between the layers of the testicle. A similar phenomenon is always accompanied by a tumor. In this case, the doctor removes this fluid with a puncture, and then palpates the testicles. In addition, a patient with testicular cancer takes a blood test for tumor markers - protein substances alpha-photoprotein, beta-subunit of chorionic gonadotropin, lactate dehydrogenase. An elevated level of these substances in the blood indicates the development of a malignant tumor in the testicle. With the help of the same tumor markers, the tumor is monitored after treatment, and relapse and growth of metastases are detected in time. An equally important role in the study of malignant tumors of the testicle is played by ultrasound, which allows you to see the testicle inside, and determine the structure of the tumor. Ultrasound is especially well applicable when the patient does not feel pain during palpation of the detected tumor in the testicle. This diagnostic method helps to distinguish the formation of a liquid consistency from tumors. To determine whether the growth of metastases in the lymphatic system and lungs has gone, the patient is prescribed CT scan abdominal cavity and chest. To detect metastases in the kidneys and urinary tract, a contrast agent is injected intravenously into the patient and a series of x-rays are taken. This diagnostic method is called excretory urography. But most of all reliable information about the disease can be given by a puncture biopsy with a cytological analysis.

Treatment

The tumor is being treated male testicles differently. It all depends on the form of the disease and the stage of development. For example, seminomas that are in the first stage, that is, that do not yet have metastases, are eliminated by circumcision of the testicle and irradiation of the lymph nodes in the groin and abdominal cavity. This technique allows 95% of patients to continue to live for more than five years after treatment. The second stage, when there is already a slight metastasis to the nearest lymph nodes, is also treated by circumcising the diseased testicle and irradiating the lymph nodes affected by metastases. Life expectancy of patients over five years in this situation accounts for 90% of cases. In the third stage of testicular cancer, in addition to surgery and radiation therapy, chemotherapy with the use of cisplatin will also be required. In this variant, it is also possible to achieve five-year survival in 90% of patients.

For early detection of a tumor, self-examination should be carried out periodically.

And even the fourth stage of the disease with the right combined treatment allows you to achieve good results and extend the lives of cancer patients. As for non-seminoma formations, here also applies surgical treatment for removal of the affected testicle. When metastasizing to the lymphatic system of the inguinal and retroperitoneal regions, chemotherapy is used, and lymph nodes are removed from the abdominal cavity through surgery.

Testicular tumors in children

The development of testicular tumors mainly affects babies. preschool age. Neoplasms are often detected by doctors immediately after the birth of the baby, or in the first year of his life. The first symptom of tumor development is an increase in the child's testicle. This neoplasm can be either malignant or benign. In very young children, the tumor almost never has time to grow to a large size, because the parents detect it in time. Older children already understand a lot and, having discovered a seal in themselves, they are usually embarrassed to show it to their parents or a doctor. Because of this, an unexamined tumor quite often reaches a large size in time. Many parents often confuse a tumor with dropsy of the testicle, and therefore do not go to the doctor. Their son lives like this for quite a long time. During this time, the neoplasm can grow to such a size that even during examination, the doctor is not always able to detect a testicle in it. The tumor in children, as a rule, does not develop quickly enough. Its growth may be accompanied by dropsy of the testis and seminal ducts. General symptoms do not appear, the growth of metastases is observed occasionally and at later stages of the development of the disease. Only in the last stages can there be signs indicating the malignant nature of the neoplasm in children. Among the causes that provoke the development of testicular oncology in children, congenital malformations, injuries and dysfunction of the endocrine system require the most attention. By histological structure in children, embryonic cancer, teratoma, leidigoma, cumulative formations with fragments of sarcoma, carcinoma and chorionepithelioma predominate. The main principle of treatment of the childhood type of the disease is the removal of the testicle by surgical intervention and high ligation of the seminal canal. This operation is not difficult. But the situation can be complicated by the suspicion of the spread of the disease to the lymph nodes in the abdominal cavity, as a result of which their removal is required. Irradiation of lymph nodes located close to the tumor can stop cancer metastasis. In the postoperative period, it is necessary to carefully monitor the hygiene of the groin and perineum to prevent contamination and infection of the wound. In all other respects, no special manipulations are required. Patients can continue to lead their usual way of life.

The external genital organs of the stronger sex are characterized by increased sensitivity to the effects of internal and external stimuli. Any changes in the color of their skin, size and shape is an alarming sign that indicates the development of pathologies of the genitourinary system.

If a man has a swollen right testicle, you can not ignore this unpleasant symptom. In the absence of timely diagnosis of the causes that provoked the appearance of swelling, and the competent elimination of their pathogenic effects, representatives of the stronger sex may face such consequences as sexual dysfunction and infertility.

Swollen right testicle photo

Possible diseases

In many diseases, the left testicle may swell, or both at once. If pain or discomfort does not go away within 2-3 days, it is recommended to visit a urologist.

Normally, the testicles are dense and elastic to the touch. Their surface is even, and the size and shape resemble a chicken egg.

A change in the size of the right testicle, its swelling and soreness can cause such diseases:

1. Epididymitis. If the right testicle is swollen and hurts in the groin, we can talk about the course of the inflammatory process in the testis and its appendages. The cause of inflammation is the infection of the organs of the genitourinary system with pathogenic viruses and bacteria, the causative agents of sexually transmitted diseases. Quite often, epididymitis develops against the background of mechanical injuries, neglected internal pathologies (mumps, tuberculosis, inflammation of the urethra or prostate). The main symptom of the disease is swelling, intense pain in the groin and scrotum, which increase at the time of ejaculation, defecation or urination, as well as burning during urine outflow, discomfort, fever. In the complex treatment of epididymitis, antimicrobial and analgesic drugs, physiotherapy methods are used.
2. Testicular torsion. Swelling of the right testis may be caused by torsion of the epididymis. Pathology develops as a result of intense contraction of the muscles responsible for raising the testicle, which is observed when the genital organs are injured or hypothermia, strong emotional arousal. In addition to swelling in men with torsion, hyperemia and pain in the external genital area, the formation of hydatids at the site of edema are manifested. This pathology requires timely surgical intervention. Without the necessary treatment, torsion is dangerous with complications such as tissue necrosis and scrotal melting.
3. Varicocele. The cause of swelling in the right testicle may be a varicocele - varicose veins of the spermatic cord. The disease develops due to improper operation of the valves, which prevents reverse venous blood flow and provokes overflow and expansion of the venous network around the testicle. Soreness and external manifestations in the form of veins protruding in clusters with varicocele are usually observed at the stage of neglect of the disease. This condition is dangerous for the development of infertility. Surgery is recommended to prevent the development of severe complications.
4. Malignant neoplasms. Against the background of the development of testicular cancer in men, the scrotum and testicles may swell. This type of oncology is rare (within 1% of men, most often between the ages of 20 and 30). The causes of the formation of a malignant tumor in the testicular area are considered to be cryptochorism (congenital delay in the descent of the testicles into the scrotum), infections of the genitourinary system, injuries of the genital organs, malnutrition, bad habits etc. In patients with different types tumors (sarcoma, seminoma, teratoma), usually there is no pain, but there is a seal and swelling of the testicles. The complex of therapeutic measures that provide effective disposal of a malignant neoplasm includes surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Ignoring the symptoms of cancer is fraught with tumor metastasis to other tissues and organs.
5. Genital trauma. The reason under the influence of which a man's right testicle is swollen and hurts can be mechanical damage in an open or closed form. With subcutaneous injuries, intense pain is observed, up to the development of a painful shock, as well as hemorrhage, a symptom of which is swelling and bluish coloration of the skin of the scrotum. On palpation, the damaged organ is painful and dense, enlarged in size. With superficial damage to the testicle, all manifestations disappear in a short time after application of cold and bed rest. Hematomas or abscesses are removed by opening and draining. The lack of competent therapy is fraught with severe tissue necrosis.

If the right testicle is swollen in a man, we can talk about dangerous internal pathologies or external irritating effects. To prevent the development of infertility, it is recommended that the stronger sex seek medical help if a change in the size of the testis is detected.