Marine animals are very diverse. These include both huge giant whales and microscopic plankton. Captures the diversity of the inhabitants of the deep sea.

Photos of whales

The largest animals in the sea are whales. However, not only at sea, but also on land, whales have no equal in size.

In total, there are about 130 species of whales left on Earth, and approximately 40 extinct species of whales are known. Depending on the species, the length of whales ranges from 2 to 25 meters. The world's largest species is the blue whale.

Whales live in all oceans and almost all seas of our planet. IN northern waters whales feel great thanks to a thick layer of fat.

Most whales feed on small fish and plankton. But there is also a more predatory species of whale that hunts large animals - the killer whale. This is one of the most beautiful whales.

Although killer whales are similar in appearance to dolphins, they are very different from them. The most noticeable distinctive feature Killer whales are characterized by their contrasting black and white coloring.

Killer whales hunt for everything they can catch and are quite voracious. If killer whales lead a sedentary lifestyle, they feed on fish and small sea animals. Migrating killer whales can even attack sperm whales. There are known cases of killer whales attacking a herd of elk crossing a pond.

Photos of sharks

Another type of large marine predator is sharks. These are basically large predatory fish, which for billions of years have practically not changed their appearance in the process of evolution.

Like whales, sharks live in almost all oceans and seas. There are sharks that feed on fish, but there is also a species that feeds on plankton - the whale shark.

Photo of moray eel

Another genus of marine predatory fish is moray eels. They live in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the Mediterranean and Red Seas.

Moray eels can be confused with snakes; they are very similar in appearance. But the appearance of moray eels is very disgusting, although there are terrible lovers of these fish.

In ancient European mythology, the moray eel became the prototype of huge sea ​​monsters. Some ancients believed that moray eels are juvenile sea monsters; when they grow up, they swim far into the ocean.

Photos of dolphins

Probably the most beloved sea animals by people are dolphins. There are also many types of them in different sizes. Dolphins accompany various ships and bring joy to people with their jumps from the water.

Dolphins are mammals, not fish.

The life of dolphins in captivity is halved, but in the wild they live up to 50 years. Probably melancholy and despondency in captivity oppresses them.

Dolphins love to communicate with people; they are kind and social animals by nature. but these sea animals are tactful and never impose themselves.

Photos of seals

Seals live in the northern seas and oceans. These are carnivorous pinnipeds that establish colonies on coastal rocks. Such places serve as a refuge for them from predators.

Their main food is fish, but they do not mind eating shrimp or other crustaceans and mollusks.

See.

One of the most voracious seals is the leopard seal.

This species of seal got its name because of the unique shape of the male’s nose and because of its enormous size. Males of this species can reach six meters in length and weigh more than four tons.

Another large species of seal lives in the north of Russia - the bearded seal. The largest sea hares weigh 360 kg.

But despite its size, the bearded seal can become prey for a polar bear.

Photo of a walrus

Other pinnipeds that inhabit the seas are walruses. They have powerful tusks.

Only males have tusks. They use them as weapons during fights for females during the mating season.

Walruses can fend for themselves, as they are very large animals. But killer whales and polar bears are a threat to them.

Let's finish with pinnipeds and move on to mollusks.

Octopus photo

“Eight legs” - that’s what this sea creature was called in ancient Greece. And the octopus lives up to its name.

Octopuses inhabit tropical and subtropical seas. In total there are more than 200 species.

Octopuses are able to change their color to camouflage themselves from other predators and use camouflage to wait for their prey. They can even take on the appearance of a predator and copy its behavior.

Photo of cuttlefish

The cuttlefish, like the octopus, is a cephalopod.

The cuttlefish has a beak-like mouth. It's hard to see behind the tentacles in the photo, but believe me, it can bite through a crab's shell.

Like octopuses, cuttlefish can change color and blend into an area in order to hide from an enemy or lie in ambush.

In total, approximately 30 species of cuttlefish are known. The smallest species measures 1.5-1.8 centimeters.

Photo of squid

Squids are another cephalopod. Squids inhabit all seas and oceans, including the northern ones. Northern species of squid are somewhat smaller and are often colorless. Other species also rarely have bright colors.

It is unknown how many species of squid live on our planet. Many species live at great depths, which makes them difficult to study.

Typically, the size of squid is 25 - 50 cm. But there is a unique species - the giant squid, its size can reach 18 meters. Some deep-sea species of squid are able to glow, so they attract prey in the pitch darkness of the deep sea.

Many types of squid have wing fins on their sides. These organs act as a balancer when swimming, and using them the squid can accelerate and jump out of the water to escape a predator.

Photos of crabs

From cephalopods we move on to crabs. These are representatives of the class Crustaceans.

These marine animals have five pairs of paws, one of which has evolved into claws. A crab can lose a claw in a fight, but it then grows back, like the tail of a lizard.

There are many types of crabs and they are very diverse in size and color. Different species feed completely differently; the diet may consist of algae, crustaceans, small fish or mollusks.

Lobster photo

Large crustaceans live in the oceans and seas: lobsters and lobsters. Lobsters are similar to regular crayfish, only they have larger claws.

Mainly the color of the lobsters different types very simple, camouflage. This is caused by the presence of a large number of enemies in these animals. But sometimes there are mutant individuals with an unusual color.

This is a blue lobster, a very rare specimen. One in two million lobsters has this color. Yellow, red, white or two-color lobsters are even more rare.

Photos of lobsters

Another large crustacean is lobsters. These crustaceans prefer warm waters, unlike lobsters, which are also found in cold waters.

Lobsters do not live at depths greater than 200 meters. They try to settle in places where they can find refuge. Many predators do not mind eating lobster.

Lobsters are loners. Lobsters spend their entire lives, except for the breeding season, in solitude, without communicating with members of their genus.

Marine animals also include seabirds. For example, penguins are unique seabirds that live in the Southern Hemisphere.

Penguins live not only in Antarctica. There are large colonies of these birds in southern Australia and South America.

There are 18 known species of penguins. They are different in size, there are some differences in color. but the main color is contrasting black and white.

Seas and oceans are the cradle of life on Earth. According to some theories, all life on the planet originated in water. The sea resembles a huge metropolis, where everything lives according to its own laws, everyone takes their place and performs a very important function. If this order, which has developed into a harmonious mosaic, is disrupted, then this city will cease to exist. Therefore, it is important to know about the riches of the animal world. Find out who the sea inhabitants are, photos with the names of the most common species and Interesting Facts You can read more about their lives below.

All living creatures inhabiting the sea are divided into several categories:

• animals (mammals);
• fish;
• algae and plankton;
• deep-sea fauna;
• snakes and turtles.

There are animals that are difficult to classify into a specific group. For example, sponges or sponges.

Marine mammals

Scientists have discovered more than 125 species of sea-dwelling mammals. They can be divided into three main groups:

1. Walruses, fur seals and seals (order pinnipeds).
2. Dolphins and whales (order cetaceans).
3. Manatees and dugongs (order of herbivores).
4. Sea otters (or otters).

The first group is one of the most numerous (more than 600 million individuals). They are all predators and eat fish. Walruses are very large animals. Some individuals reach a weight of 1.5 tons and grow up to 4 m in length. Given their size, the agility and flexibility of walruses is amazing; they move easily on land and in water. Thanks to the special structure of the pharynx, they can spend a long time in the sea and will not drown, even if they fall asleep. The thick brown skin lightens with age, and if you see a pink, even almost white, walrus, you know that he is about 35 years old. For these individuals, this is already old age. Walruses are not confused with seals only due to their distinctive feature - tusks. Measurements of some of the largest tusks showed almost 80 cm in length and a weight of about 5 kg. The walrus's front fins end in fingers - five on each paw.

Seals live in the Arctic and Antarctic, so they can withstand extreme low temperatures(up to - 80˚С). Most of them do not have external ears, but they hear very well. Seal fur is short but thick, which helps the animal move underwater. It seems that seals on land are clumsy and defenseless. They move with the help of their forelimbs and abdomen; their hind legs are poorly developed. However, they move briskly in the water and swim excellently.

Fur seals are very voracious. They eat 4 - 5 kg of fish per day. The leopard seal, a subspecies of seals, can catch and eat other small seals or penguins. Appearance typical for most pinnipeds. Seals are much smaller than their fellow cats, so they crawl on land using all four limbs. The eyes of these sea inhabitants are beautiful, but it is known that they see poorly - myopia.

Dolphins and whales are related to each other. Dolphins are one of the most unusual creatures on the planet. Their distinctive features:

• The absence of ears, nose, small eyes and at the same time a unique echolocation that allows you to accurately determine the location of objects in the water.
• A bare, streamlined body, without signs of fur or scales, the surface of which is constantly renewed.
• Voice and rudiments of speech, allowing dolphins to communicate with each other in a school.

Whales are giants among mammals. They feed on plankton or small fish and breathe through a special hole called a “blowhole.” During exhalation, a fountain of moist air from the lungs passes through it. Whales move in the water with the help of fins, the size of which differs among different species. The blue whale is the largest animal that ever lived on Earth.

The most popular types of sea fish

The second largest group of marine inhabitants includes the following species:

• Cod (blue whiting, cod, navaga, hake, pollock, pollock and others).
• Mackerel (mackerel, tuna, mackerel and other fish).
• Flounder (flounder, halibut, dexist, embassicht, etc.).

• Herring (Atlantic menhaden, Atlantic herring, Baltic herring, Pacific herring, European sardine, European sprat).

• Garfish (garfish, medaka, saury, etc.).
• Sea sharks.

The first species lives in the seas of the Atlantic Ocean, comfortable conditions for them are 0 ˚ C. Its main thing is external difference- mustache on the chin. They live mainly on the bottom, feeding on plankton, but there are also predatory species. Cod is the most numerous representative of this subspecies. It reproduces in large numbers - about 9 million eggs per spawning. It is of great commercial importance, since meat and liver have a high fat content. Pollock is a long-lived member of the cod family (lives 16 - 20 years). It lives in cold waters and is a semi-deep-sea fish. Pollock is caught everywhere.

Mackerels do not lead a bottom-dwelling lifestyle. Their meat is valued for its high nutritional value, fat content and a large amount of vitamins.

In flounders, the eyes are located on one side of the head: right or left. They have symmetrical fins and a flattened body.

Herring fish are pioneers among commercial fish. Distinctive features– no or very small teeth, and almost all have no scales.

Sargan-like fish are elongated in shape with long, sometimes asymmetrical jaws.

The shark is one of the largest marine predators. Whale shark- the only one that feeds on plankton. The unique abilities of sharks are smell and hearing. They can smell a smell from several hundred kilometers away, and their inner ear is capable of detecting ultrasound. The shark's powerful weapon is its sharp teeth, with which it tears the victim's body into pieces. One of the main misconceptions is the idea that all sharks are dangerous to humans. Only 4 species pose a danger to people - bull shark, white shark, tiger shark, and whitetip shark.

Moray eels – sea ​​predators from the family of eels, the body of which is covered with poisonous mucus. Outwardly they are very similar to snakes. They practically cannot see, they navigate in space by smell.

Algae and plankton

This is the most numerous form of life. There are two types of plankton:

• Phytoplankton. It feeds by photosynthesis. Basically it's algae.
• Zooplankton (tiny animals and fish larvae). Eats phytoplankton.

Plankton includes algae, bacteria, protozoa, crustacean larvae, and jellyfish.

Jellyfish are one of the oldest creatures on Earth. Their exact species composition unknown One of the largest representatives is the Lion's Mane jellyfish (tentacle length 30 m). The “Australian wasp” is especially dangerous. Transparent jellyfish are small in size - about 2.5 cm. When a jellyfish dies, its tentacles can sting for several more days.

Deep sea fauna

There are a great many inhabitants of the seabed, but their sizes are microscopic. These are mainly the simplest single-celled organisms, coelenterates, worms, crustaceans and mollusks. However, in deep water there are also fish and jellyfish that develop the ability to glow. Therefore, we can say that there is not absolute darkness under the water column. The fish that live there are predatory and use light to attract prey. One of the most unusual and terrifying, at first glance, is the hauliod. This is a small black fish with a long whisker on the lower lip, with the help of which it moves, and with terrible long teeth.

One of the most recognizable representatives of the mollusk order is the squid. It lives in both warm and cold seas. How colder water, the paler the color of the squid. The change in color saturation also depends on the electrical impulse. Some individuals have three hearts, so they have the ability to regenerate. Squids are predators; they feed on small crustaceans and plankton.

Shellfish also include oysters, mussels, and scallops. These representatives have a soft body, closed in a shell of two valves. They practically do not move, bury themselves in silt or live in large colonies, located on rocks and underwater reefs.

Snakes and turtles

Sea turtles are large animals. They reach 1.5 m in length and can weigh up to 300 kg. Ridley is the smallest among all turtles, weighing no more than 50 kg. The front legs of turtles are better developed than the hind legs. This helps them swim long distances. It is known that on land sea ​​turtles appear only for procreation. The carapace is a bony formation with thick scutes. Its color ranges from light brown to dark green.

When getting their food, turtles swim to a depth of 10 meters. They mainly feed on shellfish, algae and sometimes small jellyfish.

Sea snakes exist in 56 species, grouped into 16 genera. They are found off the coast of Africa and Central America, in the Red Sea and near the coast of Japan. Large population lives in the South China Sea.

Snakes do not dive deeper than 200 meters, but they can remain without air for 2 hours. Therefore, these underwater inhabitants do not swim further than 5 - 6 km from land. Crustaceans, shrimp, and eels became their food. The most famous representatives sea ​​snakes:

• The Ringed Emidocephalus is a snake with poisonous teeth.

Marine inhabitants, their photos with names, habitats and unusual facts life are of great interest to both scientists and amateurs. The sea is a whole Universe, the secrets of which people will have to learn for many more millennia.

The answers to tasks 1–24 are a word, phrase, number or sequence of words, numbers. Write the answer to the right of the assignment number without spaces, commas or other additional characters.

Read the text and complete tasks 1–3.

(1)All marine animals depend directly or indirectly on the underlying plant plankton the food chain, and plant plankton can exist only where a sufficient amount of sunlight penetrates into the water column for photosynthesis. (2) Below this layer, life quickly becomes scarcer, since deep-sea organisms are entirely dependent on the remains of plants and animals coming from above. (3) ______ only needs to pollute a small part of the top layer to kill all life in the ocean.

1

Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

1. Since plant plankton - the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - exists in the upper layer of water, it is enough to pollute only part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to die.

2. The life of marine animals and deep-sea organisms in the ocean largely depends on plant plankton, which is found in the upper layer of water.

3. Pollution of only part of the deep layer of the ocean cannot lead to the death of all life in the ocean.

4. Pollution of only part of the upper layer of water entails the death of all life in the ocean, since it is in the upper layer of water that the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms exists - plant plankton.

5. Since deep-sea organisms depend on animals living on the surface of the ocean, life is concentrated only in the upper layers.

2

Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

1. Despite this,

2. Therefore

3. Contrary to this,

4. Maybe

5. On the contrary,

3

Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word LIFE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

LIFE, -i, f.

1. The set of phenomena occurring in organisms, special shape existence of matter. The emergence of life on Earth. J. Universe. Laws of life.

2. Physiological existence of humans, animals, all living things. G. plants. Risk your life. Save someone and.

3. The time of such existence from its origin to the end, as well as at some point. his period. Short, long. At the beginning, at the end of life.

4. The activities of society and man in one or another of its manifestations. Public railway Family Dukhovnaya Ebullient

4

In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.

5

One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

1. Flowerbeds and pedestrian paths on the site were originally created for decorative purposes, and TO FENCE them with a border means to destroy the decorative effect that they create.

2. A narrow strip of SANDY beach stretched for many kilometers along the ocean coast, to which exotic bushes descended along the hillside, creating shade.

3. I learned gymnastics, in which a sharp INHALE is performed while moving the entire body forward.

4. Right choice car is the key to your safety.

5. The head of the department ensured that the patients had a COMFORTABLE stay in the hospital.

6

In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

night CALL

YEAR TWO THOUSAND

HIGHEST Rise

7

Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

OFFERS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A) When preparing for a hike, a lot depends on the organizers.	1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
B) Biologist Malyshev made interesting observations, the results of which were outlined a few years later in his article “Topographic abilities of insects.”	2) violation of the connection between subject and predicate
Q) Thanks to the understanding of my parents and friends, I managed to overcome difficulties.	3) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application
D) Andryushin remained on the terrace for a long time, admiring the dazzling flashes of lightning over the garden.	4) error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
D) After the performance, the entire ensemble left the stage.	5) incorrect construction of sentences with participial phrases
	6) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases
	7) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech.

Write your answer in numbers without spaces or other symbols

8

Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

i.e. theorist

lost.. become

selective

lane .odic

assume

9

Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

and..walking, ra..bil

pr..old, pr..nik

pr..touched, pr..call

on..write, o..gave

10

outshine

orange

plush...

honoring

cheap..nice

11

Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.

recognized..my

glued

confident

hated..my

12

Determine the sentence in which NOT is spelled together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.

1. Rooks walked in the still (NOT) YELLOWED rye.

2. The house, (NOT) DESPITE the evening cool, was stuffy.

3. When leaving, the father (NOT) CLOSED the windows, and the house became cool.

4. Sonya ran out into the street with her head (NOT) COVERED with a scarf.

13

Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

1. (C) FIRST ask who has seen this book. (APPARENTLY) no one except Seryozha could take it!

3. (D)During the whole morning, Kirill did not leave the feeling (AS) AS IF the air had been washed with spring water.

4. (IN) IN THE DISTANCE the slender sails of fishing boats rose, and they seemed pink BECAUSE (BECAUSE) they were illuminated by the setting sun.

5. Many ancient works that were rewritten (B) DURING the 8th-9th centuries were preserved (B) FLESH until recent years.

14

Indicate all the numbers in whose place NN is written.

The term “herbarium” appeared in the 16th century to designate dried (1) plants collected (2) for collection and intended (3) for scientific work on floristry and selection.

15

Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1. A good specialist relies on fundamental knowledge and is distinguished by the ability to find the necessary information and the ability to work hard.

2. For festive illumination, both electric garlands and lanterns were used.

3. At night the wind gets angry and knocks on the window.

4. In the thickets, corncrakes or some other birds screamed pitifully all night.

5. The coastal grasses were heated by moist heat and countless clouds of pale green moths hovered low over them.

16

The sun (1) walked around the house (2) looked under the pines and firs (3) with its branches (4) shading the balcony.

17

Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences.

A.S. Pushkin called M.V. Lomonosov "our first university." All his scientific achievements M.V. Lomonosov (1) as is known (2) tried to put it into practice. So (3) for example (4) he created the mosaic “Battle of Poltava”, developing methods of grinding and casting smalt.

18

Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Literary parody (1) whose main task (2) (3) is irony (4) has served as a means of polemic since the times of Lomonosov and Sumarokov.

19

Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

The minutes of waiting dragged on painfully long (1) and (2) when the hands approached eight (3) it already seemed to Sergeev (4) that he had spent an eternity on this bench.

20

Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

The characters in the film are not similar to each other, what unites them together?

Read the text and complete tasks 21-26.

(1) Money is a means of distributing material wealth according to work, and is by no means the goal of existence, not the basis of prestige and influence of an individual.

(2) However, for all its official role, money is constantly present in our relationships, and issues related to money provide a wide field for the formation of such qualities as honesty, nobility, modesty, delicacy, and commitment. (3) In addition, cultivating a correct view of the role of money is to instill in children its true meaning, to show its real place among the main values ​​of life: knowledge, creative work, spiritual and intellectual communication. (4) This is probably why parents today are very concerned about the influence of the family on attitudes towards material assets, to money. (5) What should and what can the family do in order to prevent manifestations of petty-bourgeois self-interest, possessiveness, and “materialism” in children? (6) What should and what can a family do to ensure that children who grow up in material prosperity, surrounded by many good and beautiful things, do not end up in spiritual captivity?

(7) At first, no one in the family attached any importance to the fact that little Alyonka, when asked: “Give me a toy,” invariably responded with a decisive refusal, vigorously pressing a rattle or rubber animal to her chest. (8) Soon Alyonka’s character began to cause some concern: she began to constantly have quarrels with children over toys.

(9) Indulgent acquaintances delicately reassured the worried parents: “Come on, it’s a child! (10) Ordinary childish greed. (11) Don’t worry.”

(12) There is a dubious theory that classifies so-called childhood greed as a natural, almost obligatory, age-related characteristic. (13) Indeed, many “little greedy people” grow up to be quite normal, even kind people. (14) Under the influence of upbringing and environment, sometimes without special parental “sight”, positive traits take over in the developing character - kindness, generosity. (15) But this does not always happen. (16) Big greedy people usually grow out of little greedy people.

(17) Due to Alena’s greed, it was decided to declare war - a bloodless and “nervous” war. (18) Yes, Alena had no bad examples before her eyes; she could not observe either pettiness or self-interest in her loved ones. (19) But, apparently, more visual examples of kindness and not playful, but serious explanations were needed.

(20) Now the family tried to show each other signs of attention with gifts as often as possible, and Alena and I often discussed the upcoming gift to relatives or friends. (21) We tried to make the girl see how loved ones easily and happily give up to each other even what they wanted to take for themselves. (22) Grandma bought a blouse and thought it was the right size and fits her face well. (23) And in the evening I offered it to my daughter-in-law, for whom this blouse suited her better. (24) Another time, my mother came wearing a new scarf, but she put it on my grandmother’s coat, saw how well the scarf fit, and gave it to my grandmother.

The oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Antarctic) with their basins occupy almost 70% of the earth's surface.

The seas are the largest and "denseest" ecosystems, since, obviously, under every square meter of the surface there is phytoplankton and some life forms are distributed to the depths. Biologically, they are also the most diverse.

Marine organisms

exhibit a huge number of adaptations, ranging from structures that allow tiny plants to float in the upper layers of water, to huge mouths and stomachs deep sea fish living in a dark, cold world where food organisms are large, few in number, and widely scattered in space.

Continental shelf areas are highly productive, especially where there is vertical circulation; The “fruits of the sea” collected here are an important source of protein and minerals for humans.

However, the vast expanses of deep water should be considered semi-desert with a significant total energy flow (due to the size of the area), but with a small power per unit area.

The autotrophic layer (light zone) is so small compared to the heterotrophic layer that the supply of nutrients in the first layer is very limited. Even if a person cannot produce much food products from deep water, nevertheless, the seas are important for him as a giant regulator that helps moderate the Earth’s climate and maintain favorable concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere.

The deep sea is also a repository of valuable minerals carried from land.

Physical factors determine life in the ocean. Waves, tides, currents, salinity, temperature, pressure and light intensity largely determine the composition of biological communities, which in turn have a significant impact on the composition of bottom sediments and dissolved gases. The food chains of the sea begin with the smallest known autotrophs and end with the largest animals (giant fish, cephalopods and whales).

The study of physics, chemistry, geology and marine biology is combined into a "superscience" called oceanography, which is gaining importance as an important international force.

Although sea exploration is not as expensive as space exploration, it requires significant funds for ships, onshore laboratories, equipment and specialists. Main scientific work is now carried out by relatively few large institutions supported by government funds. But despite significant research work, the seas still keep many secrets that will concern humanity for a long time.

One of the mysteries that will soon be solved concerns the "deep scattering layer", a phantom barrier, or false bottom, which reflects sound waves ship echo sounders.

The layer appears to be composed of organisms, but what these organisms are is not yet known.

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The harm caused to the national economy by marine animals and plants is immeasurably small compared to the benefits they bring.

You can distinguish between direct and indirect harm.

We have already talked about the harm that; cause sea ​​stars oyster and mussel farming, Chinese crab - fish farming and earthen coastal structures, some other crustaceans - fish caught in nets and the nets themselves. Many other similar examples could be cited.

For example, the tiny sponge of Clion dissolves lime and grinds it into the shells of shellfish, especially oysters (Fig.

159), small holes, causing the death of mollusks.

Figure 159. Oysters shredded by the Cliona sponge.

In some parts of the sea, the massive development of sponges on the bottom makes it extremely difficult to work with a fishing trawl.

We also have such areas in the Barents Sea. Sometimes organisms that compete in food with commercial fish develop strongly. So, for example, in the southwestern part of the Barents Sea, ctenophores develop in huge numbers, eating the crustaceans Calanus (Fig.

160). The herring that comes here later to fatten does not find food here.

Figure 160. Ctenophores eating Calanus.

Not all sea plants do not always play a positive role for humans. There are many forms in both plankton and benthos that are not consumed by other organisms and sometimes disgust them.

The migratory routes of herring sometimes undergo changes that are unexpected for industrialists and very difficult for fishing.

It has already been reported that the reason for this may be the massive development of “blooming” of the unicellular planktonic algae pheocystis (Fig.

Figure 161. Water bloom with flagellate pheocystis.

Figure 162. Pheocystis bloom area in the North Sea and measurement of herring migration routes.

Plants that are useless to humans and not food for various animals have a negative meaning for humans simply because, taking a lot of nutrients from the water for their development, they themselves are not directly used as food by anyone and are thus weeds.

It is very likely that from this point of view, the thickets of delta spaces play a negative role, sometimes producing tens of millions of tons of hard plants per year, which are not used for food by anyone, but take away huge masses of nutrients from the river water, accumulating in the lower layers and withdrawn for geological periods from the cycle. Thickets of macrophytes in the coastal zone of the seas can serve as a great obstacle to the maneuvering of small vessels, such as boats and submarines, by wrapping around the propeller and rudder.

Many marine animals threaten human health and even life.

Some jellyfish and siphonophores cause severe burns.

Russian language tests with answers. Unified State Exam 2016. Option 1, part 1

If a swimmer receives such a burn in a deep place, he may die due to temporary paralysis resulting from the burn. A similar effect can be caused by a discharge of electricity received from fish such as the electric eel or electric stingray (Fig. 163).

Figure 163. Electric eel and stingray - sea cat, and at the top are Gonionemus jellyfish.

The stingray - a sea cat - can inflict severe injections with its needle, resulting in very painful wounds that do not heal for a long time.

IN warm seas Some sharks threaten human life.

However, all these forms of harm are significantly inferior to the negative activities of some organisms that destroy stone and wooden underwater structures, or those that grow in the underwater parts of ships and other hydraulic structures.

We will dwell on the harmful activities of wood borers and stone borers and on the phenomena of fouling in the sea.

Other articles:

Classification of marine organisms according to living conditions and their role in rock formation.

A variety of animals and plants are concentrated in the water column of the World Ocean.

Representatives of all types and classes of organisms live in the ocean: there are 150 thousand species of animals and 50 thousand species of plants.

According to their habitat conditions, marine organisms are distinguished:

— plankton (from Greek

wandering) organisms passively floating in the water column, kept suspended in the water, divided into phytoplankton(unicellular plants) and zooplankton (protozoa - crustaceans, worms, etc.);

— nekton (from Greek

floating) - actively swimming organisms (fish, seals, cetaceans, etc.), the mass of nekton is 23 times less than the mass of plankton;

— benthos (from the Greek depth) - the totality of organisms living on the seabed, divided into mobile benthos ( sea ​​urchins, stars, many mollusks, some fish) and stationary or sessile benthos (corals, bryozoans, sponges, algae, etc.);

Rock-forming role

Rock-forming fossils are those that make up 30-40% or more of the total volume of sediments.

Both skeletal remains and waste products take part in the formation of organogenic rock. An indispensable condition for rock formation is the “crowded” nature of the habitat of organisms. This property is possessed mainly by attached, sedentary and burrowing forms that form thickets, banks, reefs and other mass settlements.

Already during life, such organisms constitute the main part of the biocenosis. Among the mineral skeletons of fossils, the most common are calcareous, flint and phosphate rocks. There are especially many organogenic rocks of calcareous (carbonate) composition: limestones, marls, chalk, dolomites. To name organogenic rocks, the adjective is taken from those groups of organisms that are the main rock-formers, for example limestones - crinoid, foraminiferal, archaeocyathoid, brachiopod, ostracod, etc.

e. Calcareous rocks consisting of accumulations of bivalve shells are called shell rocks and oyster horizons. Organogenic limestones can also arise as end products of the vital activity of cyanobionts (blue-green algae) and bacteria. What remains from them are layered bedded, nodular, concentric formations - stromatolites, oncolites, catagraphs.

Plants with carbonate skeletons give rise to algal, charic and coccolithic limestones (writer's chalk). Mineral skeletons of flint composition are less common than carbonate ones. They are known in unicellular animals, such as radiolarians, in multicellular primitive animals (sponges), and also in lower algae (diatoms).

Flint rocks – radiolarites, consist of radiolarian skeletons, spongolites – from sponge spicules, diatomites – from valves of diatoms.

Phosphate skeletons are rare in pure form, but calcium phosphates CaPO4 as an impurity or major constituent are known in many organisms.

Due to the concentration of biogenic phosphate, phosphorite deposits arise. In the Moscow region, the centers of phosphoritization are the shells of Late Jurassic ammonoids, and in Estonia – the shells of brachiopods of the Ordovician genus Obolus.

The phosphate component is concentrated in the form of nodules, oolites, and nodules.

Due to the vital activity of bacteria, ferruginous, manganese, copper and sulfide deposits are formed, such as ferruginous quartzites (jaspilites) of Krivoy Rog, cuprous sandstones of Dzhezkazgan. Bacteria are involved in the accumulation of bauxite and phosphorite.

Higher plants play the largest role in organic rock formation.

Their massive accumulations during certain burial processes lead to the emergence of combustible minerals (caustobioliths) such as peat, coal, oil, oil shale, and gas. The origin of oil and gas is associated with the deep destruction of the primary organic composition caused by both the vital activity of bacteria and cyanobionts, and geological processes.

Due to the vital activity of higher plants, resins (amber) are formed. Organisms also take part in the formation of special calcareous relief forms of oceans and seas - reef structures of various types: coastal and barrier reefs, atolls, biostromes, bioherms. Reef structures have a complex structure. They consist of a complex of calcareous rocks: organogenic, clastic-organogenic and chemogenic. Reef structures rise in the relief in the form of ridges, hills and other elevations.

Participate in the formation of fossil and modern reefs various organisms. In the Precambrian, reef-forming organisms were stromatolites, in the Cambrian - archaeocyaths, from the Late Ordovician to the Permian - stromatoporates, tabulates, rugoses, sponges, in the Meso-Cenozoic - six-rayed corals and bryozoans. Brachiopods also took part in the formation of Permian reefs, and bivalves in the Cretaceous.

Throughout the Phanerozoic, calcareous red and green algae participated in the structure of reefs. Fossil reefs served as reservoirs for oil and gas (Devonian oil fields of Orenburg, Perm, Gomel). In addition, underground fresh and mineralized water can accumulate in fossil reefs.

Dynamics of sea waters.

Ocean waters are in constant motion.

There are two main types of movements of the waters of the World Ocean - unrest And currents.

Ocean waves

Excitement- This is the oscillatory movement of water. It is perceived by the observer as the movement of waves on the surface of the water. In fact, the water surface oscillates up and down from the average level of the equilibrium position.

The shape of waves during waves is constantly changing due to the movement of particles in closed, almost circular orbits.

Each wave is a smooth combination of elevations and depressions. The main parts of the wave are: crest- the highest part; sole - lowest part; slope - profile between the crest and trough of a wave.

The line along the crest of the wave is called wave front(Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Main parts of the wave

The main characteristics of waves are height - the difference in the levels of the wave crest and wave bottom; length - the shortest distance between adjacent wave crests or troughs; steepness - the angle between the wave slope and the horizontal plane (Fig.

Rice. 1. Main characteristics of the wave

Waves have very high kinetic energy.

Everyone was shocked when the dead sperm whale was opened

The higher the wave, the more kinetic energy it contains (proportional to the square of the increase in height).

Under the influence of the Coriolis force, a water swell appears on the right side of the current, away from the mainland, and a depression is created near the land.

Wind waves arise as a result of wind waves, friction at the boundary of air and water.

The height of wind waves does not exceed 4 m, but during strong and prolonged storms it increases to 10-15 m and higher. The highest waves - up to 25 m - are observed in the strip western winds Southern Hemisphere.

2. Wind waves and surf waves

A wave near the coast, mainly in shallow waters, based on forward movements, is called surf(see Fig. 2).

Deep waves arise at the boundary of two layers of water with different properties.

They often occur in straits with two levels of current, near river mouths, at the edge of melting ice. These waves mix up the sea water and are very dangerous for sailors.

Tsunami arise under the influence of underwater shocks and coastal earthquakes.

These are very long and low waves in the open ocean, but the force of their propagation is quite strong. They move at very high speed. Along the coasts, their length decreases and their height increases sharply (on average from 10 to 50 m). Their appearance entails human casualties. First, the sea water retreats several kilometers from the shore, gaining strength to push, and then the waves splash onto the shore with great speed at intervals of 15-20 minutes (Fig.

Rice. 3. Tsunami transformation

The seismic belt of the Pacific Ocean is the main area for tsunami generation.

Tidal waves- These are the movements of ocean waters made under the influence of the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun.

Reverse reaction of sea water to the tide - low tide.

Even with a calm surface, disturbances occur in the thickness of the ocean waters.

These are the so-called internal waves - slow, but very significant in scope, sometimes reaching hundreds of meters. They arise as a result of external influence on a vertically heterogeneous mass of water. In addition, since the temperature, salinity and density of ocean water do not change gradually with depth, but abruptly from one layer to another, specific internal waves arise at the boundary between these layers.

Sea currents

- permanent or periodic streams in the thickness world oceans and seas.

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LESSON 15
Read the text and complete tasks 1-3.

(1) All marine animals depend directly or indirectly on plant plankton, which forms the basis of the food chain, and plant plankton can only exist where sufficient sunlight penetrates the water column for photosynthesis. (2) Below this layer, life quickly becomes scarcer, since deep-sea organisms are entirely dependent on the remains of plants and animals coming from above.

(3) it is enough to pollute only a small part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to die.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?
1) Since plant plankton - the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - exists in the upper layer of water, it is enough to pollute only part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to die.
2) The life of marine animals and deep-sea organisms in the ocean largely depends on plant plankton, which is found in the upper layer of water.
3) Pollution of only part of the deep layer of the ocean cannot lead to the death of all life in the ocean.
4) Pollution of only part of the upper layer of water entails the death of all life in the ocean, since it is in the upper layer of water that the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms exists - plant plankton.
5) Since deep-sea organisms depend on animals living on the surface of the ocean, life is concentrated only in the upper layers.

Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
Despite this, Therefore, Despite this, Perhaps, on the contrary,

3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word LIFE.

Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
LIFE, -i, f.
1) The set of phenomena occurring in organisms, a special form of existence of matter.

The emergence of life on Earth. J. Universe. Laws of life.
2) The physiological existence of humans, animals, all living things. AND.

Unified State Exam 2017-Russian. Option 35

plants. Risk your life. Save someone and.
3) The time of such existence from its origin to the end, as well as at some point. his period. Short, long. At the beginning, at the end of life.
4) The activities of society and man in one or another of its manifestations. Public
and. Family Dukhovnaya Ebullient

4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly.

Write this word down.
put cakes adolescence raising orphans

5.In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
Flowerbeds and pedestrian paths on the site were originally created for decorative purposes, and TO FENCE them with a border means to destroy the decorative effect that they create.
A narrow strip of SANDY beach stretched for many kilometers along the ocean coast, to which exotic bushes descended along the hillside, creating shade.
I learned gymnastics in which a sharp INHALE is performed while moving the entire body forward.
The correct CHOICE of a car is the key to your safety.
The head of the department ensured that the patients had a COMFORTABLE stay in the hospital.

In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column

OFFERS A) When preparing for a hike, a lot depends on the organizers. B) Biologist Malyshev made interesting observations, the results of which were outlined a few years later in his article “Topographic abilities of insects.” Q) Thanks to the understanding of my parents and friends, I managed to overcome difficulties. D) Andryushin remained on the terrace for a long time, admiring the dazzling flashes of lightning over the garden. D) After the performance, the entire ensemble left the stage.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS 1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition 2) violation of the connection between subject and predicate 3) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application 4) error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members 5) incorrect construction of sentences with participial phrases 6) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases 7) incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech using the appropriate letters.

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 … 32

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BioDat Information Resources

5. Marine and coastal ecosystems

5.1.

General characteristics and features of ecosystems

Russia is the largest maritime power in the world. The shores of Russia are washed by the waters of 13 seas (Baltic, Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukotka, Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese, Caspian, Azov, Black).

They belong to three oceans - the Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific. Russia has the world's longest continental coastline, about 60 thousand km (Fig. 36).

Rice.

36. Russia is the largest maritime power in the world

Preserving the biodiversity of marine and coastal ecosystems and organizing the sustainable use of marine biological resources is impossible without a systematic consideration of them as integral systems and an understanding of the phenomena and processes occurring in them. Marine ecosystems are complex multi-level formations; they cover the entire multi-kilometer water column (pelagial) and the seabed (benthal).

Within these ecosystems, thanks to food chains, passive and active migrations of organisms over many hundreds and thousands of kilometers, colossal flows of matter and energy take place - from plankton and benthos through fish to birds and marine mammals.

The most active life activity of biota is confined to upwelling zones, the edge sea ​​ice and polynyas, estuaries large rivers, areas of underwater hydrotherms and peaks of the seabed relief.
When developing measures to preserve marine biodiversity, it is necessary to take into account the long-term dynamics of marine ecosystems caused by climatic fluctuations and life cycles marine biota.

Fluctuations in the numbers of individual generations of marine fauna reach enormous values, both in commercial species and in species not subject to fishing. Global climate change radically affect the bioproductivity of the seas.

Abrupt climatic anomalies are of particular importance for the functioning of marine ecosystems. It is during these periods that a mismatch of trophic and other intra-ecosystem relationships occurs.

Notebook part 2. Notebook for preparing for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, part 2, grade 10, half-year theory

These processes are becoming extremely important today – against the backdrop of increasing instability of the climate system of the Northern Hemisphere.
An important role in the rhythm of biota is played by inter- and intra-century climate fluctuations, for example, cold hydrological years, which have a cyclicity of 11, 21, 33, 90 or more years.

Only during the 20th century, 4 times (1902,1933,1965,1998, 1999) the usually non-freezing Kola Bay froze or anomalous “outbursts” of icebergs occurred from the areas of their usual drift in the Barents Sea.
What makes marine ecosystems particularly complex is the fact that the main species of fauna have different reproduction cycles.

For example, sturgeon do not reproduce annually. They go to spawn at the age of 10-18 years, the intervals between spawnings vary widely, on average about 4-5 years. Most species of marine mammals also produce non-annual offspring.

On the other hand, many fish species reproduce annually or 1-2 times in their lives.
Natural periodic fluctuations in the number of fish generations and climate changes can coincide in time and have a complex impact that is difficult to predict.

When periods of low productivity coincide with intensive fishing, a rapid collapse of populations occurs. Examples include the dramatic events of the almost complete disappearance of Atlantic herring, Barents Sea capelin, and polar cod for many years and decades.
There is convincing evidence that the dynamics of stocks of even species under anthropogenic pressure depends not only on intensive fishing, but also on the variability of natural conditions, primarily climatic and oceanological.

Thus, the current decline in stocks of Japanese kelp in coastal waters was associated with unfavorable hydrological conditions, and then with irrational fishing. Particularly unfavorable for this species were sharp temperature fluctuations, which had a detrimental effect on zoospores and gametophytes, which slowed down the process of restoration of algae reserves.

Powerful ocean currents have a huge impact on the dynamics of marine ecosystems. Thus, the influx of water from the Atlantic, causing changes in temperature and salt balance, is one of the most important factors affecting the productivity of the Barents and Baltic seas.

For example, in the 1970-1980s. in the North Atlantic there was a significant salinity anomaly that reached Barents Sea with the waters of the North Atlantic Current 7 years after its origin. The powerful influx of this cold, relatively fresh water is associated with the interannual minimums and maximums of water temperature and salinity on the shelf of this sea.
The hydrochemical regime, especially salinity, plays a vital role in the closed southern seas and the Baltic.

Caspian and Sea of ​​Azov- these are brackish water basins, the salinity of which (up to 10-13%o) is almost three times less than normal ocean salinity (35%o). For the Black Sea, typical salinity values ​​are 15-19%. In the Baltic basin, water salinity varies widely - from 5-9% to 10-14%. Recently, desalination of water in the Baltic has been observed.
Even minor changes in salinity radically affect local biota.

For example, the deficit of fresh water in the Sea of ​​Azov as a result of river regulation caused an increase in the salinity of its waters by an average of 3%.

For the ocean this is only a tenth, and for the Sea of ​​Azov - a third of the norm. As a result, the biomass of the Black Sea jellyfish increased sharply, and the structure of biocenoses was disrupted.

IN arctic seas During the polar day, organisms receive almost a year's worth of solar radiation. Abnormal excess doses of ultraviolet radiation through the so-called “holes” in ozone layer may cause damage to the genetic pool of aquatic organisms. When exposed to high doses of ultraviolet radiation, a significant decrease in growth rate is observed, up to its complete suppression and death of organisms.

Organisms in the early stages of development are especially susceptible to the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation. Observed in last years in the Barents Sea, ultraviolet radiation levels significantly reduce the growth rate of algae (for some species by 80%) and reduce the natural reproduction capacity of almost all mass species Barents Sea algae.

In the southern seas there are other dangerous natural phenomena. The shallow Azov Sea is most affected by dust storms and very strong surge fluctuations in sea level.
Even more striking cyclical changes level of the Caspian Sea.

In the 19th-20th centuries. the range of fluctuations here reached 3 m (up to 15 cm per year). The well-known and widely discussed drop in sea level in the 60-70s was replaced in 1978 by its increase, but in 1997 another decrease in level began.

Such large-scale fluctuations in sea level lead to significant ecosystem restructuring and changes in fish productivity in the Northern Caspian Sea and the Volga delta. During periods of sea level rise, there is an increase in productivity.
The Black Sea is a completely unique system.

This is the largest reservoir of hydrogen sulfide, which saturates waters deeper than 70-150 m. Here, beyond these depths, there is no rich bottom fauna characteristic of other seas.
In terms of biodiversity, the seas rank first among the seas of Russia Far East, especially the Sea of ​​Japan off the coast of southern Primorye; The biodiversity of the Russian Far Eastern seas generally decreases from south to north.

This is followed by the northern seas, in which biodiversity decreases from the west and east, from the Barents and Chukchi seas to the East Siberian. Next come Black and Caspian Sea within the borders of Russia and in the last places Azov and Baltic.

On the contrary, the Caspian Sea is richest in local endemics, followed by the Far East (especially the middle Kuril Islands and, to a lesser extent, the northern Sea of ​​Okhotsk), and in the Azov and Baltic Seas there are no endemic waters of Russia at all.

Table 18. Assessment of species richness of the main groups of organisms in coastal marine ecosystems of Russia

Sea coasts are located in almost all natural areas Russia - from polar deserts and Arctic tundras to Far Eastern deciduous forests, semi-deserts of the Caspian coast and Mediterranean-type xerophilic forests on the shores of the Black Sea.

The sea coast of Russia is represented extremely wide range types coastline, which is important for the formation of biodiversity of coastal ecosystems.
Coasts, as zones between land and marine ecosystems, have exceptional biological diversity.

Thus, the regions with the highest level of species richness of flora and fauna are confined to the sea coasts: in the Far East, local flora and fauna of mammals reach 1200 and 75 species per 100 km2, respectively, on the Black Sea coast - 1100 and 70 species per 100 km2.

The largest wetlands of international importance are located on the sea shores, in which tens of millions of waterfowl are concentrated for nesting, migration and wintering (Volga delta, Murmansk coast, etc.).

Coastal fauna and flora reach their greatest development on the coast of the Barents Sea, where, with a tide height of 3-5 meters, the width of the littoral zone can be hundreds of meters. Several vertical zones stand out here: dominance SEMIBALANUS BALANOIDES, LITORINA SAXSATILIS, development of macrophytes (ASCOPHILLUM NODOSUM, FUCUS VESICULOSUS).

On soft soils, most of the littoral zone is occupied by communities FABRICIA SABELLA, ARENICOLA MARINA, and the sublittoral - communities LAMINARIA SP.SP.
In the high Arctic seas (Kara, Laptev and others), littoral communities are weakly expressed due to harsh ice conditions (in particular, due to the abrasive effect of ice) and the insignificant height of tides (30-60 cm); the formation of the littoral zone here is due to significant surf (surging wave and storms).

In the coastal, shallow-water, mainly southern, part of these seas, which receives the flow of rivers, along with marine forms, a significant and sometimes predominant role is played by the brackish-water fauna, to which freshwater euryhaline forms are also mixed.
In the Far East, due to the diversity of the coastal strip and tidal levels, there is a rich fauna and flora of the littoral and sublittoral zones.

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk has the highest tidal fluctuations among the Russian seas, the population of the littoral zone here is rich and diverse, and the littoral zone itself is vast. The coastal region of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is rich in macroalgae and can be said to be the center of quantitative abundance of algae in Russian waters; especially stand out in this sense Kurile Islands(including the Pacific side) and the northwestern part of the sea.

It is for these areas that expressions about underwater meadows and forests, which are usually used to describe thickets of kelp, are primarily applicable. Among the thickets brown algae In the littoral zone and, especially, in the sublittoral zone, zoobenthos is quite rich in species. In the Sea of ​​Japan in the sublittoral zone, the diversity of invertebrate animals and fish increases sharply due to the penetration of warm waters from the south.

Algae and sea grasses in the Sea of ​​Japan have long been the subject of fishing, at times significant and irrational. The composition of macrophytobenthos can be significantly affected by anthropogenic disturbance of the environment, in particular pollution; for some species it can be negative and even destructive.
The Black and Azov Seas are deprived of a littoral region - there are no tidal fluctuations here.

Under the influence of wave action, a pseudolittoral strip with poor biodiversity is formed here.
The Caspian Sea is characterized by long-term level fluctuations. In recent years, transgression has been observed, which leads to the formation of pioneer communities in flooded areas of the coastline.

Introduced species dominate here NEREIS, ABRA, who moved in relatively recently.
The coastlines of the Barents, Bering and Okhotsk Seas are given their originality by the huge colonies of seabirds - “bird colonies”.

In the Barents Sea, bazaars are located on small islands and in the archipelago New Earth. The most typical species for markets are guillemots (URIA AAGLE, U. LOMVIA), guillemots ( CEPPHUS GRYLLE, C. COLUMBA), little auks ( PLAUTUS ALLE), dead ends ( FRATERCULA ARCTIC) and kittiwake (RISSA TRYDACTYLA). In the north of the Far East, moss is added to them (FRATERCULA CORNICULATA), hatchet ( LUNDA CIRRHATA), auklets (AETHIA SP.SP.), old man (SYNTLIBORAMPHUS ANTIQUIS).

The coastal shallow waters of the Black, Azov, Caspian and Japanese seas play an important role as nesting sites, migration stops and wintering grounds for sea and waterfowl.
The seas and coasts of Russia are habitats for many rare and endangered species of plants and animals included in the Red Book of Russia: 17 species of invertebrates, 15 species of cyclostomes and fish, about 20 species of birds, 29 species and subspecies of mammals.

From unique marine ecosystems of the Russian seas, the following should be noted:

— ecosystem of shallow marine hydrothermal effusions of Kraternaya Bay (Yankicha Island, middle Kuril Islands);
— ‘island’ settlements of low-boreal organisms in high-boreal regions, in particular, Busse Lagoon in southern Sakhalin;
— areas of large haulouts of marine mammals on the Commander Islands and near Tyuleny Island (Sea of ​​Okhotsk);
— areas of influence of subtropical marine fauna in the extreme south of Primorye, including the outer islands of Peter the Great Bay, Posyet Bay and the Gamow Peninsula.

“OPTION 10. (1) All marine animals depend directly or indirectly on plant plankton at the base of the food chain, and plant plankton can...”

OPTION 10.

(1) All marine animals depend directly or indirectly on plant plankton, which forms the basis of the food chain, and plant plankton can only exist where sufficient sunlight penetrates the water column for photosynthesis. (2) Below this layer, life quickly becomes scarcer, since deep-sea organisms are entirely dependent on the remains of plants and animals coming from above. (3)<...>It is enough to pollute only a small part of the top layer for all life in the ocean to die.

Task 1 Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Since plant plankton - the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - exists in the upper layer of water, it is enough to pollute only part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to die.

2) The life of marine animals and deep-sea organisms in the ocean largely depends on plant plankton, which is found in the upper layer of water.

3) Pollution of only part of the deep layer of the ocean cannot lead to the death of all life in the ocean.

4) Pollution of only part of the upper layer of water entails the death of all life in the ocean, since it is in the upper layer of water that the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms exists - plant plankton.

5) Since deep-sea organisms depend on animals living on the surface of the ocean, life is concentrated only in the upper layers.

Task 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

Despite this

Contrary to this

May be

Vice versa

Task 3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word LIFE.

Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

LIFE, -i, f.

1. The set of phenomena occurring in organisms, a special form of existence of matter. The emergence of life on Earth. J. Universe. Laws of life.

2. Physiological existence of humans, animals, all living things. J. plants, Risk your life. Save someone and.

3. The time of such existence from its origin to the end, as well as at some point. his period. Short, long. At the beginning, at the end of life.

4. The activities of society and man in one or another of its manifestations. Public railway Family Dukhovnaya Ebullient

Write this word down.

exhaustedkatAlgogotCoughQuarterAlkylMeterTask 5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

I was left with a very ambivalent impression of my new acquaintance.

The editor demanded that the correspondent rework the article so that the material was as INFORMATIVE as possible, but at the same time small in volume.

A laureate and DIPLOMANT of many theater festivals, the People's Theater Studio has decided to update its repertoire and will soon invite viewers to the premiere of the play.

Before me stood Dourov, calm, well-groomed Dourov, a man who, apparently, was not too worried about my intolerant attitude towards him.

Where the tanks made sharp turns, frozen CLAY dust rose into the air along with the snow.

LOOKING AHEAD

the best HAIRDRESSERS

about THREE HUNDRED participants

about two KILOGRAMS

all ages

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

A) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

B) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

C) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate

D) error in constructing a complex sentence

D) violation of aspect-temporal correlation of verb forms

OFFERS

1) The teacher supervised the thesis work of a group of students interested in modern literature.

2) Thanks to the hostess for the warm welcome, we began to say goodbye to her.

3) When the crimson sunset light flared in the windows, the music stopped.

5) It was quiet all around; so quiet that you could follow its flight by the buzzing of a mosquito.

6) Anyone who has studied the biography of Pushkin knows about the extraordinary flowering of his creativity in the autumn season.

8) This year, students of Suvorov schools will keep a vigil of memory at the memorial.

9) The boat appeared and disappeared behind the frequent bends of the river.

gender..micicperspective..activedeclaration..walkie-talkie

count..sleniez...rowTask 9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

excessive, and...subtish;

pr..grad, pr..passionate (judge)

with..opened, p..installation;

let go, serious..serious;

s..feeling, r..position.

Task 10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.

night..wat Greek..get well..dance..wat cherry..vy

Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in place of the gap.

tired.. sewing wedge.. spreading.. moving.. my not remembering.. Task 12. Determine the sentence in which NOT is spelled together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.

There is an amazing, undisturbed silence all around.

In humid air the (in)imitable smell of approaching spring was in the air.

No sunrise is alike.

(Not) waiting for my brother, I left.

He who does not know the limits will grieve even in wealth.

Task 13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

WHATEVER critics claim, Fet’s poems are unusually melodic, (THUS) many of them formed the basis of romances.

(B) DIFFERENT from other representatives of the liberal camp, Pavel Petrovich is always firm in upholding his principles, and (THUS) he boldly confronts Bazarov.

Ceramics from Gzhel end up in different parts of the planet to decorate people’s lives, and ALSO to cultivate a sense of beauty.

I told Ivan Petrovich everything that happened, and wanted to know his opinion (ON) ABOUT predestination, AS it was very important.

Yesterday it was (IN) THE FIRST warm (IN) SUMMER.

Task 14. Indicate all the numbers in place of which NN is written.

Heavy (1) waters are brought from the upper reaches by traces of human presence: ditched (2) nets, broken (3) oars and other unwise (4) fishing utensils.

Task 15. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1) Cranes flew low in the gloomy sky and cooed loudly and protractedly.

2) Stepushka either sits, gnaws on a radish, or drags a bucket of water somewhere and grunts, or taps a piece of wood in his closet.

3) Somewhere nearby the “shading” of finches and the short trill of a bunting could be heard.

4) His old and grumpy wife did not leave the stove all day, grumbling and scolding incessantly.

5) The underground passage was closed and this immediately confronted Dmitry Olegovich with an insoluble problem.

The “terrible world” of the city created by Blok (1) and his Stranger (2) frightening (3) and irresistibly attractive (4) suppress the poet.

Task 17. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Dostoevsky was very proud of having invented or (1) better said (2) introduced into the Russian language the verb “to shy away.” He was so proud of this that he wrote (3) as is known (4) a whole chapter about it in the “Diary of a Writer.”

Task 18. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

A tall man (1) at the mere appearance (2) of whom (3) people fell respectfully silent (4) walked to the table and spoke.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

The weather was beautiful (1) and (2) although October was in full swing (3) the green leaves were still fluttering on the trees (4) and the sun was warm like summer.

(1) In the past, when I was younger, I had some passion for fishing. (2) Then I often left my city house, stocked up on fishing rods and worms and went to the village for fishing. (3) I spent whole days until late in the evening on the river, and went to sleep with the peasants or at the mill. (4) It was at that time that I first became acquainted with one of the mysterious phenomena of our life, which revealed to me some of the secrets of the Russian soul - Russian-style vagrancy, or wandering.

(5) One day, when I came to the miller to spend the night, I noticed a man in the corner of the hut. (6) In shabby gray clothes and holey felt boots, although it was summer, he was lying right on the bare floor. (7) He slept with a knapsack under his head and a long staff under his arm. (8) I lay down opposite the door on the hay spread out for me. (9) I couldn’t sleep. (Yu) I was worried about the future dawn. (11) I wanted dawn. (12) In the morning the fish bites well. (13) But in the summer you don’t have to wait long for dawn. (14) Soon it began to get light. (15) And with the first light, the gray lump in felt boots moved, somehow grunted, stretched, sat down, yawned, crossed himself, stood up and went straight to the door. (16) On the porch he approached the washstand hanging on a rope. (17) From my bed, I watched with curiosity as he poured water on his hands, as he moistened his gray beard with it, rubbed it, wiped himself with the sleeve of his robe, took the staff in his hands, crossed himself, bowed on three sides and walked away.

(18) I was about to talk to the old man, but I didn’t have time - he left. (19) I really regretted this, and I wanted to at least look at him one more time. (20) For some reason the old man attracted me to him. (21) I got up on my knees, leaned my elbows on the windowsill and opened the window. (22) The old man walked away into the distance. (23) I looked after him for a long time. (24) The figure of the old man, as he moved away, became smaller and smaller and finally completely disappeared into the morning fog. (25) But in my eyes and in my brain his image remained forever, alive.

(26) This was the wandering tramp. (27) From time immemorial in Russia there were people who had neither home, nor shelter, nor family, nor business. (28) Not being gypsies, they led a gypsy lifestyle. (29) We walked across the spacious Russian land from place to place, from edge to edge. (ZO) We wandered around the courtyards, looked into taverns, and went to fairs. (31) They lived on alms. (32) We rested and slept anywhere. (33) The purpose of their wanderings was always defined differently and very vaguely - “to holy places”, “to suffer”, “to atone for sins”, to find a place “where it’s easier to breathe”. (34) To be honest, I am convinced that if you ask each of them individually where he is going and for what purpose, he will not answer. (35) Why should he think about this?

(36) It seems that they are looking for something. (37) It seems that in their souls there lives a vague idea of ​​some unknown land, where life is more righteous and better. (38) But it would be even more accurate to say that they are running from something. (39) And they are running, of course, from melancholy - this very special, incomprehensible, inexpressible, sometimes causeless Russian melancholy.

(40) In “Boris Godunov” Mussorgsky depicts with amazing power a unique representative of this vagabond Russia - Varlaam. (41) Mussorgsky, with incomparable skill and power, conveyed the worldview of this tramp - either a defrocked monk or just some former church minister. (42) The melancholy in Varlaam is bottomless, like the ocean. (43) Wherever this tramp goes, he goes with a ready consciousness of his absolute uselessness. (44) So Varlaam goes from monastery to monastery, staggers from city to city for the miraculous icon in church parishes. (45) He holds a wax candle in a handful so that it does not blow out, and yells in a hoarse bass, imitating the archdeacons: (46) “Crush the fierce serpent with two to ten trunk wings.”

(47) His gray beard is tangled and unkempt, splitting in two at the end like a corkscrew. (48) Puffy, anemic, but with a bluish-red nose, he walks around the cities, all worn and rumpled, in his quilted hat, similar to a kamilavka. (49) People like him are avoided, not wanting to meet the wet, pleading eyes that see right through a person. (50)... I don’t know, of course, whether such people are needed. (51) Should it be arranged so that they become different, or not? (52) I’ll just say one thing: these people are one of the most wonderful, although perhaps sad, colors of Russian life. (53) No, they themselves are not righteous, but in some miraculous way they make us purer and better. (54) If it weren’t for such wandering vagabonds, “walkers,” life would be more difficult for all of us...

(*According to F.I. Chaliapin)

*Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin (1873 - 1938) - famous Russian opera and chamber singer.

Task 20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) We must do everything possible to get tramps to change their lifestyle and do something useful.

2) People who wander aimlessly on earth cause hostility.

3) Looking at tramps, we often experience a feeling of superiority.

4) Vagrant wanderers help us become better people.

5) Wanderers are running away from melancholy.

Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentences 1-3 present the reasoning.

2) Sentences 6-7 contain description.

3) Sentences 15-17 include narration.

4) Sentences 29-32 reveal the judgment expressed in sentence 28 of the text.

5) Sentences 53-54 contain a description.

Task 22. What word is used in the text in figurative meaning? Write him out.

colors (sentence 52)

figure (sentence 24)

fairs (offer 30)

performance (sentence 37)

Task 23. Among sentences 37-43, find one that connects with the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, synonyms and lexical repetition.

An excerpt from F. I. Chaliapin’s book “The Mask and the Soul” is distinguished by its confidential simplicity and unpretentiousness, which are combined with stylistic richness and exquisite poetry of the author’s language. This is facilitated by such a stylistic device as (A)_____ (sentences 36, 37), as well as such a syntactic means of expressiveness as (B)_____ (sentences 35, 51). The text also uses lexical means, in particular, (B)_____: “younger” in sentence 1, “staggers” in sentence 44. Of the tropes, the author quite widely uses (D)_____: “across the spacious Russian land” in sentence 29, “with moist, pleading eyes” in sentence 49.

List of terms:

1) book vocabulary

2) comparison(s)

4) colloquial vocabulary

5) parcellation

6) interrogative sentences

7) antithesis

8) epithet(s)

9) anaphora

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Option 10

5informative

9open staging 10recovering

11you'll get tired

12unique

13toalso1413

Option 11

4adolescence

5ORGANIC

8grow up

9 aimless split 10 stuck

11 haters

12misunderstood

13also subsequently14123

22changed his face2313

Option 11

(1) Sometimes in the mountains it is not small fragments that break off, but huge blocks of rock; falling down, they break into smaller parts, cluttering the valleys. (2)<...>the phenomenon is called a collapse. (3) Most often, rocks composed of layers of sedimentary rocks collapse in this way, and these layers should not lie horizontally, but at an angle to the horizon - cracks pass through these layers, leading to the collapse. Task 1. Indicate two sentences in which the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) A landslide is the cluttering of valleys with huge blocks of rock that broke into smaller parts.

2) A collapse - the collapse of rocks and cluttering them with fragments of valleys - is usually caused by the appearance of cracks in layers of sedimentary rocks lying at an angle to the horizon.

3) Rocks composed of layers of sedimentary rocks always fall into valleys and clutter them with huge boulders.

4) As a result of the formation of cracks in layers of sedimentary rocks lying at an angle to the horizon, a collapse of rocks is created and they are cluttered with fragments of valleys, or, in other words, a landslide.

5) A landslide is a phenomenon that occurs as a result of the collapse of small fragments of sedimentary rocks into valleys.

Task 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in the gap in the second sentence? Write this word down.

Unlike him

Hence

Task 3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word PHENOMENON.

Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

PHENOMENON, -i, cf.

1. see appear.

2. In philosophy: manifestation, expression of essence, that in which it is revealed. Self and essence.

3. In general, anything discoverable manifestation of something. Physical self. Natural phenomena. Social phenomena.

4. Event, incident. Strange, mysterious me.

5. In a play: part of the act, which includes the composition characters does not change.

Task 4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly.

Write this word down.

adolescence (tip) of nails louvers included planted (in the ground)

Task 5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY.

Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

The winning team demonstrated an ORGANIC combination of dance and music.

IRRITABILITY is a tendency to react disproportionately to everyday stimuli, expressing dissatisfaction and hostility towards others in words and actions.

Potential investors continue to WAIT for the right time to invest Money, assessing the most promising areas of investment.

A course in cultural studies, which is studied at the Department of Humanities and social sciences, was introduced with the aim of FILLING the gaps in knowledge of the requirements of military and civilian etiquette.

Task 6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form.

Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

package of TOMATOES

experienced DOCTORS

kilogram of SAUSAGES

in THEIR report

look YOUNGER

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first list, select the corresponding position from the second list.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

B) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate

C) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

D) incorrect construction of sentences with participial phrases

D) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

OFFERS

1) At first the rain came sparsely and lightly, but then it intensified, got stronger and turned into a real downpour.

2) The sister told her brother that “put saucers and cups on the table.”

3) Seeing the light in Alexandra’s window late at night, I felt uneasy.

4) Three girls walked along a forest path and sang something quietly.

5) According to weather forecasters, spring will be early this year.

6) Looking at the green valley below, I almost suffocated from the delight that overwhelmed me.

7) Olesya stood in the garden and admired the flowers: phlox, daisies, irises.

8) I decided to pay for my training at the confectionery course right away, in one payment, and not in installments.

9) Everyone who knew Fyodor Ivanovich noted his extraordinary intelligence and ability to smooth out any conflicts.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Task 8. Identify the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

program..mmmm..horizontal to..serve l..gendasub..become

Task 9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words.

Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

be..whole, ra..col

not..unsightly, z..walked..found, e.g..white-fold..skate, on..obliquely..become, oh..combatTask 10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in the place of the blank.

finish..get stuck..savvy..shy..shy

pencil..for Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter Y is written in place of the gap.

re..stel..struggling..hating..bubbling..shyTask 12. Determine the sentence in which NOT is written CONTINUOUSLY with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.

He ran (not) fast, but slowly.

A (not) busy person can never enjoy complete happiness.

Remnants of (un)melted snow on the fields are still visible.

Two days later a far from easy conversation took place.

The motives for his actions remained (mis)understood.

Task 13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

At first we didn’t understand each other, but SUBSEQUENTLY we became very good friends.

At night they lit a huge fire (ON) THE TOP of the mountain, and I tried to explain to everyone (WHY) this had to be done.

He made an effort to fall asleep, but in his dream he saw the SAME dead space with ridges of gray clouds.

Father, (DUE) to his high position, previously only traveled by car with a personal driver, (FROM) WHICH for a long time he could not figure out how to enter the metro and where to pay the fare.

BECAUSE of what the uncle said, it was not clear whether he KEEPED his word.

Task 14. Indicate all the numbers in whose place NN is written.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

We saw only the foamy crests of furious (2) waves and heard the cries of alarmed (3) birds frantically (4) flying over the sea.

Task 15. Place punctuation marks. List two sentences that require ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Summer emerges from spring and leaves into late autumn.

2) There was a noise in my head, either from the howling and whistling of the storm or from joyful excitement.

3) We saw several trees in the distance and the shadows of wind-driven clouds running across the wet grass.

4) Listen to the silence and then the forest autumn will show you all its riches.

5) To check the spelling of the unstressed vowel of the root, you need to change the word or choose a related one.

Task 16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

The road went through a huge field (1) sown with spring crops (2) and (3) turning to the right (4) went deeper into the forest.

Task 17. Place punctuation marks. Indicate all numbers in ascending order, in place of which there should be commas in the sentence.

In that small gorge (1) according to Igor (2) it was so narrow that (3) it seemed (4) even my heart felt tight in my chest.

Task 18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Throughout the centuries-long development of the art of batik (1), master engravers selected and polished patterns (2) whose main motif (3) (4) was flowers and leaves.

Task 19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

In the evening it started to rain (1) and (2) while we were driving along the dirt road (3) the horses could barely walk (4) as if they had lost their last strength.

(1) I saw this on a suburban dance floor. (2) Cheerful, hook-nosed, flexible, with a violet tint of black eyes, he invited her to dance with such a brutal, greedy look that she was frightened even when she looked at him with the pitiful, confused look of an ugly girl who did not expect attention to herself.

(3) - What are you, what are you!

(4) - Will you decide? - he repeated insistently and showed large white teeth with a fake smile. (5) - I will be very pleased.

(6) She looked around, as if looking for help, quickly wiped her fingers with a handkerchief, and said hesitantly:

(7) - We probably won’t succeed. (8) I feel bad...

(9) -Nothing. (10) Please. (11) Somehow.

(12) The handsome man danced dispassionately, smartly and, full of cold arrogance, did not look at her, she stomped around clumsily, shaking her skirt, aiming her intense eyes at his tie, and suddenly raised her head with a jerk - they stopped dancing around, they left the circle, a whistle was heard ; Apparently, his friends were watching them and making comments with caustic mockery, mimicking her movements, shaking and writhing with laughter. (13) Her partner was stonyly portraying a city gentleman, and she understood everything, all the unforgivable baseness, but did not push him away, did not run out of the circle, she just took her hand off his shoulder and, blushing scarlet, knocked her finger on his chest, as they usually knock on the door . (14) He, surprised, leaned towards her, raised his eyebrows, she slowly looked up into his pupils with the impenetrable contemptuous expression of an experienced beautiful woman, confident in her irresistibility, and said nothing. (15) It’s impossible to forget how his face changed, then he let her go and, in confusion, somehow too defiantly led her to the column where her friends stood.

(16) She had thick lips, gray and very large, like wild eyes immersed in the shadows. (17) She would have been ugly if not for her long dark eyelashes, almost yellow rye hair and that look from bottom to top, which transformed her into a beauty and remained forever in my memory.

(According to Yu.V. Bondarev*)

* Yuri Vasilyevich Bondarev (born in 1924) - Russian writer, screenwriter, author of numerous works about the Great Patriotic War.

Task 20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Having said: “I will be very pleased,” the young man told the truth.

2) All ugly girls are smart and know how to stand up for themselves.

3) The girl understood the purpose for which this handsome man invited her to dance.

4) The girl’s unexpected behavior discouraged the gentleman.

5) The narrator forever remembered the eyes and look of this girl.

Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentence 15 contains an explanation of what sentences 411 say.

2) Proposition 12 contains a reasoning.

3) Sentence 16 provides a description.

4) Sentence 17 includes a description.

5) Sentence 14 includes a description.

Task 22. From sentence 15, write down the phraseological unit.

Task 23. Among sentences 7–15, find one that is related to the previous one using a possessive pronoun and a contextual synonym. Write the number of this offer.

Task 24. Read a fragment of the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

"YU. Bondarev really only talks about one moment, but it turns out that sometimes this is enough to understand the truth. The text is based on a technique such as (A)_____ (“the handsome man danced... dandy...” - “she stomped around clumsily...” in sentence 12). The syntactic device (B)_____ (“let her go and led her to the column” in sentence 15) and the trope - (B)_____ (“with a brutal, greedy look” in sentence 2) - give a moral assessment to the hero of the text. Sentence 13 acquires its culminating meaning, in which the trope - (G)_____ (“as usual they knock on the door”) - helps the author emphasize the meaning of the girl’s action.”

"Based on: Federal Law Russian Federation"On personal data" No. 152-FZ of July 27, 2006, Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 687 "On..."

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