The World Politics Review newspaper believes that Putin's main mistake now is "a dismissive attitude towards Japan."
A bold Russian initiative to settle the dispute over the Kuril Islands would give Japan great grounds for cooperating with Moscow.- so today transmits IA REGNUM.
This "disdainful attitude" is expressed in an understandable way - give the Kuriles to Japan. It would seem - what about the Americans and their European satellites to the Kuriles, what is in another part of the world?
Everything is simple. Hidden under Japanophilia is a desire to turn the Sea of Okhotsk from inland Russian into a sea open to the "world community." With great consequences for us, both military and economic.
Well, so who was the first to master these lands? Why on earth does Japan consider these islands to be its ancestral territories?
To do this, let's look at the history of the development of the Kuril ridge.
The islands were originally inhabited by the Ainu. In their language, “kuru” meant “a person who came from nowhere,” from which their second name “smokers” came, and then the name of the archipelago.
In Russia, the Kuril Islands are first mentioned in the reporting document of N. I. Kolobov to Tsar Alexei from 1646
years about the peculiarities of the wanderings of I. Yu. Moskvitin. Also, data from the chronicles and maps of medieval Holland, Scandinavia and Germany testify to the indigenous Russian villages. N. I. Kolobov spoke about the bearded Ainu inhabiting the islands. The Ainu were engaged in gathering, fishing and hunting, lived in small settlements throughout the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin.
Founded after the campaign of Semyon Dezhnev in 1649, the cities of Anadyr and Okhotsk became bases for exploring the Kuril Islands, Alaska and California.
The development of new lands by Russia took place in a civilized manner and was not accompanied by the extermination or displacement of the local population from the territory of their historical homeland, as happened, for example, with the North American Indians. The arrival of the Russians led to the spread among the local population of more effective means of hunting, metal products, and, most importantly, helped to stop bloody tribal strife. Under the influence of the Russians, these peoples began to join agriculture and move on to a settled way of life. Trade revived, Russian merchants flooded Siberia and Far East goods, the existence of which was not even known to the local population.
In 1654, the Yakut Cossack foreman M. Stadukhin visited there. In the 60s, part of the northern Kuriles was mapped by the Russians, and in 1700 the Kurils were mapped by S. Remizov. In 1711, the Cossack ataman D. Antsiferov and the captain I. Kozyrevsky visited the Paramushir Shumshu Islands. The following year, Kozyrevsky visited the islands of Iturup and Urup and reported that the inhabitants of these islands live "autocratically."
I. Evreinov and F. Luzhin, who graduated from the St. Petersburg Academy of Geodesy and Cartography, traveled to the Kuril Islands in 1721, after which the Evreinovs personally handed over to Peter I a report on this voyage and a map.
Russian navigators Captain Spanberg and Lieutenant Walton in 1739 were the first Europeans to open the way to the eastern shores of Japan, visited the Japanese islands of Hondo (Honshu) and Matsmae (Hokkaido), described the Kuril ridge and mapped all the Kuril Islands and the eastern coast of Sakhalin.
The expedition found that under the rule of the "Japanese Khan" is only one island of Hokkaido, the rest of the islands are not subject to him. Since the 60s, interest in the Kuriles has noticeably increased, Russian fishing vessels are increasingly mooring to their shores, and soon the local population - the Ainu - on the islands of Urup and Iturup was brought into Russian citizenship.
Merchant D. Shebalin was ordered by the office of the port of Okhotsk to "convert the inhabitants of the southern islands to Russian citizenship and start bargaining with them." Having brought the Ainu into Russian citizenship, the Russians founded winter huts and camps on the islands, taught the Ainu how to use firearms, breed livestock and grow some vegetables.
Many of the Ainu converted to Orthodoxy and learned to read and write.
Russian missionaries did everything to spread Orthodoxy among the Kuril Ainu and taught them the Russian language. Deservedly the first in this line of missionaries is the name of Ivan Petrovich Kozyrevsky (1686-1734), Ignatius in monasticism. A.S. Pushkin wrote that "Kozyrevsky in 1713 conquered two Kuril Islands and brought Kolesov news about the trade of these islands with the merchants of the city of Matmaia." In the texts of Kozyrevsky's "Drawing of the Sea Islands" it was written: military order, again led to the yasak payment. Back in 1732, the well-known historian G.F. Miller noted in the academic calendar: “Before this, the inhabitants there had no faith. But for twenty years, by order of his imperial majesty, churches and schools have been built there, which give us hope, and this people will be led out of their error from time to time. Monk Ignatius Kozyrevsky in the south of the Kamchatka Peninsula, at his own expense, laid a church with a limit and a monastery, in which he later took the vows. Kozyrevsky succeeded in converting "the local people of other faiths" - the Itelmens of Kamchatka and the Kuril Ainu.
The Ainu fished, beat the sea animal, baptized their children in Orthodox churches, wore Russian clothes, had Russian names, spoke Russian and proudly called themselves Orthodox. In 1747, the "newly baptized" Kurils from the islands of Shumshu and Paramushir, who numbered more than two hundred people, through their toen (leader) Storozhev, turned to the Orthodox mission in Kamchatka with a request to send a priest "to confirm them in the new faith."
At the behest of Catherine II in 1779, all fees not established by decrees from St. Petersburg were canceled. Thus, the fact of the discovery and development of the Kuril Islands by the Russians is undeniable.
Over time, the fisheries in the Kuriles were depleted, becoming less and less profitable than off the coast of America, and therefore to late XVIII century, the interest of Russian merchants in the Kuriles weakened.In Japan, by the end of the same century, interest in the Kuriles and Sakhalin was just awakening, because before that the Kurils were practically unknown to the Japanese. The island of Hokkaido - according to the Japanese scientists themselves - was considered a foreign territory and only a small part of it was inhabited and developed. In the late 70s, Russian merchants reached Hokkaido and tried to start a trade with the locals .
Russia was interested in acquiring food in Japan for Russian fishing expeditions and settlements in Alaska and the Pacific Islands, but it was not possible to start trade, as it prohibited the 1639 Japan isolation law, which read: "For the future, as long as the sun illuminates the world, no one has the right to land on the shores of Japan, even if he was an envoy, and this law can never be repealed by anyone on pain of death".
And in 1788 Catherine II sends a strict order to the Russian industrialists in the Kuriles, so that they "did not touch the islands under the jurisdiction of other powers", and a year before that, she issued a decree on equipping a round-the-world expedition to accurately describe and map the islands from Masmaya to Kamchatka Lopatka, so that they " formally classify everything as a possession Russian state
". It was ordered not to allow foreign industrialists to " trade and crafts in places belonging to Russia and with local residents to deal peacefully". But the expedition did not take place due to the outbreak of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791.
Taking advantage of the weakening of Russian positions in the southern part of the Kuril Islands, Japanese fishermen first appear in Kunashir in 1799, and the next year on Iturup, where they destroy Russian crosses and illegally set up a pillar with a sign indicating that the islands belong to Japan. Japanese fishermen often began to arrive on the shores of South Sakhalin, fished, robbed the Ainu, which was the reason for frequent skirmishes between them. In 1805, Russian sailors from the frigate "Yunona" and the tender "Avos" on the shores of Aniva Bay set up a pillar with the Russian flag, and the Japanese parking lot on Iturup was devastated. The Russians were warmly welcomed by the Ainu.
..
.
which is only open to
who is really interested in her...
Kurile Islands.
An archipelago of volcanic islands on the border of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean, between the island of Hokkaido and the Kamchatka Peninsula (Sakhalin Region). It consists of the Greater and Lesser Kuril Ridges, separated by the Kuril Straits. Islands form an arc dl. OK. 1175 km. Total sq. 15.6 thousand km?. The largest islands of the Great Kuril ridge: Paramushir, Onekotan, Simushir, Urup, Iturup, Kunashir. The Lesser Kuril Ridge consists of 6 islands and two groups of rocks; the largest about Shikotan.
Each island is a volcano or a chain of volcanoes connected by foothills or separated by small isthmuses. The shores are mostly steep, sandy on the isthmuses, there are few sheltered bays. The islands are mountainous, with heights of 500-1000 m, the Alaid volcano (Atlasov Island in the northern ridge) rises to 2339 m. On the islands, approx. 160 volcanoes, including 40 active, many thermal springs, there are strong earthquakes.
The climate is monsoon. Wed the temperature of August is from 10 ° C in the north to 17 ° C in the south, in February -7 ° C. Precipitation is 600-1000 mm per year, typhoons are frequent in autumn. There are many lakes, including in craters and lagoons. On the sowing on the islands, thickets of alder and mountain ash, dwarf pine and heath, on the islands cf. groups - sparse forests of stone birch with Kuril bamboo, to the south. islands - forests of Kuril larch, bamboo, oak, maple.
Notes on the Kuril Islands "V. M. Golovnin, 1811
In 1811, the outstanding Russian navigator Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin was commissioned to describe the Kuril and Shantar Islands and the coast of the Tatar Strait. In the course of this assignment, he, along with other sailors, was captured by the Japanese, where he spent more than 2 years. We invite you to familiarize yourself with the first part of his note "Remarks on the Kuril Islands", which was compiled as a result of the study in the same 1811.
1. About their number and names
If all the islands located between Kamchatka and Japan are understood as the Kuril Islands, then their number will be 26, namely:
1. Alaid
2. Shumshu
3. Paramushir
4. Fly
5. Makan-Rushi
6. Onekotan
7. Harimkotan*
8. Shnyashkotan**
9. Ekarma
10. Chirinkotan***
11. Musir
12. Raikoke
13. Matua
14. Rasshua
15. Middle Island
16. Ushisir
17. Ketoi
18. Simusir
19. Trebungo-Tchirpoy
20. Yangi-Tchirpoy
21. McIntor**** or Broton Island
22. Urup
23. Iturup
24. Chikotan
25. Kunashir
26. Matsmai
Here is a real account of the Kuril Islands. But the Kurilians themselves and the Russians visiting them count only 22 islands, which they call: the first, second, etc., and sometimes by their own names, which are:
Shumshu first island
Paramushir II
Width third
Makan-Rushi fourth
Onekotan the fifth
Harimkotan sixth
Shnyashkotan seventh
Ekarma eighth
Chirinkotan ninth
Musir tenth
Raikoke Eleventh
Matua twelfth
Rasshua thirteenth
Ushisir the fourteenth
Ketoy fifteenth
Simusir sixteenth
Tchirpoy seventeenth
Urup eighteenth
Iturup nineteenth
Chikotan twentieth
Kunashir twenty-first
Matsmay twenty second
The reason for this difference in the number of islands is the following: neither the Kuriles nor the Russians living in that region consider Alaid to be the Kuril Island, although in all respects it belongs to this ridge. The islands of Trebungo-Tchirpoy and Yangi-Tchirpoy are separated by a very narrow strait and, located not far from them to the NW, almost bare, the small island of Makintor, or Brotonov Island, they mean by the common name of the seventeenth island and, finally, the island of Sredny, almost connected with Ushisir by a ridge of surface and pitfalls, they do not consider a special island. So, with the exception of these four islands, there remain 22 islands that are somehow usually supposed to be in the Kuril chain.
It is also known that in different descriptions and on different maps of the Kuril Islands, some of them are called differently: this dissimilarity arose from error and ignorance. Here it would not be superfluous to mention under what names some of the Kuril Islands are known on the best foreign maps and in the description of Captain Kruzenshtern.
Musir Island, otherwise called sea lion stones by the inhabitants, Captain Kruzenshtern calls Stone traps.
He calls Raikoke Musir, Matua - Raikoke, Rasshua - Matua, Ushisir - Rasshua, Keta - Ushisir, Simusir - Ketoi, and on foreign maps they write it Marikan.
Tchirpoy French after La Perouse called the Four Brothers.
Urup foreigners write Company Land, and the Russian American Company calls Alexander Island.
Iturup on foreign maps is called the Land of the States. Chikotan, or the island of Spanberg. Matsmai, or the Land of Esso.
--
The island of Alaid mentioned in the text is the island of Atlasov, which received its modern name in 1954 - the island-volcano Alaid. It is an almost regular cone of a volcano, the base diameter of which is 8-10 km. Its peak lies at around 2339 m (according to historical data, before the strong eruptions of 1778 and 1821, the height of the volcano was much higher), which means that Alaid is the highest volcano of the Kuril ridge.
Please note that the 26th island of the Kuril ridge is called the island of Matsmai - this is Hokkaido. Hokkaido became part of Japan only in 1869. Until that time, the Japanese lived only on the southern tip of the island, where there was a small Japanese principality. The rest of the territory was inhabited by the Ainu, who even outwardly differed sharply from the Japanese: white-faced, with a strong hairline, for which the Russians called them "hairy smokers." It is known from documents that, at least in 1778-1779, Russians collected yasak from the inhabitants of the northern coast of Hokkaido.
The largest of the Kuril Islands in the direction from north to south: Shumshu - 467 square kilometers,
Paramushir - 2479 square kilometers,
Onekotan, or Omukotan - 521 square kilometers,
Harimkotan - 122 square kilometers,
Shiyashkotan - 179 square kilometers,
Simusir - 414 square kilometers,
Urup - 1511 square kilometers, Iturup, the largest of the Kuril Islands - 6725 square kilometers.
Kunashir Island - 1548 square kilometers
and Chikotan or Skotan - 391 square kilometers.
Island Shikotan This place is the end of the world. Just 10 km from the village of Malokurilskoye, beyond a small pass, lies its main attraction - Cape End of the World. ... Russian navigators Rikord and Golovnin called him Fr. Chikotan.
Small islands are located from north to south: Alaid - 92 square kilometers (Atlasova Island), Shirinka, Makanrushi or Makansu - 65 square kilometers, Avos, Chirinkotan, Ekarma - 33 square kilometers, Musir, Raikoke, Malua or Matua - 65 square kilometers . Islands: Rasshua - 64 square kilometers, Ketoi - 61 square kilometers, Broughton, Chirpoi, Brother Chirpoev, or Brother Hirnoy, (18 square kilometers). Straits lead between the islands from the Sea of Okhotsk to the east to the Pacific Ocean: the Kuril Strait, the Small Kuril Strait, the Nadezhda Strait, the Diana Strait, the Bussoli Strait, the De Fris Strait and the Pico Strait.
The entire series of the Kuril Islands is of volcanic origin. In total, there are 52 volcanoes, including 17 active ones. There are many hot and sulfur springs on the islands;
earthquakes .
Ainu - the peoples who inhabited the Kuriles, christened each island separately. These are the words of the Ainu language: Paramushir - a wide island, Onekotan - an old settlement, Ushishir - the land of bays, Chiripoi - birds, Urup - salmon, Iturup - big salmon, Kunashir - black island, Shikotan - the best place. Beginning in the 18th century, the Russians and the Japanese tried to rename the islands in their own way. Most often used serial numbers - the first island, the second, etc.; only the Russians counted from the north, and the Japanese from the south.
The Kuril Islands are administratively part of the Sakhalin Oblast. They are divided into three districts: North Kuril, Kuril and South Kuril. The centers of these regions have the corresponding names: Severo-Kurilsk, Kurilsk and Yuzhno-Kurilsk. And there is another village - Malo-Kurilsk (the center of the Lesser Kuril Ridge). There are four Kurils in total.
Kunashir Island.
A MEMORIAL SIGN TO RUSSIAN PIONEERS IS INSTALLED ON KUNASHIR |
|
A memorial sign in honor of the 230th anniversary of the landing of Russian Cossack pioneers under the command of Dmitry Shabalin was opened on September 3 in the village. Golovnino (South Kuril region, Kunashir). It is installed near the village house of culture.The well-known Sakhalin historian-archaeologist Igor Samarin discovered documents and the so-called "Mercator map" of the Kuril Islands, compiled according to the results of the voyage of 1775-1778. near Kunashir. There is an inscription on it: "... D where there were Russian people in two canoes in 778". The "D" icon is depicted at the current location of c. Golovnino - next to the Strait of Treason (southern part of the island). A detailed map with the names of the Kuril Islands will help you plan your route. Inaccessibility, uninhabited places, geographical remoteness, pristine nature and smoking craters attract people who love extreme sports and unusual recreation. The Kuriles represent a string of numerous land areas located between the lands of the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Japanese island of Hokkaido. The length of the ridge is 1180 km. The area is 10.5 thousand km 2. The islands are divided into 2 ridges located parallel to each other. These are the Greater Kuril Ridge and the Lesser Kuril Ridge. Together they number 56 small and large islands and deserted rocks. The ridges extend for 1200 km. The large ridge is subdivided into the Southern, Northern and Middle Islands. They differ in ways of formation, topography, climate and natural world. The Kuril lands are of great importance in the military, strategic, economic and social policy of the Russian Federation. List of islandsOriginThere are 3 versions of the appearance of the name of the Kuril lands:
A large ridge consists of volcanic uplands. The highest points of the islands are from 500 to 2400 m. Atlasov Island is famous for the Alaid volcano, the peak reaches 2339 m. The ridge has 38 smoking craters. The small ridge consists of 9 small islands. There are no high mountains and smoking volcanoes. The straits washing the ridge are filled with pitfalls and uneven elevations. The largest land area is Shikotan, with the eponymous mountain of volcanic origin. This is the only island of a small ridge where the villages of Krabozavodskoye and Malokurilskoye were built. Geological structureNatural and natural combinations of rocks are found only on the southern and northern islands. On the rest, they occupy small areas and are recorded near volcanoes, on the banks and lower reaches of rivers. The change of ancient rocks by pressure and high air temperature is noted. They include sand, shale, pebbles and small shells. Most of the islands are made up of volcanic rocks. Contain petrified lava, basalt, rock fragments, ash and pumice. Many centuries ago, the Kuril region was covered by the sea. Over time, it left, and islands formed in some places. This is how Kamchatka, Japan and the islands of the Sea of Okhotsk appeared. During the Tertiary period, the earth's crust split. Lava poured out at the bottom of the sea, large islands separated from the land, rocks of volcanic origin piled up on the surface of the earth. A chain of Kuril land appeared along the split line. Seismologists observe earth movements every year. Islands continue to change and form. This is manifested by volcanic eruptions, mudflows and earthquakes. Climate of the Kuril IslandsThe climate of the islands is equated with the atmospheric conditions of the Far North. The weather here is harsh, with frosty and long winters. Summer time short and cool. On the southern side of the Kuriles, the temperature in winter drops to -26 °C. In the northern regions, the climate is milder, winter frosts reach -15 ° C. The summer temperature is +17 °C in the south and +10 °C in the north. Climate of Shikotan IslandShikotan is a small island in the Pacific Ocean, has bays, beaches, hills and cliffs. The local climate is called maritime, temperate. The summer months are cool, the temperature fluctuates from +12 °C to +16 °C. Winter time on Shikotan is much milder than on the mainland. It often snows, after which a thaw is observed. The average daily temperature in February reaches 0 - 6 °C. Up to 1250 mm of precipitation falls per year. It is noteworthy that precipitation is distributed evenly over all seasons. The island is known for places with a rare microclimate: on the west coast, tourists bathe in Soya, the warm current of the Sea of Japan. And the eastern beaches are washed by the cold waves of the Pacific Ocean. Climate of Simushir IslandKuril Islands (the map with the names changed and replenished in 1946), namely about. Simushir, designated as the land of Marikan. The origin is volcanic, today the island is empty, uninhabited. The climate of Simushir is oceanic. The warm waters of the Soya Current do not reach the island. But warm winds blow from the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, the Pacific coast of Simushir is much warmer than the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk. The island receives the largest amount of snow and rain for the Kuril lands - 1600 mm per year. The climate of Simushir is characterized by excessive air humidity, hurricane gusts of up to 45 m/s and autumn fogs. Winter on the island is snowy and mild. Temperatures in February drop to -15°C. In summer it reaches +14 °C. Natural resourcesThe resources of the Kuriles are varied. Deposits of ore, metal, oil and gas have been discovered on almost all lands. A deposit of rhenite, a valuable mineral, has been discovered on Iturup. At the beginning of the last century, natural sulfur was mined here. At the end of the XIX century. resources of the Kuril Islands consisted of 1868 tons of gold deposits, titanium alloys - 39.8 million tons, silver - 9285 tons, iron ore - 274 million tons, oil - 363 million tons. Today, these useful resources almost never developed. Among the numerous straits that do not freeze and are available for the passage of ships are Catherine and Friza. The zone of fishing places near the islands is 200 nautical miles and covers part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Russian trawlers catch more than 3,000,000 tons of fish per year. FloraThe great length of the Kuriles explains the diversity of the flora of the islands. The Kuril ridge is called the Botanical Garden, where the Kamchatka, Manchurian, Korean, and Japanese floras combine and intertwine. The northern islands are covered with shrubs and low trees. These are thickets of alder, birch, willow and mountain ash. There are cedar thickets, yew, velvet tree. Mixed forests grow in the south. The coniferous species is represented by firs, spruces. Deciduous forests are rich in maples, oaks, elms. Often found on trees curly species vines: lemongrass, actinidia and small grapes. On the southern side of Kunashir Island, an endangered species of wild magnolia grows - obovate. Bamboo is considered the dominant plant in the natural landscape of the islands. Its trunks form difficult, impassable areas. In glades, swamps and clearings, berries are ripening: blue honeysuckle, dove, stone berry, crowberry, blackberry. Experts count about 40 species of endemic, local plants: astragalus, edelweiss, saussurea, hairy arthropod. FaunaThe fauna of the Kuriles is rich and diverse. Its formation was influenced by the animal world of China, Japan and the Amur region. The fauna of the islands is represented by: In February 1984, the Kurilsky State Nature Reserve was created, in which more than 80 Red Book animals and birds live. Travelers, coming to the Kuril Islands, find themselves in a variety of natural zones. Primordial forests are replaced by subtropical wilds. And the foggy, mossy tundra turns into impenetrable swamps and jungles. History of the islandsThe Kuril Islands (a map with names appeared in the form of a drawing at the beginning of the 18th century) were previously inhabited by Cossacks. By order of the governor, Kozyrevsky and Antsiferov walked 2 sections: Paramushir and Shumshu. After returning, the first, inaccurate map of the Kuriles was drawn. Therefore, they believe that Russian people discovered, explored and mastered the Kuriles - Cossacks, colonists and expeditions. Until the 19th centuryV. Atlasov, the clerk of the prison, spoke about the rest of the islands in the north of the ridge. At the beginning of 1697, he studied Kamchatka and from the western coast he saw land in the sea. In 1702 Great Peter I signed a decree on trade relations with Japan. And Russian sailors began to explore the path to southern shores neighboring country. In 1713, captain I. Kozyrevsky went to distant islands and drew new map. Following him, the surveyor Luzhin and his partner Evreinov went through the lands to the 6th island of the Kuril lands and put them on the map. 10 years later, the fearless explorer V. Shestakov and his soldiers visited 5 islands. After him, the main schemes and plans for the routes to Japan were prepared by the navigator M. Shpanberg. For 10 years, he transferred to paper and made detailed descriptions of all the islands. Spanberg's research was used to compile a detailed Academic Geographical Atlas of the country. In the period 1750 - 1766. N. Storozhev, I. Cherny, N. Chikin sailed to accessible lands. The purpose of their trips was to clarify the number of islands and living people. In 1775, for the affirmative consolidation and development of local lands, Uruppu built a settlement for Russians. Russian pioneers tried to establish trade with the Japanese friendly relations but received a firm rejection.
19th centuryIn 1805, N. Rezanov, the first envoy of Russia, arrived in Japan, authorized to negotiate trade cooperation. But his arrival was not successful. Then Rezanov uses force and burns the Japanese village on Iturup, is engaged in robbery at sea. After these illegal relations between the Russians and the Japanese finally worsened. In 1875, the Russian government agreed to transfer sections of the Kuril ridge to the adjacent side. In return, Russia took possession of Sakhalin. The people of the Ainu tribe did not take Russian citizenship, they left for the uninhabited lands of the island of Hokkaido. The Ainu living in the Kuriles remained in place, took Japanese citizenship, retaining their Christian beliefs and faith. At the beginning of 1884, the rulers of Japan evicted the Ainu from the north of the Kuril ridge to Shikotan Island. And they urged them to engage in agriculture and cattle breeding. To late XIX in. the islands of Kunashir and Iturup were also inhabited. Total population The population was 3,000 inhabitants, of which 2,750 were Japanese. Russo-Japanese WarThe Kuril Islands (the map with names may have changed after the end of the war with the Japanese) are subject to constant disputes over their territory. In 1904, the Japanese authorities signed an order to start hostilities with Russia. They voiced an official statement about the break in peaceful relations with our country. A squadron of 55 Japanese warships sailed towards China and Korea. Hostilities began with an attack by Japanese destroyers. They fired on Russian ships stationed in Port Arthur. Main battles of the war:
In August 1905, negotiations took place between the two countries. A peace document was signed. The Liaodong Peninsula, southern Sakhalin and part of the railway joined the lands of Japan. In addition, Russia has pledged to comply with international maritime rules for catching fish. Japan was dissatisfied with the outcome of the treaty. USSR statementSince 1917, Japan has constantly invaded the Far East. After the defeat of the Entente, the international position of the USSR strengthened, but Japan still did not reckon with the Soviet Union. And in February 1924 the government sent a document to the Consul of Japan in Vladivostok. The notice announced the termination of the official powers of the consul. After receiving this application, the consul began to be considered a private person. This event was unexpected and shocking for the Japanese. They had to agree to the proposal to regulate international relations. In the spring of 1924, a meeting took place between the leaders of the Soviet Union and Japan. At the end of long disputes and discussions in 1925, the Soviet-Japanese convention was edited and signed. She settled consular and diplomatic relations between the Russian and Japanese sides. The map with the names of the Kuril Islands remained unchanged, since one of the points of the convention was the obligation to withdraw Japanese troops from Sakhalin. Then the island finally became Russian. The Second World WarDuring the Second World War, the countries formed 2 opposing military camps. The reasons for the war were the following factors: the desire of the powers to assert the position of political influence, to divide the economic market and the sphere of world trade. Stages of the war: In the spring of 1945, the Crimean Conference. Among the numerous proposals is the decision to start a war between Japan and the Soviet Union after the end of hostilities with Germany. Stalin planned to get the lands of the Kuriles, Port Arthur, a section of the railway in Manchuria and Sakhalin. In the summer of 1945, the USSR began a war with the Japanese. Japan capitulated in September. During the period 1946-1947. 400,000 Japanese were expelled from the Kuril and Sakhalin villages. Almost 300,000 Russian settlers arrived on the islands. In 1951, at a conference, the leaders of the Soviet Union insisted that the Kuriles and South Sakhalin belonged to the Russians. In the latest version of the treaty, a statement was made about the Japanese renouncing the disputed lands. However, it was not specified to whom Japan would transfer the islands. The Soviet Union did not sign another treaty. The Japanese signed the document. And immediately declared their rights to the Kuriles. Occupation of JapanThe surrender of Japan did not mean a truce. Another 7 years the country was occupied by US troops. The occupiers set the goal of destroying militarism and condemning war criminals for their cruel treatment of captured Allied soldiers. In addition, it was decided to help the collective farmers and workers. Establish foreign and domestic trade. Special departments were opened throughout Japan to strictly supervise the work of local authorities. In May 1946, the International Military Tribunal was established to try the criminals of the Japanese army. 7 people were executed, 16 were sentenced to life imprisonment. To weaken the political and military forces of Japan, militarism, bureaucracy, and the largest industrial concerns were eliminated. Democratization was carried out throughout the country. There was an updated Constitution, the Law on Elections. There have been reforms in agriculture, education, and labor law. In 1951, the occupation in Japan ended. Post-war agreementsAfter the war, Japan and the Soviet Union signed documents: XXI CenturyThe beginning of the century was marked by new bilateral meetings, at which the problem of belonging to the Kuriles was discussed and resolved: The Problem of OwnershipThe February conference of 1945 approved the law on the return of the south of Sakhalin and the Kuril ridge to the Russian Federation. Disputed territories of the Kuril Islands The Potsdam Conference of 1945 left the islands of Hokkaido, Shikoku, Honshu, and Kyushu to the Japanese. The Japanese delegation signed the adopted documents, but they lacked legal and precise wording about the transfer of the Kuriles to our country. Today the Japanese government makes claims to Russia for 4 islands. PopulationThe Kuril Islands (the map with the names and location of settlements is filled unevenly) are not all permanently inhabited, but only 4: Shikotan, Paramushir, Kunashir, Iturup. The maximum number of inhabitants was registered between 1980 and 1989. - about 30,000 people. At the beginning of 2018, there were 19 settlements - 16 small villages, 1 large settlement and 2 cities: Kurilsk and Severo-Kurilsk. The number of inhabitants of all the Kuriles is 20.6 thousand people.
Life in KunashirThe able-bodied population of the island is employed in the following industries: Economy and developmentSince 2006, the Kuriles have been participating in the Federal Development Program. It contains 4 blocks: modernization of transport communication, fishing and processing, social sphere, energy. 18 billion rubles were allocated for the fulfillment of tasks. The following stages are planned:
Since 2016, the revival of the Kuril Islands has been associated with the implementation of a long-term, expanded program "Social and economic support for the Kuril Islands". The level of expenses is 68.9 billion rubles. Rest on the Kuril IslandsHundreds of tourists visit the Kuril Islands every year. They are attracted by volcanoes, high waterfalls, a variety of fauna, flora and fishing. Excursion tours include:
World famous sights of the islands: Travel companies offer tours: Natural, Excursion, Medical, Family, Sea. The cost of rest ranges from 40,000 to 90,000 rubles. per person. The amount depends on the duration, comfort of stay and the name of the tour. Curious factsUnusual and curious facts:
The importance of the Kuril Islands, both in economic and military-strategic terms, is invaluable. Until now, there are no exact facts about the belonging of the Kuriles. The dispute between Japan and the Russian Federation continues. But the Kuril Islands with names are still located on the map of Russia. Article formatting: Mila Fridan Video about the Kuril IslandsKuril Islands from A to Z:
In view of recent events, many inhabitants of the planet are interested in where the Kuril Islands are located, as well as to whom they belong. If there is still no concrete answer to the second question, then the first can be answered quite unambiguously. The Kuril Islands are a chain of islands approximately 1.2 kilometers long. It runs from the Kamchatka Peninsula to an island landmass called Hokkaido. A kind of convex arc, consisting of fifty-six islands, is located in two parallel lines, and also separates the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk from the Pacific Ocean. The total territorial area is 10,500 km 2. On the south side, the state border between Japan and Russia is stretched. The lands in question are of inestimable economic and military-strategic importance. Most of them are considered part of the Russian Federation and belong to the Sakhalin region. However, the status of such components of the archipelago, including Shikotan, Kunashir, Iturup, as well as the Habomai group, is disputed by the Japanese authorities, which classifies the listed islands as part of the Hokkaido prefecture. Thus, you can find the Kuril Islands on the map of Russia, but Japan plans to legalize the ownership of some of them. These territories have their own characteristics. For example, the archipelago belongs entirely to the Far North, if you look at legal documents. And this is despite the fact that Shikotan is located in the same latitude as the city of Sochi and Anapa. Kunashir, Cape Stolbchaty Climate of the Kuril IslandsWithin the area under consideration, a temperate maritime climate prevails, which can be called cool rather than warm. The main impact on climatic conditions exert baric systems, which usually form over the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, the cold Kuril Current, and the Sea of Okhotsk. The southern part of the archipelago is covered by monsoon atmospheric flows, for example, the Asian winter anticyclone also dominates there.
It should be noted that the weather on the Kuril Islands is quite changeable. The landscapes of the local latitudes are characterized by less heat supply than the territories of the corresponding latitudes, but in the center of the mainland. The average minus temperature in winter is the same for each island included in the chain, and ranges from -5 to -7 degrees. In winter, prolonged heavy snowfalls, thaws, increased cloudiness and blizzards often occur. In summer, temperature indicators vary from +10 to +16 degrees. The further south the island is located, the higher the air temperature will be.
If we consider the components of the middle and northern group of islands, it is worth noting that the temperature of coastal waters there does not rise above five to six degrees, therefore, these territories are characterized by the lowest summer rate for the Northern Hemisphere. During the year, the archipelago receives from 1000 to 1400 mm of precipitation, which is evenly distributed over the seasons. You can also talk about everywhere excess moisture. On the southern side of the chain in summer, the humidity index exceeds ninety percent, due to which fogs dense in consistency appear. If you carefully consider the latitudes where the Kuril Islands are located on the map, we can conclude that the area is particularly difficult. It is regularly affected by cyclones, which are accompanied by excessive precipitation, and can also cause typhoons.
Population Territories are populated unevenly. The population of the Kuril Islands lives year-round in Shikotan, Kunashir, Paramushir and Iturup. There is no permanent population in other parts of the archipelago. In total, there are nineteen settlements, including sixteen villages, an urban-type settlement called Yuzhno-Kurilsk, as well as two large cities, including Kurilsk and Severo-Kurilsk. In 1989, the maximum value of the population was recorded, which was equal to 30,000 people.
By 2010, the rate had dropped significantly. In total, 18,700 people occupied the territory, of which approximately 6,100 live within the Kuril District, and 10,300 in the South Kuril District. The rest of the people occupied the local villages. The population has decreased significantly due to the remoteness of the archipelago, but the climate of the Kuril Islands also played its role, which not every person can withstand.
How to get to the KurilesThe easiest way to get here is by air. The local airport called Iturup is considered one of the most important aviation facilities built from scratch in post-Soviet times. It was built and equipped in accordance with modern technological requirements, so it was given the status of an international air point. The first flight, which later became regular, was accepted on September 22, 2014. They became the plane of the company "Aurora", which arrived from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. There were fifty passengers on board. This event was negatively perceived by the Japanese authorities, who attribute this territory to their country. Therefore, disputes about who owns the Kuril Islands continue to this day. It is worth noting that a trip to the Kuriles must be planned in advance. Route planning should take into account that the total archipelago includes fifty-six islands, among which Iturup and Kunashir are the most popular. There are two ways to get to them. It is most convenient to fly by plane, but tickets should be bought a few months before the scheduled date, since there are quite a few flights. The second way is a trip by boat from the port of Korsakov. The journey takes from 18 to 24 hours, but you can buy a ticket only at the box office of the Kuriles or Sakhalin, that is, online sales are not provided.
Interesting Facts Despite all the difficulties, life on the Kuril Islands is developing and growing. The history of the territories began in 1643, when several sections of the archipelago were surveyed by Marten Fries and his team. The first information received by Russian scientists dates back to 1697, when V. Atlasov's campaign across Kamchatka took place. All subsequent expeditions led by I. Kozyrevsky, F. Luzhin, M. Shpanberg and others were aimed at systematic development of the area. After it became clear who discovered the Kuril Islands, you can familiarize yourself with several interesting facts related to the archipelago:
The Great Kuril Arc is surrounded by underwater volcanoes, some of which regularly make themselves felt. Any eruption causes a resumption of seismic activity, which provokes a “seaquake”. Therefore, local lands are subject to frequent tsunamis. The strongest tsunami wave about 30 meters high in 1952 completely destroyed the city on the island of Paramushir called Severo-Kurilsk. The last century was also remembered for several natural disasters. Among them, the most famous was the 1952 tsunami that occurred in Paramushir, as well as the 1994 Shikotan tsunami. Therefore, it is believed that such a beautiful nature of the Kuril Islands is also very dangerous for human life, but this does not prevent local cities from developing and the population from growing. The mysterious Kuriles are a paradise for any romantic traveler. Inaccessibility, uninhabited, geographical isolation, active volcanoes, far from a "beach climate", avaricious information - not only do not scare away, but also increase the desire to get to the foggy, fire-breathing islands - the former military fortresses of the Japanese army, still hiding deep underground many secrets. In total, there are over 150 volcanoes on the islands, of which 39 are active. The highest of them is the Alaid volcano - 2339 m, located on the island of Atlasov. The presence of numerous thermal springs on the islands is associated with volcanic activity, some of them are curative. Experts compare the Kuril Islands with a huge Botanical Garden, where representatives of various floras coexist: Japanese-Korean, Manchurian and Okhotsk-Kamchatka. Here they grow together - polar birch and thousand-year-old yew, larch with spruce and wild grapes, elfin cedar and velvet tree, interweaving of woody vines and carpet thickets of lingonberries. Traveling around the islands, you can visit various natural areas, to get from the pristine taiga to subtropical thickets, from the moss tundra to the jungle of giant grasses. Yuzhno-Kurilsk, Kunashir GEOGRAPHY, WHERE THEY ARE, HOW TO GET TO The Kuril Islands belong to the regions of the Far North Iturup Island, White Rocks Kuril Islands List of KURIL ISLANDS middle group Southern group Small Kuril Ridge volcano Atsonapuri Kuril Islands Geological structure South Kuril Bay, Kunashir Island earthquakes Paramushir island, Ebeko volcano Mendeleev volcano, Kunashir island Mineral springs Devil's finger Kuril Islands Natural resources Bird's waterfall, Kunashir Flora and fauna Alaid volcano, Atlasov Island Fauna Kunashir Island, Pervukhin Bay History of the islands The first visit to the islands is attributed to the Dutchman Gerrits Fries, who visited Fr. Uruppu. Calling this land "Company Land" - Companys lant (Reclus, 1885, p. 565), Friese, however, did not assume that it was part of the Kuril ridge. After the death of Chikina on about. Simushiru I. Cherny spent the winter on this island. In 1767 he reached Fr. Etorofu, and then settled on about. Uruppu. Returning to Kamchatka in the autumn of 1769, Cherny reported that on 19 islands (including Etorofu) 83 "shaggy" (Ainu) had accepted Russian citizenship. city of Severo-Kurilsk 19th century 20th century Church of the Holy Trinity, Yuzhno-Kurilsk The Problem of Ownership Cape Stolbchaty, Kunashir Island Population Onekotan Island Economy and development __________________________________________________________________________________________ SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO: |