CHAPTER 1. TOURISM IN THE CONTEXT OF STATE
TRANSFORMATIONS.
§1.1. Socio-economic factors contributing to the development of tourism.
§ 1.2. State-party concept of tourism development.
§ 1.3. Creation of a management structure for tourist-excursion traffic.
CHAPTER 2. DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE.
§ 2.1. The state of the material and technical base.
§ 2.2. The process of training personnel in the tourism sector.
§ 2.3. Organizational experience of tourism activities among the population.
Conclusion of scientific work dissertation on the topic "The system of organizing tourism in the USSR"
CONCLUSION
The victory of Soviet power as a result of the 1917 revolution caused fundamental changes in the content of the state's activities. The state becomes an instrument for the implementation of the ideological guidelines of the RCP (b) - VKP (b) - CPSU, the main of which was the education of a new person - "homo sovieticus".
Among the numerous means of influencing society in the spirit of the ideological guidelines of that time, tourism occupied a significant place, since it contributed to the formation of such priority qualities for the Soviet system as collectivism, endurance, purposefulness, etc. their implementation was played by party and state bodies. Existing until 1917 as a private matter, tourism after the Bolsheviks came to power was introduced into the rank of state policy, the degree of influence of which over the years became higher and higher.
In the first decade of its existence, the Soviet state, with the help of trade unions * and the Komsomol, pursued a consistent policy of introducing tourism into the public consciousness as an integral part of the Soviet way of life, introducing tourism to all categories of the population, especially schoolchildren and youth. Party bodies sought mass coverage of workers and young students with all available forms of tourism, the organization and conduct of weekend hikes, excursions, and the delivery of TRP standards for tourism became widespread.
In the mid 1930s. new organizational forms government controlled mass tourism in the center and in the regions. As a result, attention has increased to the further development of the tourist and excursion movement in the country. Regulatory documents regulated the creation of a management structure for such types of tourism as amateur, sports, sightseeing, mountaineering.
In the postwar years, there was a change in the tasks of tourism, its essence and purpose. Tourism has become not only a means of physical education, but one of the ways to influence the population, an indicator of the well-being of the people. The exit of the USSR "from1 international isolation, the expansion of international relations," led to the formation and development of foreign tourism, which significantly changed the initial concept of tourism - and its - place in the life of a Soviet person.
During this period, the material and technical base reached a significant "growth", the problem of personnel training of specialists became aggravated, which in the 1960s-1985s found its solution at the next stage of development: there was an "improvement of the organization and management structure" of the tourist-excursion system. In the "early 1970s, planned-training of personnel with higher education began for" providing tourist and excursion services. objects. A significant moment was the formation * of five directions of tourism: youth, foreign, amateur, military and children. Periodically updated! management structure." in the tourism sector contributed to the intensive development of each of them.
During the years of perestroika, there was an intensive growth in the tourist movement, which necessitated the development of new provisions regulating its new forms and the preparation of programs for its long-term development.
An analysis of the dynamics of the tourist-excursion movement shows that its greatest scope and mass character fell on the period of the 1970-80s. Tourism became "more mass, popular and turned into a dynamically developing branch of the national economy. In this regard, the methods and forms of work changed tourism organizations.
The decisive role in setting the goals and objectives of the tourist-excursion movement, determining the means, their implementation, was played by party and state bodies. Government acts laid the foundation for the regulatory framework, determined the main stages and directions for the development of Soviet tourism. The developed documents contributed to the systematic, phased development of tourism.
Regulatory documents outlined the main tasks of tourism, for the achievement of which accessible and effective methods and forms of community outreach. € with the aim of mass coverage of the population, clubs, sections, cells at enterprises and institutions were organized everywhere.
With the development and spread of the tourist movement in Russia, the problem of staffing became acute, the solution of which was entrusted by the government to the Komsomol organizations. regional committees. VLKSM" held seminars, courses, training camps in preparation community instructors. However, as development progresses; new types of tourism, such as international, recreational, there has always been a shortage of specialists in the tourism industry.
The further development of tourism in Russia marked yet another problem - the logistics of the sphere. The formation of the material and technical base of tourism began "in the 20s, as a result of the transfer of tourist and excursion business to the department" of trade unions * when bases, recreation, sanatoriums, pioneer camps were created at enterprises and institutions, and groups of tourists were equipped with equipment.
According to the degree of improvement * tasks and occurrence; new directions of tourism, the structure of management of tourist-excursion traffic also changed. So, public organizations, such as OPTE, came to replace the TEU under the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. Such a reorganization was caused primarily by the problem of the formation of a "material and technical base and a personnel training system. Later, each of the types of tourism, such as sports, foreign, children's, youth, became independent areas and had their own management structures, which effectively affected the performance of tourism organizations .
In the regions of the country, according to government documents, local authorities were active in organizing tourism activities, taking into account geographical and natural features. So, almost all types of tourism developed in the Urals. Especially popular among the population were amateur hikes, family vacations, excursions, weekend hikes. The construction of such tourist facilities as sanatoriums, dispensaries, bases * and rest houses contributed to the development of "social (recreational) tourism". With the aim of mass coverage of children and youth of the Urals, new effective forms of organizing work with children were found. Geological tourism has gained particular popularity, which contributed to the study native land, prospecting for minerals. Expeditions and trips to places of military glory and memorial sites of revolutions became no less popular among the Ural population*. Thanks to the Yunost and Druzhba trains, Ural residents got the opportunity to get acquainted with the sights* of other regions and cities of the country. By the end of the 1980s. observed. intensive growth of tourist and excursion traffic in the Urals.
The study made it possible to identify a number of features and patterns that affect the development of tourism in Soviet Russia. Firstly, the state policy and its strategic direction contributed to the emergence of tourism as an effective means of education, organization of recreation for the population; not as an economic industry. The government's programs and documents regulating the development of tourism were based on the ideology of the state.
Secondly, there was regular control over the implementation of documents adopted by the party in the country, which significantly intensified the activities local authorities authorities. There was also a system of reporting on the execution of government acts.
Thirdly, the state, introducing new forms of work with the population and youth, took into account the resources that really exist in the country, the economic, material and technical capabilities of the regions. The phased decision-making contributed to the systematic and consistent development of tourism, turning it into a powerful industry in the late 1980s.
However, this was aggravated by a number of problems. First of all, the inconsistency of the material and technical base with the growth of the needs of the population. As well as the lack of highly qualified specialists and the low level of services provided.
The shortage of personnel in the tourism sector is due to a number of reasons of a subjective and objective nature. It is objective that tourism has become for Russia a new sphere of human life, in which "the existing capabilities of the state were insignificant. The subjective factor in the lack of qualified specialists was the misunderstanding of the government of the seriousness of solving this problem. Especially in the post-war period, when the population became more educated, literate, there was "an increase in the material and technical base of tourism and new resources appeared, the solution to the problem of training did not receive due attention from the country's leadership. opened educational establishments courses, seminars and gatherings were still organized in big cities, and in the regions. Highly qualified^ training of specialists in the tourism sector was weak. The discrepancy between the growing needs of the population, the material and technical base and the service of the services provided was clearly indicated. This was especially pronounced with the development of international tourism. International tourism, in turn, in the Soviet Union had a somewhat deformed character, because. served as a means of encouragement for success in study and work, the trip was awarded to people who passed a kind of "selection" in the exit commissions.
However, tourism in Russia developed and had a positive impact on the formation of Soviet society. First of all, the cognitive function was realized by means of tourism: the study of the native land, patriotic and environmental education. The growth of the material and technical base contributed to the satisfaction of human needs in active and passive recreation, the realization of recreational opportunities in each region of the country. The formation of the tourist infrastructure provided new jobs, laid the foundation for the staffing of the sphere. Developing types of tourism, such as sports, caving, skiing, international, made it possible to realize the opportunities of young people. International* tourism, in turn, was of an ideological nature, but showed the contrasts and differences between Soviet society and those abroad.
The problems of the development of the tourism industry are still constantly in the field of view of both federal and regional ministries and the scientific community. One of the current trends in the development of Russian tourism "is the transfer of the main area of tourist development to the central regions of Russia, which include the Ural recreational zone. Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk region- the most important industrial regions of Russia with favorable tourist resources.
In recent years, laws and programs have been developed and adopted; concepts of tourism activities in areas where the focus is on the development of inbound tourism, rather than domestic. Although domestic, in particular ecological, tourism makes it possible to experience a new quality of communication both with surrounding world outside the usual urbanized habitat, and a new quality of human communication, liberated from the regulating function of society. This type of tourism in all its varieties, from farm (village) to amateur tourism, is an alternative to cultural tourism both in terms of the object of tourist interest and the method of organization.
1. YOUTH TOURISM IN RUSSIA
1.1 Youth tourism in the USSR
Considering the history of the development of youth tourism, first of all, it is necessary to define this type of tourism.
Youth tourism is a specific type of tourism activity of youth and adolescents, implemented both within national borders and at the regional and global levels.
Consider the stages of development of youth tourism in the USSR.
Tourist and local history activities for the period from 1918 to 1928 were concentrated in out-of-school institutions and were carried out in the form of multi-day (6-10 days) excursions, travels, the so-called "nomads". Their main subject was the study of natural history disciplines, agricultural labor and handicrafts. It is noteworthy that already in 1918 a special bureau of school excursions was organized in the People's Commissariat for Education. On behalf of People's Commissar A.A. Lunacharsky, Professor I.I. Polyansky organized by May 1919 6 excursion stations for excursion and research work with students and teachers of the unified labor school. The organizational and methodological side of tourism and local history was determined at that time by the works of I.M. Grevsa, N.P. Antsiferova, B.E. Raikova, A.A. Yakhontov, N. K. Krupskaya. As I.M. Grevs in the first issue of the journal "Excursion Bulletin": "To make the excursion a necessary factor in the school course was the task of the new time. Krupskaya defined the role of excursions as follows:" The excursion is of great importance, but only if it is well prepared.
We must learn to observe life and try to draw from it everything that is possible.
At the end of the 20s of the XX century, the Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions announced the All-Union Research Campaign "For raw materials for five-year plan machines", in which a large number of groups of young tourists took part. Academician A.E. Fersman, who immediately appreciated the possible benefits of hiking, wrote that "we are moving from tourism to a whole series of stages of our work in the field of not only scientific discoveries, but also gains of great economic importance."
In the 1930s, hiking and excursions occupied a significant place in the practice of many Soviet teachers. The experience of A.S. Makarenko, who widely used collective campaigns for educational purposes. The outstanding teacher used the trips as an incentive, as a gift to the team for the success of the academic and working year. Analyzing the experience of tourist work in the commune named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky, Makarenko believed that there is no better method of education and development of youth than summer excursions and trips, arranging them annually for their pupils.
In the prewar years, a number of measures contributed to the strengthening of tourist and local history work among children. In 1932, the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR adopted a resolution "Excursion and tourism work among children to the highest level", which instructed "the regional, regional and district departments of public education, together with children's communist organizations, to take all measures to organize in cities, workers and the most important collective farms areas of children's excursion and tourist stations and bases on them, carrying out methodical work through the latter. In 1937, the All-Russian campaign of pioneers and schoolchildren for mineral raw materials was announced.
In 1940, the order of the People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR "On children's tourism" was issued. Clubs of young tourists were created in schools. "Children's tourism and excursions, - said the People's Commissar of Education Potemkin at the collegium of the People's Commissariat for Education, - this is a type of educational work in which all students should be involved." Tourism and excursions pursue, first of all, general educational tasks and in their very organization they carry elements of physical hardening and training of the future fighter. In 1940, 261 thousand schoolchildren were involved in the campaigns. At the beginning of 1941, All-Union expeditions of pioneers and schoolchildren were announced to visit places of military glory of the Civil War and to study small rivers.
During the years of the Great Patriotic War tourist and local history activities of schoolchildren were aimed at helping the front and rear. Children collected wild useful plants, wrote down the biographies of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War, helped the families of veterans and the disabled.
In the postwar and early 50s, children's tourism became massive. Many teachers - former front-line soldiers - organized trips to the places of battles, introduced children to the glory and feat of our people. It was at this time that many teachers began to use tourism as an effective means of education and training. V. A. Sukhomlinsky wrote: “Real moral education is impossible without emotional communication with nature.” His numerous walks with children in the forest, to the river, in the field were educational in nature, were lessons in humanism. In the late 40s and early 50s, annual gatherings of young tourists from cities, regions, and later All-Russian and All-Union ones came into practice.
On December 24, 1958, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the law "On strengthening the connection between school and life." New curricula and programs were approved, which emphasized the special role of the local history approach to teaching school subjects, the importance of excursions and observations in nature.
In the mid-1960s, the All-Union campaign "Road of the Glory of the Fathers" began. The first All-Union gathering of participants in the campaign to places of revolutionary, labor and military glory took place on September 19, 1965 in the hero-fortress Brest. More than three million people took part in the campaign. During the campaigns, monuments to the dead were erected, burial places were put in order, and the names of those who were buried in mass graves were established. There were 11 stages of the campaign. All-Union rallies were held in Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Ivanov, Minsk, Yerevan, the 12th (and last) rally was held under a different name.
In the 1970s, the practice of conducting All-Union expeditions of pioneers and schoolchildren continued. The All-Union expedition "My Motherland - the USSR" was announced.
The expedition was dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the formation Soviet Union and the 50th anniversary of the assignment to the Komsomol and pioneers named after V.I. Lenin. The main goal was to educate students on the revolutionary, military and labor traditions of the Soviet people, on the examples of friendship and brotherhood of the peoples of our multinational country. In schools, in each class, it was supposed to create an expeditionary detachment. As later reports from the field showed, such detachments were created in more than 20% of the classes. Gatherings of the best expeditionary detachments, conferences, exhibitions of local history materials were held, museums were created, patronage work was carried out with veterans.
For a more active participation of tourist and excursion organizations of trade unions in conducting a tourist expedition of Soviet youth "My Motherland - USSR", the Presidium of the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions decided to propose to the republican, regional and regional councils for tourism and excursions: to involve working and studying youth more widely in hiking, travel and excursions around the native land with a visit, a comprehensive acquaintance and a deep study of the objects of the All-Union tourist expedition "My Motherland - the USSR", while paying special attention to the active participation in the expedition of young people of draft and pre-conscription age; to make more effective use of the tourist routes of the expedition for passing standards for badges "Tourist of the USSR" and the All-Union Sports Complex "Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR"; with the participation of the commissions of the Tourism Federation, to develop new tourist routes around the native land, weekend hikes and multi-day trips with the mandatory inclusion of the program of expedition objects in them; determine the list of topics for excursions organized by excursion agencies for participants in a tourist expedition; include in the curricula and programs of training seminars and fees for the training of public tourist personnel of all categories and links sections related to the organization and conduct of the expedition; more widely practice holding evenings and meetings of the members of the expedition "My Motherland - the USSR" with noble workers, leaders and heroes of the five-year plans, participants in the Great Patriotic War, veterans of tourism and excursion business; regularly cover the course of the expedition in the local press, promote the experience of the best tourist clubs, tourism and excursion councils and tourist clubs of enterprises, institutions, and educational institutions by means of radio and television.
In the thirties - early fifties, children's excursion and tourist stations (DETS) were created, which became
instructive-methodical and organizational centers of tourist, local history and excursion work in the field. In their circles, the research method in the tourist and local history activities of students is widely developed.
Analyzing the work of circles of stations for young tourists and Pioneer Houses, S. Istomin wrote: "The forms and methods of search and research work in school tourism are so multifaceted that they can satisfy the ever-growing interests of schoolchildren."
With the aim of developing international youth tourism in June 1958, the international youth bureau “Sputnik” was formed. The bureau dealt with the exchange of youth groups of the USSR with other countries. However, in the period from 1960 to 1970, only 0.4% of the citizens of the USSR went on trips abroad.
In the 60s of the XX century, the development of tourism during this period took place in accordance with plans, the implementation of which was mandatory. They were developed for long periods (5-10 years) and approved higher authorities for tourism. The normative indicators of the plans, which were taken as the basis for the development of the tourism industry and services, were subject to strict control.
Tourism was used as a means of educational influence on the younger generation. So, in the 1970s, all-Union campaigns and expeditions of schoolchildren and youth were carried out. The goals of such mass tourism enterprises were to instill patriotism, excursion and local history work, sports training and hardening.
Since that time, new forms of recreation began to be introduced: some camp sites began to accept parents with children. The range of tourist services in tourist farms has increased.
In the period 1980-1992. the material and technical base of medical and health tourism gradually grew, new hotel complexes appeared in large cities of the country (“Izmailovo” and “Salyut” in Moscow, “Tourist” in Pskov, “Velingrad” in Kislovodsk, etc.), new types of services - family holidays and course treatment. During the course of treatment, vacationers lived in apartments and houses of the private sector, and received a course of treatment and rehabilitation in a sanatorium. Recreational services were well developed on the basis of sanatoriums, as well as rest houses.
The main features of the administrative-normative period are: the development of tourism in the context of strict regulation and planning; distribution of new forms of service (family holidays, course treatment); creation of large and comfortable hotel complexes; creation of a scientific basis for the study of tourism.
In 1986, there were 17 equestrian routes in the Soviet Union in Altai, the South Urals, the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia and other regions. Bicycle routes have appeared in a number of places. Transport trips were also among the local planned routes: motor ships, railways, and air travel.
Sea excursions were also organized along the Black Sea, along the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk, along the White, Barents, and Red Seas. In the 80s, air tour routes acquired a mass character. More than 160 bureaus used aviation services, which allowed 2 million people to have a rest every year.
To address the issues of youth international exchange in June 1958, the Bureau of Youth International Tourism "Sputnik" was established.
The restructuring of the second half of the 80s eventually led to the collapse of the USSR and the collapse of the unified tourist and excursion system of the Soviet Union. The process of creating independent states, as well as national tourist and excursion organizations, began.
Since 1990, the period of development of Russian tourism has been characterized by a transition from administrative regulation of tourism to economic incentives based on new Russian laws relating to both business and the market in general, and tourism activities in particular.
Since 1992 in Russian Federation the program of the local history movement "Fatherland", which replaced the expedition "My Motherland - the USSR", is being implemented.
1.2 Tourist societies, their educational role for young people
Consider the main tourist companies that have existed in Russia since the 20th century.
In 1900, the "Russian Mining Society" arose. Its founders were famous scientists: V.I. Vernadsky, P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, N.M. Przhevalsky and others. In 1901, the "Russian Touring Club" was transformed into the "Russian Society of Tourists", which existed until the summer of 1928. According to the charter, students, youth and military low ranks could not be members of the ROT. The members of the ROT were privileged money people. The society set as its task the organization of tourist trips in Russia and abroad, acquaintance with the sights of Russian cities, as well as the organization of trips "to holy places".
In 1907, a commission was created at the "Russian Society of Tourists" to organize educational excursions in Russia for schoolchildren, which was engaged in excursions around Russia and acquaintance with ancient Russian cities. In 1911, the board of the society moved from St. Petersburg to Moscow. In 1914, the "Russian Society of Tourism" numbered 5,000 people.
ROT published the magazines "Russian Tourist", "Excursion Bulletin", "School Excursions and School Museum" (Odessa), "Russian Tourist" (Yaroslavl), theoretical and methodological and reference literature, guidebooks. After the 1917 revolution, many organizations and societies were banned.
The emergence of Soviet tourism can be attributed to the 20s of the XX century.
In 1918, the first tourist organization, the Bureau of School Tours, was created. In 1919, decrees on healing areas were adopted. On their basis, resorts of various directions began to be built. In 1920, a decree "on the use of the Crimea for the treatment of workers" was signed.
In 1921, a decree was adopted on the organization of rest homes. Active construction of tourist centers, sanatoriums, resort bases, pioneer camps, etc. begins. Churches, country houses, estates of landowners and other houses of wealthy people, which today are considered architectural monuments, were given as rest houses.
Since the 1920s, the Russian Society of Tourism has begun its active work again. In 1928, the ROT was closed, and on its basis the "Society for Proletarian Tourism OPT of the RSFSR" was created, and in March 1930 - the "All-Union Voluntary Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions" - OPTIE, members were 6.5 million people. The "Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions" united excursion and tourist societies and organizations, such as "Soviet Tourist", "Tourist of Georgia" and others.
In 1929, the All-Union Joint Stock Company "Intourist" was created to serve foreign tourists and organize tourist trips for citizens of the USSR abroad. Over time, Intourist opened branches in many cities of the USSR and representative offices in foreign countries. Later, the State Committee for Tourism of the USSR owned 4 travel companies and over 20 representative offices abroad, some of which were registered under the sign of VAO Intourist.
In the spring of 1936, the management of domestic tourism and excursions was transferred to the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. At the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the Center for Tourist and Excursion Management was established, with corresponding departments in the republics, territories and regions.
In 1958, the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League created its own tourist organization - the Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik" to organize trips of Soviet youth abroad and foreign youth to the USSR. The organization of tourist and excursion work with schoolchildren is carried out by the Central Children's Excursion and Tourism Organization, established in 1918 and transformed in 1932.
On May 31, 1983, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the society was transformed into the Committee for Foreign Tourism of the USSR.
Youth tourism is a means of harmonious development of adolescents and young men, implemented in the form of recreation and socially useful activities, a characteristic component of which is travel (excursion, walk, hike, expedition). This definition primarily indicates that tourism should integrate all the main aspects of education: ideological and moral, labor, aesthetic, physical, patriotic and international, mental development, polytechnic education, etc. Based on the history of the development of tourism activities, the cognitive function in To some extent, it is inherent in any tourist event, so learning new and unusual things for children on excursions, hiking, expeditions, field camps is based on one of the main components of tourism activities.
This form of organizing the educational process in children's tourism is based, in addition to the above, on the theoretical foundations of the research method of teaching on hikes, which determines the activities of the head of the children's group in the preparation and conduct of training events and hike participants.
It should be noted that when organizing and conducting this form of the educational process, a student-oriented pedagogical paradigm is used. Within the framework of this paradigm, the following basic principles and approaches to educational work in a tourist camp with vacationing children are implemented:
Personal activity;
Dialogical or polysubjective
Individual creative;
cultural conformity;
expediency;
natural conformity;
local history;
the integrity of the educational process and the unity of pedagogical influence.
Based on these theoretical positions, it is possible to determine those fundamental pedagogical views that should be based on the practice of organizing and conducting tourist camps for children. The main task of a teacher in a health camp is to create a kind of hypothetical model for the formation of a developing and learning environment for children.
It is the teacher-educator, the instructor of tourism in the children's tourist camp who should set the conditions, forms and methods of research activities on hikes, thanks to which the child will form an internal motivation to approach any first information that arises before him from creative positions.
From this it follows that one of the most significant tasks is to address the issue of how to form internal motivation, that is, the transformation of the external need to study the new and unknown encountered by the child on hiking trips into an internal need.
One of the most important principles of organizing educational recreation for children in tourist camps, which is especially successfully implemented in the process of tourism and local history activities, is the principle of the integrity of the educational process and the unity of pedagogical influence. This activity is able to simultaneously influence the intellectual, emotional and volitional spheres of the personality of a young tourist, to carry out an organic fusion of educational, upbringing and health-improving processes.
The joint practical activities of the children in the campaign should be based, first of all, on interest, passion for a particular business, understanding the work, and secondly, on theoretical and practical classes to study the basics of tourism and health improvement.
The tourist and local history form of educational work is an emotionally bright and very meaningful side of the life of children. This form of work contributes to the strengthening of health, versatile education, the formation of citizenship and patriotism of the younger generation. Especially relevant at present for residents of urbanized spaces are: improving the health of students through measured physical activity, getting to know the most beautiful landscapes of the country, and direct contact with nature.
For students in adolescence and youth, various travels, acquaintance with different parts of their country, studying in practice their historical, cultural, natural attractions are the most natural, or, as the classics would say, nature-like activities.
The use of a variety of tourist and technical means in a health-improving tourist camp: climbing rocks, swimming in kayaks, boats and catamarans, working with various devices and mechanisms, conducting radio communications, in which middle-aged and older children have an increased interest, creates an additional attractive participation factor on a tourist trip.
Youth hiking trips and expeditions are held in a form that is as close as possible to a real research expedition in sports tourism.
1.3 Main achievements and problems of the Soviet system of youth tourism
After the liquidation of the Russian Society of Tourists in 1928, on its basis in 1929, a society of proletarian tourism was created, which in 1930 was transformed into the All-Russian Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions.
On April 11, 1929, the Decree of the Council of Labor and Defense “On the organization of the State Joint-Stock Company for Foreign Tourism in the USSR” was adopted. In fact, from that moment there was a division of tourism into external and internal. The management of external tourism is transferred to the State Committee for Tourism.
In 1936, the management of domestic tourism was entrusted to the trade unions represented by the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, in which the Central Tourist and Excursion Administration was formed with branches in the republics and cities of the country. In 1969, this department was transformed into the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions.
The organization of youth tourism was entrusted to the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, which in 1959 created its own tourist structure - the Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik". In addition, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Education and a number of other departments that organize the recreation of workers in their industry were involved in tourism.
There was no single regulatory act regulating tourism activities. Legal regulation of tourism was carried out on the basis of departmental instructions.
The transition from command-and-control management of the economy to a market economy also affected the tourism sector. The former tourism monopolists Sputnik, Intourist, the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions have been transformed into joint-stock companies and holdings.
After the liquidation of the USSR State Committee for Tourism in our country, for three years there was no department responsible for the development of tourism in general and youth tourism in particular.
From 1989 to 1992 practically not a single normative act was adopted that consolidates and regulates new market relations in the field of tourism.
The main achievements of the Soviet system of youth tourism was to attract young people to the educational and health value, the ideological and patriotic orientation of hiking trips, the richness and versatility of tourism as an active form of recreation and sports.
Soviet mass tourism was one of the effective means of communist education. The educational value of tourism was linked to the principles of the moral code of the builder of communism, with specific examples it was shown how camp life, taking place in a team and involving overcoming various difficulties, helps to form high moral and volitional qualities, including courage, comradely solidarity, high discipline, hard work and etc.
The educational value of Soviet mass tourism also lies in the fact that tourist trips, rallies and competitions are important means of instilling practical skills that are useful both in professional activities and in service in the ranks of the Soviet Army. Such professional and military-applied skills include knowledge of topography, provision of first aid, organization of search and rescue operations, technique of transporting a victim with improvised means, technique of movement and overcoming natural obstacles in various terrain conditions and with different means of transportation, organization bivouac, etc.
Trade union organizations, as well as the tourism departments of the Ministry of Defense and military districts, were engaged in solving the problems of developing the tourist and excursion business in the country in Soviet times.
Youth tourism in Soviet times was considered as one of the means of mass physical culture along with gymnastics, running, skiing, swimming, sports games. Certain types of tourism (hiking, skiing, water, cycling, and at the level of sports tourism also mountain, auto, motorcycle, and speleotourism) require the involvement of various elements from the field of physical culture and sports: skiing, cycling, rowing, auto and motor sports, mountaineering and always, for all types of tourism - the ability to orientate in the area. This inevitably aroused interest in sports, involved in cross-country running, swimming, cross-country skiing, rowing and water slalom, sports games, mountaineering, orienteering, etc. Regulatory requirements of the GTO complex for athletics, swimming, shooting, gymnastic exercises, ski racing became the norm for the tourist, and these types of physical exercises were included in the year-round training cycle.
1.4 Problems of development of youth tourism in the Russian Federation
Until 1990, youth tourism, as a social movement, was implemented through a system of tourist clubs under the Councils for Tourism and Excursions.
The number of republican, regional, regional, city and district clubs in 1989, which can be regarded as a turning point, in the RSFSR was more than 700. About 80 regional sports tourism federations were formed on the basis of the clubs. More than 30 thousand tourist sections and commissions worked on a voluntary basis at enterprises, institutions and educational institutions. More than 3 thousand classified sports and health routes were developed and operated. By 1989, 5,240 passes in the highlands and about 1,000 caves were classified and included in the all-Union list.
The tourism asset and its public organizations were able to involve 6.8 million people a year in tourism, and at the same time hold trips, rallies, and competitions for 15.2 million people. The number of participants in sports category trips, giving the right to assign sports categories and titles, was 136,021 people, and the number of sports tourist groups was 14,252.
This work was carried out at the expense of insignificant appropriations - about 6 million rubles. per year, received in 1989 from the funds of trade unions.
The state system of children's and youth tourism in Russia is based on federal and municipal educational authorities in the structure of which there are about 500 centers, stations, clubs and bases for young tourists, as well as over 2000 palaces and houses for children and youth creativity, in which departments and sections of tourism function . More than eleven thousand qualified teachers work in children's specialized tourist institutions.
In 220 centers and stations for young tourists, tourist training grounds and rock simulators (climbing walls) are equipped, about 400 equipped educational tourist and excursion trails are constantly used.
Over 3,400 specialized camps are organized annually in the Russian Federation, where over 350,000 children receive tourist skills and improve their health.
More than 300 thousand children are constantly involved in tourist and local history circles and sections of additional education institutions alone, and more than 1.5 million children participate in trips, expeditions and trips organized by them.
Since the 1990s, many of the former sports tourism management structures have largely ceased to exist. The state budget, the budgets of trade unions and sports organizations have significantly decreased, and in some places they do not at all provide for the allocation of financial assistance sports tourism.
The number of tourist clubs has decreased to 300, they continue to operate on their basis territorial federations sports tourism. A significant number of clubs have lost their premises and operate on a voluntary basis.
The number of people involved in sports tourism has approximately decreased by 3-4 times compared to 1989, and the proportion between organized and unorganized sports tourism has changed from 1/3 to 1/9, traffic control has noticeably dropped.
Over the past ten years, prices for tourist equipment, means of transportation for the tourists themselves, as well as transport services have increased - all this primarily affected the flow of sports tourism, even to such well-known and traditional areas as Karelia, the Urals, Altai, the Sayans, Baikal and others
There is a displacement of the social and amateur foundations of sports tourism by commercial technologies, which significantly affects the internal spirit of the movement.
Budget funding has decreased tenfold compared to 1989 and does not provide even the minimum requirements for the development of sports and health tourism in the country. As of 2000, the estimated amount of financing for sports and health tourism from the budgets of all levels and other non-budgetary sources is no more than 0.03 billion rubles, while there are no appropriate conditions for investors willing to invest in sports tourism. This moment is exacerbated by the fact that there is a noticeable bias in the distribution of budgetary funds at all levels in favor of elite sports of the highest achievements.
If earlier sports tourism still somehow used the most seedy property of trade unions, then after its privatization by the administrative and economic apparatus of tourist bases and hotels, it became completely separated from any property, both in the city (clubs) and the natural environment (shelters , tourist camps, camp sites).
Due to the continued departmental nature of the organizational and managerial structures of sports tourism (State Administration of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism and the Federation of Sports Tourism on the one hand) and youth (Ministry of Education and stations for young tourists on the other hand), the gap between children and adults is constantly growing. tourism, there is a duplication of the regulatory framework, few joint activities. On the other hand, today, with a stroke of the pen, in a number of regions, without proper reason, children's institutions are being merged, reorganized, or simply liquidated. The leaders of the social movement, who basically represent the technical intelligentsia, drag out a miserable existence, while the managerial staff of clubs, federations, state bodies has been reduced by at least 30 times compared to the period before the 90s.
The legislative and regulatory framework, which is the basis for the implementation of the state policy in the country in the field of socially oriented sports and health tourism, does not currently guarantee its development. Adopted in 1996, the Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation" is reduced to international outbound and inbound tourism. Sports and health tourism, which in 1987 accounted for one third of the country's tourist flow, completely falls out of the general scheme of the law, it is practically only mentioned in passing, since its importance in the life of Russian citizens cannot be directly translated into a ruble equivalent. At the same time, unique social significance sports and health tourism is not available to most representatives of the tourism industry.
The decline in the current level of involvement of citizens in sports tourism is largely due to the almost complete lack of promotion of a healthy lifestyle in the media, especially on television; ineffective economic levers for regulating and encouraging sports tourism and curtailing forms of active recreation in recreation institutions.
Since 1998, sports and health tourism has passed the critical point of its decline and there have been positive trends in its development. This became possible thanks to the organizational, methodological and financial support from the state committees for physical culture and tourism, the efforts of the public tourist asset and, most importantly, the desire of the socially unprotected segments of the population themselves to solve the problem of their recreation and healthy lifestyle in a difficult situation in the city in a cheap and effective way. . Against this background, in the territorial state committees there is a steady process of creating full-time departments involved in the development of sports and health tourism. The Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation shows great interest in the movement, as a source of specialists with rescue skills and unique equipment for action in extreme situations.
Considering that today the most acute problem in the country is children and youth, who continue to lose their last healthy moral guidelines and increasingly slide into the soulless, drug-addicted and criminal environment of the city, and also taking into account the fact that the majority of the population cannot recover from stress and find the strength to survive in extreme situations, the state and public institutions should claim sports and health tourism as one of the most modern technologies for producing healthy, spiritual and physical qualities in a person, as well as cognitive and self-saving principles at minimal cost to the state and the traveling.
Youth tourism at the present stage requires special attention. On the territory of the Russian Federation there is a sufficient number of tourist bases built on the principle of collective accommodation in rooms, with amenities on the territory, which today are experiencing difficulties in occupancy due to the moral and physical deterioration of fixed assets and the low quality of the services offered. Investment in the construction of new and reconstruction of existing youth hostels is required. The financial situation of student and student youth, their undemanding living conditions make it possible to reorient tourist bases for youth camps with the provision of a complex of animation, tourist, sports and entertainment events.
In the Russian Federation, competitions in tourist sports all-around are regularly held, namely: pedestrian, water, mountain tourist all-around. Orienteering competitions are also held, tourist rallies are held 4 times a year. There are all necessary Natural resources for the above events, except for the conditions for extreme tourist and sports competitions. There is a positive trend in the involvement of the population of all age groups in the field of sports tourism. Sports and health tourism is an independent and socially oriented sphere; an effective means of spiritual and physical development of the individual, which allows to harmoniously solve the problems of improving the personality and preserving nature by means of sports tourism. Over the past three years, the Russian Federation has seen a steady increase in sports and health tourism enthusiasts. According to the Federation of Sports Tourism of the Russian Federation, in 2004, compared with 2001, the number of people involved in sports tourism increased by 2.25 times, the number of participants in tourist all-around competitions by 1.5 times. The number of tourist clubs and sections is growing. The direction of sports tourism is most attractive for socially unprotected segments of the population: people with disabilities, orphans, families with low cash incomes, children, youth and the family as a whole. Unfortunately, the level of development of sports and health tourism in the country does not meet the requirements of the time. Little attention is paid to sports tourism in many regions of Russia. In view of the lack of promotion of tourist and sports events in the regions of the Russian Federation, an insufficient number of young people are attracted to competitions in sports tourist all-around events.
2. FEATURES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF YOUTH TOURISM
2.1 Features and directions of youth tourism
Traveling for young people is a lifestyle of a developed social society. There is a concept that young people at the stage of their life path up to 25 years old, until they started a family and children, they must see the world, travel, find out how other peoples live. This will help them choose the right path in life, form their own life principles. Students of daytime educational institutions and non-student youth under 25 years of age are universally provided with significant benefits for traveling, reduced tariffs are set for transportation by almost all modes of transport (but in a tourist or economy class), for accommodation in special youth hostels (hostels), for visiting museums, attractions and theme parks. Moreover, they are given a special discount in the price, and sometimes they even have the opportunity to call their parents for free.
There is a concept that young people have a freer mode of life in the sense of having time for rest and travel, they have long vacations in winter and summer. Students travel in groups accompanied by a teacher or employee educational institution. Quite often, students are united in large groups 3-5 people and independently make quite long trips around the country and abroad. It is noteworthy that certain discounts are also provided to the accompanying person.
The organization of preferential treatment for travel is carried out by international youth organizations. For example, the organization of travel for young people is part of the functions of the Federation of International Youth Travel Organization - the International Federation of Young Travel Organizations. The federation was founded in 1951, the headquarters is in Copenhagen, the federation functions under the auspices of UNESCO.
2.2 ISIC and other international youth credentials
Youth and students are the most traveled part of the population the globe. At the same time, representatives of this category cannot be called wealthy people.
Traveling students are:
· Thrifty consumers who use specialized tourism products, services and routes that suit their individual needs, interests and wallets;
Frequently traveling consumers for study or vacations;
· Independent tourists who prefer more flexible prices;
· Entrepreneurial, for whom travel is an integral part of their life experience;
Loyal customers committed to companies that provide quality products and services at affordable prices;
How do they manage to actively travel not only to the capitals of many countries of the world, but also to climb into the dense jungle of the planet? Everything is very simple. The interests of young students were taken care of by the International Student Travel Confederation (ISTC), established in 1949, which includes 5 associations, including the Association of International Student Identity Card (ISIC).
Transport companies have a unique opportunity to take their place in this expanding market through the highly specialized network of student bureaus of the International Student Land Tourism Association (ISSA).
The ISAT was established in 1992 as one of the five Associations of the International Student Tourism Confederation SITC (ISTC).
The purpose of the ISAT is to support the development of a land-based tourism product for students and young tourists around the world, to help develop coordinating marketing strategies, and to encourage practical cooperation among its members.
With the help of SITC, the members of ISAT work together to create programs and services specifically for student travelers from all over the world. The International Student Tourism Confederation sets the standards of conduct for students with the MSIC International Student Identity Card (ISIC), represents the interests of students and young people and negotiates beneficial services on their behalf.
Most of the members of the ISAT are official companies focused on student tourism in their countries. Members of SITC annually serve more than 10 million tourists and receive a turnover of about $ 3 billion.
The International Student Tourism Confederation is a worldwide network of student tourism. As a member of the SITC, the International Student Association for Land Transport is an integral and active part of the global student travel network. SITC (ISIC) is a confederation of 5 associations active in the service of student tourism.
Ground travel (ISSA)
· International Student Identification Cards (ISIC)
Air travel (SATA - Student Air Travel Association)
Insurance (IASIS - International Student Insurance Association)
Exchange programs (IAEWEP - International Association of Educational and Exchange Programs)
SITC members with 50 years of experience, an international network spanning every continent, customized products and services, and a commitment to making travel accessible and affordable for students, enable land tourism operators to establish themselves in the local and international markets. ISSA works closely with its sister association, International Student Identification Cards, which works with various discount organizations.
Current students are the vanguard of the future world community - informed, knowledgeable and very interested in various types of tourism.
The student tourism market has a huge potential in rail, bus, sea, road and urban transport. ISANT members give direct access to about 4 million potential clients - full-time students are clearly identified by International Student Identification Cards. The holders of these cards have the unique opportunity to use all products and services worldwide at a discount negotiated for them in specifically designated special MSIC guides issued at ISIC Headquarters in the Netherlands.
Attention to the student sphere is an important and profitable market strategy, as brand preference, consumer loyalty, and past purchasing power influence future purchasing decisions.
Members of ISANT work together with transport companies to introduce and market a special student tourism product. They help develop and regulate a network of special student passes and evaluate consumer feedback.
ISIC is the only officially registered international identity card.
Young people are given the opportunity to purchase international student and youth cards ISIC and G025, which provide ample opportunities to travel to almost any region of the world. International Student Idenity Card (ISIC) - certificates of an international student organization. Similar certificates are issued not only to students, but also to young people under 25 years old - International Youth Travel Card (GO 25), as well. also for teachers (accompanying groups of students on tourist trips) - International Teacher Idenity Card (ITIC).
The main goal of the Association of International Student Identity - ISIC, created at the initiative of UNESCO - is to promote the development of student tourism, educational and cultural exchanges, to encourage the dissemination of knowledge about other countries and cultures and, thereby, to strengthen mutual understanding between peoples. The introduction of a single student card with a fixed validity period (16 months) was a simple but quite effective step towards creating a whole system of benefits and discounts, direct access to which greatly expanded the possibilities of student tourism.
Since the founding of the Association, more than 30 million students around the world have become different time happy owners of ISIC. The card proved its viability with huge popularity among young students. More recently, it was possible to use an ISIC card only abroad (90 countries, 17,000 discounts). Today, this can be done without leaving Russia:
Cardholders can receive discounts on accommodation and meals in hostels, visits to museums and attractions, as well as on travel tickets for transport, for example, at the STA or KILBOY aviation fare. Air tickets of these fares have significant benefits (valid for one year, the possibility of changing the route, unlimited terms for purchasing tickets and booking them, the possibility of canceling a flight with the smallest penalties, etc.). ISIC cardholders are provided with medical, financial and other assistance in critical situations that happened abroad.
For protection against counterfeiting, greater trust and recognition, the ISIC card is equipped with:
1. Durable topographic layer to protect student data and photos
2. microprinting and four-color design
3. magnetic tape
4. a place for the signature of the cardholder
5. unique identification number
IS 1C and ITIC cards are valid for a calendar year, G025 cards are valid for one year from the date of purchase. Detailed information on how to obtain ISIC, GO 25 and ITIC cards can be obtained from the International Student Idenity Card Handbook or on the Internet.
For small youth groups there is an opportunity to travel with minimal transport costs to 14 countries in Europe and the UK under the EUROBUS discount program. The general distributor in Russia is Sinbad Travel.
2.3 Benefits provided by ISIC in the world and in Russia
The bearer of the certificate is entitled to significant discounts (up to 50%) when using air, rail, water transport, buses, car rental; when placing in youth hotels, hostels; when visiting museums, exhibitions, parks, attractions, cinemas, cultural and historical centers; when eating in youth cafes, restaurants, visiting nightclubs, discos, libraries ...; when attending sporting events and renting sports equipment. In addition, the holder of the certificate has the right to urgent information assistance on visa, legal issues, on obtaining preferential and medical assistance.
ISIC - Campus Access Card
· ISIC - Card of access to the international preferential communication
ISIC - International Free Access Card
Information support service HELP LINE
· ISIC - Discount card providing discounts on:
air and railway tickets;
travel by intercity buses, accommodation in hotels, motels, hostels, youth hostels;
visits to museums, exhibitions, cultural and historical centers;
Visiting restaurants, cafes, nightclubs, discos;
visits to sporting events, rental of sports equipment;
· Up to 70% discount on international phone calls (more than 80 countries);
· free e-mail;
· virtual telesafe;
telefax;
· Free service in many languages.
For example, in Europe, ISIC cards are provided with the following benefits:
1. from 33 to 50% of the cost of railway tickets;
2. up to 50% of the cost of railway tickets on international routes from any EU country to more than 2000 cities in Europe (for young people under 26 years old);
3. up to 33% of the cost of tickets for international buses;
4. from 15 to 45% of the cost of air tickets (for young people not older than 26 years old);
5. up to 50% of the cost of entrance tickets to museums, castles and other attractions; many museums are open for free admission once a week (monthly or on certain days);
6. from 25 to 45% of the cost of tourist excursions.
ISIConnect is a new system that allows you to use an ISIC card to receive communication services:
a long-distance and international telephone calls. To do this, you need to buy telephone time by properly charging the card. This can be done on the first contact with a multilingual operator who activates the card and gives you a personal four-digit PIN code. Recharging the card can be done with your credit card or your friends' or parents' cards. At the same time, it is important that when negotiating through the ISIConnect system, favorable student telephone rates are provided;
a voicemail. Voice messages can be left for you, which are sent by your friends or relatives from any part of the world. You can read these messages on any tone cell phone. You can also receive autoresponder messages by e-mail. Thus, when leaving home for a trip, it is enough to leave your ISIC card number and communication will be provided through the fSIConnect operator in the USA tel.: 1-732-365-5000.
a telefax. If you have a telefax machine, using the ISIC card, you can receive and send fax messages at a reduced rate;
a telesafe. These are unique new virtual telesafe services. If documents are lost, their photocopy can greatly facilitate the process of resolving conflicts, issuing new documents that replace them. Therefore, when leaving on a trip, you should make copies of the documents and send them by fax to Telesafe. Once documents have been deposited, copies can be retrieved at any time by e-mail or facsimile;
a email. All ISIC holders receive free e-mail services and their personal mailing address - [email protected]. In any Internet cafe, you can use e-mail services, access special databases intended for students, such as the ISIC student discount database.
2.4 Hostels in Russia
Hostel (or, in English, youth hostel) literally translates as a youth shelter. The French say: "Auberge de jeunesse", the Germans - "Jugendherberge".
The hostel is a cheap hostel-type youth hostel. It usually has a corridor system, shared toilets, showers, kitchens with refrigerators and microwave ovens on each floor, a common lounge with a TV, and a payphone. Meals are organized in a cafe or a cheap canteen. Rooms in hostels are usually from 2 to 6 beds (and sometimes more). Hostels are not comfortable, but almost always very clean, they are intended for young people, but they are popular with tourists with low incomes due to the cheapness of services.
Middle-aged tourists in hostels can be noisy, often young people have fun long after midnight. However, many tourists who are already far beyond their youth use hostels. They are accustomed to the youth spirit and lifestyle, and the low cost of services also plays an important role. There are hostel options where you can even use your own linens. Many hostels close during the day for cleaning, while your luggage can be stored in the luggage room. Among the services provided by hostels are laundry, sale of tickets with discounts to museums, theaters, cinemas, buses and trains, organization of individual excursions, Internet service, etc.
Student hostels are a great alternative to a hotel if the tourist stays for a short time and prefers active and independent travel. It is also a great opportunity to meet like-minded people from all over the world and find a travel companion.
Hostels are common all over the world, but they are most popular in Europe, where hotels are traditionally expensive. In large cities there are several hostels, in summer their number increases, as hostels are used in student hostels. As a rule, hostels are located near the railway and bus stations, not far from the center.
The fact that hostels are student hostels does not mean that only students can live in them. Even an overage tourist can get accommodation in a hostel. The exception in this sense is Bavaria, which has set the age limit for living in a hostel - 26 years old, and the Scandinavian countries, where a membership card is required for accommodation in a hostel International Association Hostels. If you have an international or national student card (voucher) in any hostel, you can get a big discount on the price of hotel services and food services.
In the famous Finnish hostel "Eurohostel" in Helsinki, the usual prices are normal rate for YHA members: single, 160 FMK, 145 FMK; double, 2х100 FMK, 95 FMK; triple 3х110 FMK, 95 FMK; family room, 210 FMK. For groups: min 11 pax - 95 FMK room 2-3 bed, every 16 pax bed free charge. Meals: breakfast 25 FM; lunch 35 FM; diner 35-50 FM.
Hostels are united in large hotel chains and are available in almost every major European city and in countries on other continents. The international federation of youth hostels - Hostelling International is organized. Special catalogs of hostels are published, a booking service has been created.
Youth hostels began in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1901 a youth society Migratory birds”(Wandervogel), whose members were fond of long hiking trips for educational purposes. In addition to political gatherings, they studied German folklore, folk dances, and often spent the night out in the open. In 1910 on the initiative of this society, a special hostel was opened - the simplest and cheapest youth rooming house. The idea of creating hostels quickly spread, and they began to be created not only in Germany, but also in the Netherlands, Switzerland and further in other European countries. The First World War somewhat slowed down the process of spreading khoet-lei, but already in 1930. in England, the first association of hostels The Youth Hostels Association - Y.H.A.
In 1932 An international federation of hostels The International Youth Hostel Federation - YHF is organized with headquarters in Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire (England). Association of Youth Hostels - an organization that provides young tourists with places in hotels, hostels and camp sites at reasonable prices. The association includes more than 5500 hostels in all countries of the world. In Australia, the YHA system includes 140 hostels connected by a single booking system. Today the federation includes 70 countries of the world. In 1934 The American Youth Hostels Association was founded in the USA. The network of hostels in the USA and Canada is described in a special guide: Hostelling North America: A Guide to Hostels in Canada and the United States. Fodor and Michelin Guides guides to hostels in the world are also known.
The Russian Association of Youth Hostels was founded in 1992. - Russian Youth Hostel Association - RYHA. The association's center is located in St. Petersburg. The association includes 7 hostels. The association has been a member of the IYHF since 1993. Hostelling International Card actively distributes national discount hostel cards (RYH Card) in Russia for IYHF and RYH members, which allow you to get significant discounts on accommodation in more than 5,500 hostels around the world.
St. Petersburg International Hostel is a hostel in St. Petersburg, popular with student travelers, owned by RYH - Caron Inc. The hotel was opened in 1991. and is conveniently located in the city center near the Moskovsky railway station and Nevsky Prospekt. It was the first hostel in Russia. It is a member of the Russian Association of Hostels. The hotel has 56 beds in 2 and 5-bed rooms. The hostel staff is exclusively young. Customer service is responsible and friendly.
The hostel provides cheap accommodation for groups and individuals. Toilets, washbasins and showers on the floors, the hostel has an Internet cafe. The cost of living is from 12 to 15 USD, breakfast is included in the price of the room. The hostel operates a travel agency "Sinbad Travel", where you can book a place in any of the 5500 hostels in 77 countries around the world. Proper visa support is organized. Reservation of any tourist services is carried out. There are five terminals of the automated booking system Amadeus. There is also organized the sale of air tickets for 15 airlines for students (with discounts on student and youth fares). Payment for services is accepted credit cards leading payment systems. The hostel has an international telephone connection (payphone). The porter is on duty around the clock. There is a separate counter for issuing student ISIC cards.
2.5 Analysis of the most popular tours in the youth tourism market
2.5.1 Sports tours
The demand for sports tours among young people is very high.
Within the Russian Federation, the main interest of travelers who have applied to travel agencies in the Novosibirsk region are the following regions: the Republic of Altai - 79%, Altai Territory - 13.5%, Krasnodar Territory - 1.2%, Novosibirsk Region - 1.7%.
With regard to inbound tourism, total number tourists sent to the Russian Federation, 8 thousand people (31%) rested in the Altai Republic, 6.9 thousand (26.5%) - in the Novosibirsk region, 4.4 thousand (17%) - in the Altai Territory, 2.8 thousand (10.6%) - in the Krasnodar region, 1.2 thousand (4.8%) - in the Kemerovo region, 1.3 thousand people (4.9%) visited St. Petersburg .
Barnaul travel agencies offer the following types of recreation in the Altai region: recreation at tourist bases and resorts, horse and hiking routes, rafting on mountain rivers, mountain climbing, ski tours, fishing and hunting. In 2002, Russian tourists preferred passive recreation at camp sites (58% of tourists who visited the Altai region), rafting and resorts were in second place - 12% each, horseback riding routes - 7%, walking routes were slightly inferior to them - 6%. Fishing, hunting and mountaineering attracted 1.2% of Russian tourists each.
According to marketing research conducted by Russian travel companies located on the territory of the Novosibirsk region, among the active types of tourism, rafting is of the greatest interest - rafting along rapids on inflatable frameless boats, horse routes, hunting (Fig. 1)
Figure 1 - preferences of tourists in the Novosibirsk region in choosing tours
Foreign citizens vacationing in the region were more inclined towards active types of tourism. Thus, in 2002, the share of foreigners vacationing at camp sites was 25%, adherents of hiking routes (trekking) - 40%, horseback riding - 5%, fishing and hunting - 10%, rafting - 10%, mountaineering - 10%.
Recently, ski tourism has begun to revive. Since snow lies in Siberia for several months a year, this species is quite promising. True, rest was added to it on snowmobiles. Today, water tourism is developing dynamically - the organization of trips along rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Tours in the Eastern and Western Sayans are also popular. More and more campgrounds can be seen in Ergaki. And do not forget that foreign tourists go to Siberia for exotic, not European service. They are only interested in hotel amenities at the exit from the route.
2.5.2 Educational (excursion) tours
Excursion (cognitive) tours are also in high demand. It can be noted that in Moscow in 1997 a special youth tourism program "Moscow - the capital of the Russian state" was developed.
For the purposes of this program, a purposeful formation of youth interest in history, culture, and the present day of Moscow, the heart of Russia, was designated. This program was aimed at the development and support of educational tourism for children and adolescents.
Youth tourism bureau "Sputnik" offered 2-, 3-, 4-hour, one-two-day excursion programs around Moscow and its sights in line with the curriculum of the subject "Moscow Studies". Taking into account the important role of nearby cities in shaping the history of Moscow, Sputnik has developed interesting routes to Sergiev Posad, Vladimir-Suzdal, Borodino, Ryazan-Konstantinovo, Tula Yasnaya Polyana, St. Petersburg, Novgorod and others.
The goal of the program was to create optimal conditions for a wide range of Moscow schoolchildren, students, and young people to choose targeted trips that encourage young people to travel, expand their horizons, get an education in the world's best educational centers, and expand contacts with peers.
Along with trips around Russia, Sputnik offers educational tours abroad:
To England /London, Oxford, Brighton/ - English classes;
To France /Paris/ - French lessons;
To Italy /Rome-Florence-Venice/ - historical.
Programs of stay in these countries include courses to improve knowledge of a foreign language. Classes are taught by experienced teachers. Excellent language, audio-video equipment. Another option for education may be children living in /English, French/ families, which gives additional opportunity improve language skills. In addition to the curriculum, the tours include excursion activities (5-6 excursions) to the sights of the visited cities.
Unfortunately, there is no such program in the Novosibirsk region, however, the administration of the Novosibirsk region is also considering various projects for the development of student tourism.
2.5.3 Local history
The formation of interest in studying the history of their own region among schoolchildren and students is also a popular tourism destination at the present time.
The history of the city of Novosibirsk and the Novosibirsk Region is reflected in museum expositions with over 4,000 exhibits in the main fund. Paintings, archeological objects, numismatics, photographs and documents are widely represented in them.
Among the leading museums are the Novosibirsk Regional Museum of Local Lore with branches and the Novosibirsk Art Gallery. There are 145 monuments of architecture, history, monumental art and archeology, among them there are interesting examples of wooden and stone architecture that form the image of modern Novosibirsk.
Suzunsky copper-smelting plant with the Mint. (Suzun. Suzunsky district of the Novosibirsk region).
On the territory of modern Suzun, the remains of ancient buildings have been preserved, on the site of which there was once a copper smelter with a Mint. This is unique object history of Siberia.
The mint in Suzun was the only one from the Ural Mountains to the coast Pacific Ocean. For almost a hundred years, Siberian copper coins were minted here. Stone walls and ditches, the place of ore mining are witnesses of the events of the 18th century.
At the beginning of the 18th century in the foothills of Altai, local ore miners discovered deposits of silver and copper ores. This became known to the Ural industrialist A. Demidov, the largest Russian entrepreneur of that period. He built metallurgical plants in Altai, which laid the foundation for the Kolyvano-Voskresensky mining district.
In 1729 the first copper smelter - Kolyvansky - began to operate in 1744. the Barnaul plant comes into operation. (Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov worked at the Barnaul plant since 1747, who in 1763 developed a project for a universal steam engine - the world's first continuous two-cylinder machine, which he failed to implement.) Along with copper, the ores contained silver and gold, but they were mined Demidov had no right, since according to the law the land and its subsoil were the property of the state or sovereign, and only they could mine precious metals. The breeder nevertheless risked starting illegal silver smelting. After that, the factories were taken away from the Demidovs and became the property of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (daughter of Peter the Great), under the control of the royal Cabinet. In 1764, construction of the Suzun copper smelter and the Mint began on the banks of the Nizhny Suzun River.
Huge Siberia suffered from a shortage of coins, merchants were often forced to use payment in kind in their calculations. The plant and the Mint came into operation in 1766. A large settlement arose at the factory, inhabited by artisans. And the factory buildings, and the mint and the settlement had fortifications in the form of an earthen rampart with a wooden palisade.
At the Suzun Mint, coins were issued in denominations from ten kopecks to half a penny (0.25 kopecks). The Siberian coin differed from the all-Russian and in its appearance Initially, it was even larger in size. On the front side, framed by laurel and palm branches, was placed the monogram of Catherine II - the letter "E" with the Roman numeral II woven into it. On the reverse side of the coins of all denominations, except for the half coin, the coat of arms of Siberia was depicted - two sables holding in their front paws an oval shield crowned with a crown with the denomination of the coin. The whole composition was covered by a circular inscription - "Siberian coin". After 1781 At the Suzun Mint, they began to make a copper coin of the all-Russian sample. The minting of coins in Suzun ceased after a fire in 1847. and never resumed.
In terms of production scale, the Suzunsky plant and the Mint were the largest non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises of the 18th century. in Russia.
Historical and architectural museum - reserve (under the open sky) SORAN.
On the picturesque shore of the Ob Sea near Akademgorodok, there is an open-air historical and architectural museum. It presents cultural monuments of the Russian and indigenous peoples of Siberia, ranging from rock carvings of ancient artists and dwellings of the Siberian peoples and ending with the estates of Russian pioneers. The Savior-Zashivir tent church (1700) was brought to Novosibirsk from the banks of the Indigarka, peasant huts and barns from Transbaikalia and the Irkutsk region, a Buddhist dugan from Buryatia, guard towers of prisons from the Tyumen region, and a windmill from the Barabinsky district of the Novosibirsk region. After careful processing of wood, these structures are installed in a new place as a memory of bygone times.
A memorable object of the history of the city of Novosibirsk is the railway bridge across the Ob, built at the end of the last century. The emergence of Novosibirsk is connected with its construction.
In 1891 railway engineer and famous Russian writer N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky led a survey party that chose the site for the construction of a railway bridge across the Ob near the village of Krivoshchekovo (located on the left bank of the Ob) and the mouth of the Kamenka River on the right bank. But this project aroused objections from the merchants of the ancient trading cities, representatives of the provincial authorities, who insisted on the construction of a bridge near Kolyvan, then the railway would pass through the center of the province - Tomsk. N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky convincingly proved and economically substantiated the Krivoshchekovsky option. Here, as the locals said, the Ob flows like in a rocky pipe, which does not allow the river to deviate anywhere.
In March 1897 the bridge was open to traffic. During this time, a settlement of workers - builders arose and grew on the site of Novosibirsk. The author of the project of the bridge across the Ob is Professor N. Belelyubsky. The bridge construction system proposed by him became known in the world practice of bridge building as the "Russian system". The railway bridge across the Ob, along with other bridges of the Trans-Siberian Railway, became the largest and most perfect structure in Russia at the end of the 19th century.
In 2002, the bridge was dismantled and moved ashore and serves historical monument cities. http://www.rba.ru/novosib/arhi.htm - top#top
Chapel of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker Archbishop of Merliky
In 1915, in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, the chapel of St. Nicholas was erected on the central Fair Square of Novonikolaevsk. The chapel served as the symbolic center of the Russian Empire. It was built in the modernized stylistic forms of the Novgorod-Pskov architecture of the 12th - 14th centuries. Architects F.F. Ramman and A.D. Kryachkov. During the years of Soviet power, the chapel was destroyed, next to the place where it was later erected a monument to the leader of "all times and peoples" I.V. Stalin. But Stalin's personality cult was exposed, and the monument was removed. During preparations for the celebration of the 100th anniversary of Novosibirsk in 1992. The chapel of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the city center was also restored.
City trade building. (The building of the Novosibirsk Regional Museum of Local Lore.)
The building of the City Trade Building, built in 1911 according to the project of architect A.D. Kryachkov (like many buildings in Novosibirsk).
In 1909 a terrible fire broke out in the city, as a result of which 22 quarters burned out, more than 6 thousand people were left homeless, many shops and warehouses were damaged. The trade building was built on the initiative of the city authorities as a fire-safe and profitable enterprise for the city. The lower floor consisted of premises leased to individual merchants. The second floor was used for administrative premises: the city duma and council, the treasury, a branch of the State Bank, on the second floor there was a hall for a thousand people for meetings and evenings. This hall was the largest and most beautiful room in the city at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1914 The city government allocated 300 rubles. for equipment in the hall of the City trade building of cabinets and showcases for the library-museum, which would "give a systematic image of modern reality."
In connection with the events of the revolution and the civil war, the museum was opened only in 1920. For many years, there were shops and a restaurant in the building of the City Trade Building.
Since 1987 The Novosibirsk Regional Museum of Local Lore was located in the trading building. Numerous exhibits represent the ancient history of the region, introduce the culture and life of the indigenous peoples of Siberia, here you can see a unique collection of shaman costumes and tambourines, present a picture of the settlement and development of the region - the Novosibirsk region in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century. One of the halls is dedicated to the history of Novosibirsk. Concerts, performances by artists and musicians are held today in the large hall of the City Trade Building. http://www.rba.ru/novosib/arhi.htm - top#top
Commercial club. (The building of the theater "Red Torch").
In 1914 in Novonikolaevsk, a Commercial Club (or Merchant Assembly) was built. The architect A.D. Kryachkov was engaged in the design and construction of the building. Concerts, masquerades, performances by amateurs and professional theater troupes who came on tour were held here. But in 1918 this building became known as the "House of the Revolution", rallies and meetings, meetings of the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies were held here.
Later, the building was called the "Workers' Palace". November 1, 1932 in this building the theater "Red Torch" showed its first performance. This theater was born in Odessa, for 12 years the theater traveled around the country until it connected its fate with the rapidly growing center of Siberia.
In 1936-1937. the building where the theater was located was reconstructed according to the project of the architect K.E. Osipov. Novosibirsk State Academic Theater "Red Torch" celebrated its 75th anniversary.
The house is a monument to Lenin.
Monument of political history of the 20th century. in Novosibirsk is the Lenin House, built in 1924-1925. This building was built at the expense of the inhabitants of the city. To raise funds, a million cards were issued according to the number of bricks needed for its construction, costing 10 kopecks each. This building was supposed to house a center for the propaganda of Lenin's ideas, to perpetuate the memory of the leader, a hall of public meetings.
Initially, the architecture of the building resembled the mausoleum of V.I. Lenin in Moscow (authors of the project I. Burlakov, I. Zagrivko, M. Kuptsov). In the House of Lenin, at the First Siberian Regional Congress of Soviets, it was decided to change the name of Novonikolaevsk to Novosibirsk. In 1944, it was reconstructed under the Theater of the Young Spectator. (Currently, it houses the Novosibirsk State Philharmonic.)http://www.rba.ru/novosib/arhi.htm - top#top
Municipal Scientific and Memorial Center named after Yu.V. Kondratyuk. (The building where Yury Vasilyevich Kondratyuk worked (Shargey Alexander Ignatievich) - one of the space flight theorists)
In Novosibirsk, the building where Yu. V. Kondratyuk once worked has been preserved. Today there is a scientific-memorial center named after him, where materials about the life of this amazing and talented scientist, about the history of cosmonautics in Russia are presented.
The name of Yuri Vasilyevich Kondratyuk is on a par with the names of famous scientists, founders of the theory of space flights K.E. Tsiolkovsky, N.A. Kibalchich, F.A. Zander, S.P. Queen. Yu.V. Kondratyuk (his real name is Alexander Ignatievich Shargei) August 9 (21), 1897. in Poltava.
In 1919, having become interested in the problem of interplanetary communications, he completed the work "To those who will read in order to build", in which, independently of Tsiolkovsky, he deduced the main provisions of the movement of a rocket in space. The civil war destroyed his plans for further studies and scientific work.
Later, Kondratyuk was a machinist, a stoker, and a mechanic. He designed conveyors, new types of elevator bucket (the so-called Kondratyuk bucket is still used in elevator technology). He arrived in Novosibirsk in August 1927. at the invitation of the regional office "Khleboprodukt". He settled on a quiet street of Nerchinskaya, in house 27 (unfortunately, this house has not been preserved). During these years he is working on the book "The Conquest of Interplanetary Spaces". besides her, he wrote several other works that remained unpublished. The manuscripts are kept at the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1932 Kondratyuk was recalled to Moscow.
In October 1941 Yu.V. Kondratyuk was at the front near the city of Kaluga in the communications company of the 62nd Infantry Regiment. In one of the battles, Kondratyuk died. This amazing man lived only 44 years, but many issues of rocket dynamics and rocket science found solutions in his works and are used in astronautics. A crater on the Moon and a square in Novosibirsk are named after Kondratyuk.
Memorial Ensemble "To the Feat of Siberians in the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945." (Monument of Glory)
The Monument of Glory - one of the most majestic monuments of Novosibirsk is located on the left bank of the city. This is a reminder of the heroic and harsh times, of the feat of the Siberians, who, together with all the soldiers of the Soviet Army, defended their homeland from fascism. Its opening took place on November 6, 1967.
The author of the Monument of Glory is a Novosibirsk muralist A. Chernobrovtsev. The sculptor B. Ermishin, architects M. Pirogov and B. Zakharov participated in its creation. The monument occupies almost two hectares, five wide paths framed by weeping willows lead to the square intended for demonstrations, parades, rallies.
The memorial consists of a symbolic statue of a grieving mother, the Eternal Flame and seven powerful ten-meter pylons, on which scenes depicting individual stages of the war are engraved. On the opposite side, the metal names of 30,266 Novosibirsk citizens who fell on the fronts are pressed into the concrete of the pylons. Between the pylons on a dais there are four urns with earth from the places of bloody battles. From under the city of Yelnya, where in August-September 1941. The soldiers of the 24th Siberian Army inflicted the first serious defeat on the fascist invaders. From the Borodino field, on the Borodino field and the Volokolamsk highway near Istra and Serpukhov at the end of 1941. Siberians, along with other soldiers, defended Moscow. From Mamaev Kurgan, where tens of thousands of Siberian soldiers fought to the death in the historic Battle of Stalingrad.
Here is stored land from the battlefields of the 19th Guards Siberian Volunteer Rifle Corps, which has passed the combat path from the Moscow region to Baltic Sea. Behind the memorial there is an alley of Glory, where there are 100 firs planted in honor of Novosibirsk Heroes of the Soviet Union. The Monument of Glory is a sacred place for all Novosibirsk, the memory of those who gave their lives for the freedom and independence of the Motherland. http://www.rba.ru/novosib/arhi.htm - top#top
Novosibirsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre.
The Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre, one of the most beautiful buildings in the city, has rightfully become the architectural symbol of Novosibirsk. The construction of the theater begins in the pre-war decade.
The idea of building Bolshoi Theater Siberia" arose back in 1925. Its construction reflected the moment when our city became the capital of Siberia, the center of the vast Siberian region. The city of the future is being created. The history of the theater building itself is also unusual.
In 1929, it was decided that the theater would be part of the House of Science and Culture (DNA) complex, which, in addition to the theater hall, was to include a research institute with laboratories and conference rooms, a regional museum of the productive forces of Siberia with scientific rooms and an art gallery . Its authors are M. Kurilko and T. Bart, whose project was adopted in 1930 as a result of a wide competition.
The concept was based on the idea of a theater with transforming elements of the internal space, which would give greater freedom to the directors in the implementation of the stage work. Seats for spectators with the help of special devices were supposed to be moved around the hall. Under the stalls there was to be a large reservoir for the pool, which would allow the staging of water pantomimes. The round auditorium could be used as a theatrical, circus or planetary.
The best place on the central square of the city was chosen for the new theater. The construction of the theater began on May 22, 1931. But in the course of design and construction, it became necessary to resolve the most complex problems of acoustics and optics, and at the same time, the high cost of the building and its equipment was revealed.
In 1935, a decision was made to build a conventional theater. The project for the reconstruction of the theater was approved in 1936. It received its final version in Moscow at the Second Architectural Workshop of the Moscow City Council under the direction of V. Birkenberg with the participation of B. Gordeev and a number of Novosibirsk architects (N. Bolotina, B. Dmitriev and others). The suspended ceiling of the auditorium was painted by Novosibirsk artists I. Yanin, A. Fokin, A. Ivanov, P. Yakubovsky, A. Bertik, O. Sheremetinskaya. Modeling and sculpture in the theater was made by sculptor V. Stein. Professor P. Pasternak with a group of design engineers V. Dmokhovsky and B. Mater developed for the theater an original design of a monolithic reinforced concrete smooth dome with a diameter of 55.5 m, having an average thickness of only 8 cm, freely lying on a supporting reinforced concrete ring, based on standing around the column. The design of the dome is unparalleled.
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is one of the first stone buildings on the territory of our city, carried out in 1896-1899. At this time, the construction of a railway bridge across the Ob is being completed, the village receives official name- Novonikolaevsky. His first plan was drawn up, in which the main street was already marked - Nikolaevsky (now Krasny) Prospekt on the site of a forest clearing. Cathedral of St. Alexander Nevsky was the first building of this avenue.
The royal family attached great importance to the construction of this temple, provided a land plot free of charge, allocated additional funds, donated icons and church utensils. The cathedral was a monument to Emperor Alexander III on the Siberian Railway; it was during his reign that its construction began. During the construction of the cathedral, the architect N. Solovyov used the project of the "New Church of the Mother of God" for St. Petersburg, compiled by civil engineers V. Kosyakov and D. Prussak in 1888.
The cathedral was built in the "Byzantine" style, which became widespread in the official architecture of Russia in the second half of the 19th century. The interior paintings of the cathedral and its iconostasis were made by the Tomsk icon-painting workshop of I. Pankryshev. Engineer N. Tikhomirov supervised the construction of the cathedral. In 1937 the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral was closed.
For many years it housed the West-Siberian newsreel studio, the well-known newsreel "Siberia on Screen", documentaries, etc. were produced here. In 2010, the entire Orthodox world celebrated the 1000th anniversary of Christianity in Russia, and a movement began in the city for the return of the Russian Orthodox Church of St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral.
At the beginning of 1989 the temple was returned to the church and restored in 1992. Modern Novosibirsk is decorated with buildings built in the 20s and 30s. They remind of the time when our city was the party and administrative center of Siberia. http://www.rba.ru/novosib/arhi.htm - top#top
A page of the history of our city in the 20s. also represents a building specially built to accommodate Sibrevkom. Its design and construction was carried out by the architect A.D. Kryachkov in 1925 As a public building, it has a monumental appearance.
The composition of the facade is complemented by a sculptural group - the figures of a worker and a collective farmer with attributes of their work, made by the sculptor S. Nadolsky. The political power of Siberia was concentrated in this building. In subsequent years, the building belonged to the Novosibirsk Regional Committee of the CPSU.
Currently, the Novosibirsk Art Gallery is located here. Its creation dates back to 1958. Paintings, drawings, and sculptures arrived in our city from the State Russian Museum, the Tretyakov Gallery, the Pavlovsk Palace Museum and other museums in the country.
A valuable collection of the gallery is a collection of works by Nicholas Roerich, sixty of his paintings are constantly on display. In the halls of the gallery you can see the works of contemporary Siberian artists and exhibitions of artists from other countries of the world.
The building of the Regional Executive Committee (currently the Administration of the Novosibirsk Region is located here) and the first 100-apartment residential building of the Regional Executive Committee.
These buildings still determine the architectural appearance of the center of Novosibirsk. The building of the Regional Executive Committee was built in 1931-1932. designed by architect A.D. Kryachkov, with the participation of architects B. Gordeev and S. Turgenev.
This is one of the best administrative buildings in the city. Next to him in 1932-1937. also according to the project of A.D. Kryachkov, with the participation of architect V. Maslyannikov, the first 100-apartment residential building of the Regional Executive Committee is being built. This building attracts attention even now.
In its design, the architect was guided by the compositions of the French master Auguste Perret (house on Renoir Street in Paris). This building is among other projects of A.D. Kryachkov received at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1937. a gold medal and a diploma "Grand Prix". http://www.rba.ru/novosib/arhi.htm - top#top
Novosibirsk Zoological Park is a favorite place for spending leisure time in Novosibirsk.
The zoo of our city contains about 4000 individuals of 399 species. More than 120 species are listed in the International Red Book. About 180 species are included in the Red Book of Russia and the CIS. An international stud book is maintained for 38 species. The zoo team participates in 32 international programs for the conservation of rare and endangered species of animals.
The Novosibirsk Zoo is in contact with more than 100 zoos around the world. In addition to scientific research, he does a lot of educational work. offspring of some rare species for the first time in the world zoological practice, it was obtained in our zoo - River Otter, Ligation, Asian Grouse, Kamchatka Snow Sheep.
The archaeological monuments of the Novosibirsk region, which have preserved evidence of events that took place before the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state and in the initial period of Russian colonization, include the ancient settlements of the Siberian Tatars.
The Baraba Tatars left one of the unique archaeological sites - the Ascension settlement or Tontur, located on the left bank of the river. Omi opposite the village of Voznesensky, Vengerovsky district.
Another monument related to the history of the Siberian Tatars is the village of Yurt-Ora in the Kolyvan region. In Russian historical documents XVII- early XVIII centuries the town is known as Chatsky.
In 1703, 100 km from Novosibirsk, on the right bank of the Ob, the Umrevinsky prison was founded (near the modern village of Umreva, Moshkovsky district). This fortress is the first sign of Russian statehood on Novosibirsk land and the first defensive fortification built by Russian pioneers. Currently taken under state protection as a monument of archeology.
The Chanovsky district is famous for the fact that two main tourist attractions of the Novosibirsk region are located on its territory at once: the country-famous resort of Karachi and Lake Chany - a unique biosphere complex that is home to dozens of rare species of animals, birds and fish.
2.5.4 Leisure tours
The target group of tourists consuming the services of the entertainment sector of tourism are tourists visiting various countries for the purpose of consuming entertainment services, as well as all vacationers (treated) at the Stavropol resorts.
The basis of the competitive tourism product of the modern entertainment industry is resorts that include casinos, clubs, water parks, ice rinks, amusement parks, hippodromes, events dedicated to memorable dates.
Resorts provide short rest and entertainment from 2-3 days to 2 weeks in order to have time to spend the money allocated for pleasure.
2.5.5 Extreme tours
Extreme tourism includes water, land, mountain and exotic types of tourism.
Water types of extreme tourism include:
Diving, wakeboarding, water skiing, windsurfing, kayaking, rafting.
Therefore, many of our fellow citizens prefer to travel to Sharm el-Sheikh or Southeast Asia than to Sochi. For a slightly higher price, they will get much more pleasure not cheap. General training and equipment will cost a beginner up to $ 1000, but then it will be spent only on tickets and hotels. If you do not buy equipment, then the cost of preparing for the first round is reduced to $250. True, then you will have to pay $ 30-40 for renting a suit, scuba gear and other things needed at depth. Well, really good equipment costs from $1500 for a complete set.
Russian divers are mostly young - their average age is 30 years (in the US - 36). These are intelligent urban youth: in Russia, the vast majority (77%) of divers have a higher education (in the USA - 50%).
In general, diving is very poorly developed in our country, and by our standards it is very expensive. And there are few travel agencies in Russia offering this type of holiday directly in our country.
Wakeboarding is a combination of water skiing, snowboarding, skating and surfing. The boat is towing a raider standing on a short, wide board. Moving at a speed of 30-40 km / h with additional ballast on board, the boat leaves behind a wave that the raider uses as a springboard. In the jump, you can perform many different tricks.
Wakeboarding began to develop especially dynamically in the early 90s. He revolutionized watersports in the same way as snowboarding in his time in alpine skiing. From a hobby of a small group of enthusiasts, it has become a popular sport with its own philosophy and culture. A lot of tricks came to wakeboarding from related "board" sports - snowboarding, skateboarding. And this gives the wakeboarder the opportunity to progress all year round. All you need to do is just change the board!
The cost of a complete set of wakeboard equipment starts from $400. Wakeboarding requires a specialized boat, but such boats are expensive, which is why they rarely appear in Russia. Consequently, in our country this type of recreation is almost not developed because of its very high cost.
Water skiing is one of the most famous outdoor activities. This is a worthy replacement for mountain and cross-country skiing.
Water skiing first appeared in 1922, when an American, a resident of Minnesota, Ralph Samuelson, experimenting with ordinary winter skis, decided to try them on the water. He equipped two wide pine boards with fasteners for the legs. After that, the inventor successfully tested skis on the waters of the lake in Lake City. Then this sport constantly progressed. Today it has become so spectacular and popular that in 1998 the Greek Olympic Committee recommended that water skiing be included in the program of the 2004 Olympics in Athens. True, the IOC has not yet made a final decision on this issue.
Well, for water skiing, you will need four things: the actual water skis, a life jacket, gloves and a wetsuit.
The cost of skis varies from $120 to $1000, plus the rest of the equipment (wetsuit, gloves, life jacket) costs about $150.
Water skiing is currently actively practiced on the Black Sea coast. But they ride there for a rather short period of time, for which you will have to pay a lot of money. Therefore, in Russia it is really difficult for an ordinary tourist to enjoy water skiing, and to be more precise, it is very expensive.
Windsurfing is an oval carbon fiber board with a rough surface for stability and stabilizer fins on the underside and a small sail attached to the board. Surfing is the same but without the sail. Windsurfing actually evolved from surfing. With a good wind, you can reach speeds of more than 10-12 m / s. Well, the record for today is more than 70 km / h.
And all the equipment is also not cheap. Windsurfer set $1000, spare sail set (mast, boom, sail) $500, wetsuit $200, total $1700.
Kayaking is very popular abroad, and is gaining more and more popularity in Russia. This sport of singles, although devoid of team spirit, gives the opportunity to challenge the elements and stay with her one on one.
In modern kayaking, three main directions are developing - rowing slalom, rodeo and rafting.
Slalom kayaking is the ability to maneuver a kayak by feeling the boat and the water.
Rodeo, unlike slalom, is not only a virtuoso technique, but also an element of the game. Freestyle kayak is the performance of various tricks on a boat due to the peculiarities of the river relief.
And finally, alloy. On a kayak, you can go on a water trip along the river of any complexity, or play rafting on a small stretch of a mountain river, choosing individual obstacles in the form of barrels, ramparts and waterfalls and passing them lightly. Naturally, in order to feel confident during rafting, you need to master the basic technique of slalom and rodeo.
The composition of the kayaker's equipment includes: a boat, a helmet, a life jacket, a skirt (prevents water from entering the boat), rubber slippers and an oar.
Rafting is a fascinating descent down a mountain river in a canoe or special rafts. Rafting is one of the most visited tours, absolutely safe even for the youngest tourists. In recent years, it has attracted such great interest from fans of extreme recreation that most of the mountain rivers suitable for this tourism have been mastered by professionals who now offer rafting tours to almost anywhere in the world.
Raft tours are generally as follows: day trips (from $60 to $150) or half-day trips (around $25-75), and multi-day trips. During the latter, tourists enter the remote corners of the mountains, with untouched nature, set up camp as they pass the river and explore the wild surroundings around the campsites. The minimum cost of such raft tours is from $1000-1500.
Terrestrial types of extreme tourism include mountain biking, caving, caving, X-racing.
Mountain biking is becoming more and more popular, despite its high cost. You have to spend a lot of money to seriously engage in mountainbucking. So a bike for a beginner costs from $300 to $500, and there are mountain bikes with a rear shock absorber for up to $10,000. And of course, you will need to spend money on ammunition and various spare parts, which is more than $800. And then such an amount is focused on a beginner, and a professional biker spends much more money.
But even though this is an expensive form of recreation, dozens of international mountain biking competitions take place every weekend in the world - from the stages of the World Cup and championships of national mountain bike associations to festivals in a Scottish town or on a Polynesian atoll. Among all this competitive diversity there are starts that are arranged for non-professional mountain bikers from all over the world. Such events become for them both a real test, and a holiday, and the discovery of a new place and new friends.
Speleology is a branch of geology, namely karst science and hydrogeology. And most importantly, the caves are the last white spots on the world map, the last opportunity to go where not only a human foot has not set foot, but also where the eyes of his eyes or cameras have not fallen. Speleologists are engaged in the study of this mysterious underground world.
Of course, not everyone is engaged in serious, scientific speleology. Beginners participate in educational and training expeditions. There are "teams" that go only on recreational or "sport" trips.
To engage in speleology, one must have serious training, not only physical, but also technical, as well as psychological. After all, a cave is a completely different world, where a person is deprived of the usual landmarks: the sky above his head, the horizon line ... It can only be compared with underwater or outer space.
Spelestology is a fascinating mixture of tourism and science that studies artificial cavities. In the broadest sense of the word, spelestology is the science of artificial underground structures.
Spelestology is closely related to speleology, only speleologists are not interested in caves. They are interested in penetrating into any underground urban structures that are inaccessible or uninteresting to the rest.
In order for any dungeon to be of interest to cavers, it must be unused at the present time, and of some historical interest. These include abandoned quarries, mines, conduits, wells, underground passages, underground temples and monasteries, and so on.
X-racing is when the same people are so well and universally prepared that they can climb rocks, ride a horse, raft in a kayak or raft through the rapids, race through the mountains on a bike and rappel under a waterfall ... These people unite in teams and participate in competitions where their goal is to cover a distance of 3-4 hundreds of kilometers as quickly as possible using their skills. This is called "multisport", or "extreme" (and more often even "adventure") racing.
More than 200 extreme races are held annually in the West. For example, the largest races in Great Britain, organized by the "Extreme Racing Association of the United Kingdom and Ireland".
Mountain types of extreme tourism are represented by mountaineering, skiing and snowboarding.
Climbing is considered the most extreme recreation. Today, mountaineering is a whole industry that is gradually developing and popularizing. As a rule, it is customary to choose summer for climbing, when the weather allows you to reach the intended peak with minimal losses. However, lovers of the most thrilling sensations do not stop even in winter. And difficult weather conditions and avalanches only add to the spice of the trip. People go to the mountains to test themselves, take risks, overcome everything and get to the top. The taste of victory is sweet, even if the climber did not conquer Elbrus, but only a wall at the local climbing wall. To do this, you need to be well physically prepared, it is desirable to have strong forearms, good "stretching" and a little weight that you have to hold on to your fingers alone. When lifting, you will have to work not only with your muscles, but also with your head in order to correctly choose which holds to grab onto.
Climbing gear is expensive, a complete set of high-quality equipment will cost an extreme person $1500-2000. However, if you just want to climb Elbrus once in your life, then you can rent equipment. Such a 10-day tour will cost about $200.
The main problem of mountaineering in Russia, in addition to its high cost, is the small number of experienced instructors. But they are necessary for climbing amateur climbers. Basically, there are few instructors because of the low salary. By the way, it is not uncommon to meet a Russian instructor abroad.
Alpine skiing is one of the oldest types of outdoor activities. Over the years, the number of people wishing to go skiing has not decreased, but rather increased. In addition, now the ski service is much better and more diverse than 10 years ago, not to mention the 80s and 70s. Almost every ski resort has slopes for both professionals and beginners. Which can always be taught to ride correctly by local instructors. Equipment: a set of skis, bindings, poles, boots, suit, helmet, mask, gloves will cost an average of $700-800. And the rent is about $30-40 per day.
Snowboarding - descent through the snow from the mountain slopes on a specially equipped board. This is a more aggressive, active and extreme sport than skiing. Snowboarding as a separate sport appeared in America in the 60s of the XX century. Furious fans of the newfangled hobby were mostly surfers who did not want to sit around waiting for the summer days. In our country, snowboarding received mass recognition only in the mid-90s. However, now in Russia you can buy a variety of equipment from the world's leading manufacturers and get skating lessons from experienced instructors.
Now many special tracks have been made with jumps and all kinds of other obstacles, on which snowboarders can do various acrobatic stunts. But recently, the half-pipe (from the English half-pipe "half-pipe") has become especially popular among snowboarders - a structure made of snow, similar to a roller ramp.
In general, extreme hobbies associated with skiing and snowboarding can be divided into several groups: freeskiing or freeride is a descent along steep unprepared slopes with difficult terrain; heliskiing - the same, but using a helicopter as a means of delivery to the mountain; ski-touring (randonee ski) - ski tour, mountain tourism using skis and special mounts for climbing uphill;
ski-mountaineering (ski mountaineering) - climbing a mountain with the aim of descending from the top on skis or a snowboard (the use of insurance, or any additional equipment other than skis, on the descent violates the "purity" of such an ascent); in recent years, a new school has appeared - something like a snowboard freestyle.
Ski tourism is perhaps the most developed of all types of extreme tourism in Russia. We have fairly high-level ski resorts. And although they are significantly inferior to their counterparts, for example, in European countries, our tourists with an average income visit Russian resorts with pleasure. And the Krasnaya Polyana ski resort is also popular among foreigners, mostly from Eastern Europe. And this resort is still actively developing.
Exotic types of extreme tourism are represented by space tourism, kite surfing, jailoo tourism, cruises to the Arctic and Antarctic, extreme places.
Space tourism is the most expensive and, perhaps, the most exotic type of extreme tourism - travel to the Earth's orbit. While space tourists can be counted on the fingers - this is the American millionaire Denis Tito and South African citizen Mark Shuttleworth. The first week's stay on the International Space Station cost $12 million, the second - $14 million. Later, the soloist of the N "Sync group Lance Bass was preparing for the launch on the ISS, but due to lack of funding, his launch did not take place. However, Rosaviakosmos claims that in the future they will be able to reduce the cost of tours and will gladly accept applications for space travel from any citizen of the Earth.
But after the well-known crash of the Shuttle, sending tourists into space stopped indefinitely.
The essence of kitesurfing is that a person standing on the board accelerates with the help of a kite, the rope from which is in his hands. Kitesurfing is possible both in the mountains and on flat terrain, the only prerequisite is the wind. You can even ride on any field, arbitrarily flat or bumpy. But it is considered a special chic to ride a board on ponds covered with ice crust and covered with snow. In addition, the channels of rivers or lakes, as a rule, are the most windy places. Amazing all-weather versatility allows you to use kites in winter and summer. And some professionals make jumps up to 100 meters in length and 30 in height. The kite allows you to reach speeds that are more than twice the speed of the wind. The really achievable speed of movement is 60-70 km/h, and the highest speed was recorded on September 22, 1990 in Ocean City, USA - Pete Giaconno, driving an aerobatic kite, developed a speed of over 193 km/h.
Kiting is more popular in Europe, namely in France, than in Russia.
Jailoo-tourism is one of the types of exotic extreme recreation - life in a primitive tribe with all the delights of nomadic life. This fascinating type of tourism is successfully developing in the high mountain pastures of Kyrgyzstan. It is offered to sleep right on the floor of the shepherd's yurt, next to the smoky hearth, fresh lamb and koumiss, as well as horseback riding in the mountains and pastures. A great opportunity to take a break from the big city.
Relatively recently, cruises to the Arctic and Antarctic have been launched. And more and more people want to visit extreme climatic conditions and see exotic animals such as penguins. In addition, the North and South Poles are the most environmentally friendly places on Earth.
There are also such exotic tours as a trip to Chernobyl or a trip through the jungle.
For obvious reasons, there are not many people who want to go to Chernobyl. Indeed, even after 16 years, the ecological situation in this area is far from optimal. Of course, thrill-seekers are sent there in special suits, accompanied by specialists with dosimeters. However, access to the forbidden 30-kilometer zone is closed to pregnant women and minors, since the radiation directly at the power plant exceeds the permissible limits many times over.
For $105 you can see a breathtaking picture: an extinct city, tall grass everywhere and wild nature. Without human intervention, the zone turned into a unique nature Park. New species of plants appeared here, populations of endangered animals revived. White-tailed eagles, lynxes, gray wolves, feral horses have captured the area.
When hiking in the jungle, the tourist has the opportunity to literally fit into nature, but at the same time be cut off from the civilized world. And even if such a tour group has modern means of satellite communications, it may take several hours or days for help to arrive. Therefore, any emergency can lead to serious consequences.
Extreme tours are not very popular among young people, as they are very expensive.
2.5.6 Study abroad
Education abroad is carried out according to student exchange programs. Student exchange programs between different countries as a type international cooperation appeared in the late 1940s. Their goal is to give young people from different countries the opportunity to get to know each other better, to get acquainted with the culture of other countries. To make these programs affordable, students are given the opportunity to work in the host country, which pays for part of the costs or the full cost of the programs. Since 1989, students from former USSR also had the opportunity to participate in such programs.
These programs include: Work & Travel, AngloTraining, AuPair, CAMPAMERICA, FloridaSummerTerm, AFS International Youth Camp, Internship, AmericanWorkExperience, EnglishWorkExperience and IHTTI: Studying the Hospitality Business in Switzerland.
Participants of the Work&Travel program get a real opportunity to make their American dream come true. Everyone, without exception, is given a job in the service sector for a period of 2-4 months, and then another trip around the United States for a month.
In order to become a Work&Travel member, you must:
be over 18 but under 24;
· be a student of not the last year of one of the universities of Russia;
be fluent (or slightly less fluent) in English;
be physically able to work 40 hours a week;
· acutely feel the need to receive for their work from $ 5.45 per hour.
Now England can be visited not only by those who want to admire the beauties of this unique country, but also by those who want to work there.
The student is 18 years old, but not yet 26 years old;
Full-time student of the university;
The student specializes in the hotel business, tourism or catering;
The student speaks English well.
Anglo Training participants get a job in a good hotel in any corner of the UK, except London, for a period of 3 to 12 months.
Au Pair for those who
· wants to see the life of the country "from the inside", since the main duty of the participant - looking after children - requires living in a foreign "cell of society";
· wants to get acquainted with a new culture, improve knowledge of a foreign language, communicating with members of the host family, as well as attending language courses (2 - 3 times a week);
· Don't mind getting a sufficient amount (usually 400 DM) for pocket money for the work done.
Age: 18-26 years old
Student graduated from high school
The student speaks a foreign language
Do you have some experience with children?
Responsibilities of being an Au Pair include:
Childcare (up to 40 hours per week)
Keeping their room (and yours) in order
The Au Pair must under no circumstances perform heavy housework, garden work, mow lawns, take care of pets, or run the entire household.
If there is a need to change the family, you can contact the supervising organization and state the motives for changing the family.
Under this program, counselors from all over the world usually teach American "pioneers" how to shoot a bow, cross-stitch and sculpt clay toys. There are "ordinary" scout camps, family camps, student camps, religious camps, and farm camps.
The minimum period of work is 9 weeks, after which you can work more - for extra money or go on a trip to the American expanses, which must be left no later than September 30th.
AFS International Youth Camp. Schoolchildren aged 12-17 can spend their holidays in the camp, where teenagers from various countries will take part in the work of the camp with them.
For 50 years, AFS has been holding study camps for students from all over the world as part of its exchange programs. Since 1996, AFS international camps have been held in Russia as an independent program, open not only to foreign students coming to Russia, but also to Russian teenagers interested in learning foreign languages and international communication.
AFS conducts international exchange programs and today is the world's largest community of organizations representing 55 countries of Europe, Northern and South America, Asia, Africa, as well as Australia and New Zealand. Every year, about 10,000 students and schoolchildren participate in AFS programs and more than 100,000 volunteers ensure the high quality of these programs according to uniform international standards.
The Tutorial Program provides lessons in small groups (4-5 people) at the teacher's home or in the premises of the local library. Classes are held in the morning - from 9 to 12 am. The total duration of the program is 4 weeks, 3 of which are devoted to classes. Those who are 13-18 years old can take part.
Home Lessons is distinguished by the fact that the classes are conducted by a teacher who comes to the house. This instructor knows the participant's language. You can choose the intensity of training - 15, 20 or 25 hours per week.
ESL Courses & Activities are group classes (12-15 people in a group with the same level of language proficiency). Classes are held in the morning, the rest of the time is devoted to the various interests of the participants. One day a week is completely occupied with excursions. You can choose one of several options for this program: 12 hours of classes per week; 9 hours of English / 9 hours per week of training in your favorite sport; 15 hours of language per week.
English Courses & Sport Activities. By participating in this program, you will learn English language, you will be able to devote 27 hours a week to your favorite sport. In addition, excursions will be organized for you, and on Saturdays - youth parties and discos. The duration of the program is 1 month.
Discovery Tours: A group of 20-50 people aged 15-25 explore Canada, the US, the European Union or New Zealand. For those wishing to travel for a short period (7-10 days) - Mini Discovery Tours.
Internships is an internship in a specialty, designed for 4-8 weeks. You can start working on any Monday! The main thing that such practice gives is work experience. Internships are designed for 4 - 8 weeks and are held in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Spain, USA. If you are interested in any other country, the internship will be booked according to your wishes.
Now everyone can take part in the following special internship programs:
Hotel Management in Paris is an internship in the hotel industry for those who are over 18 years old and whose specialty is directly related to the field of internship. The duration of the internship is 8 weeks.
Work Study Experience in Australia - practice in your specialty for a period of 4 weeks to 6 months. Application for participation is submitted at least half a year before the expected start of practice.
Work Study Program in London - at least 6 months in advance, you can apply for participation in an internship in the hospitality industry in London. You can choose the terms of the internship yourself - 8, 10, 12, 14 weeks.
Students can get an education in a country whose name is synonymous with stability and quality.
Switzerland is a country where tourism originated and developed in a multinational and multicultural environment. Tourism is a sector of the world economy that is developing at a very fast pace. Therefore, many people can find themselves in this field, realize their abilities and make their dreams come true.
IHTTI is not just education, but also the world individual development, real work experience and research opportunities.
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http://www.univer..su/interdep/prog/
http://vip-voyage.ru/05_pole_jungles_chernobyl.htm
http://vip-voyage.ru/05_pole_jungles_chernobyl.htm
http://vip-voyage.ru/05_pole_jungles_chernobyl.htm
Literally from the first months of its existence, Soviet power begins to pay close attention to tourist and excursion activities, realizing that this is one of the possibilities for influencing the masses. At the initiative of the People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky, already at the beginning of 1918, courses for teachers were being created in the suburbs of Petrograd. They improve the qualifications of teachers thoroughly, using at the same time such a type of training as excursions. But from episodic excursions, they quickly move on to the beginning of the formation of an organization that could coordinate this process.
“In 1919, excursion sections were created under the Department of the Unified Labor School of the People's Commissariat for Education. They were planned to organize excursions in schools. The first six sections, located in the vicinity of Petrograd, having developed special routes, began their work in the same year. How seriously the Bolsheviks took this type of upbringing and education can be seen from the fact that the natural history commission that developed the topics of excursions included such prominent scientists as academician S.F. Oldenburg, professors D.N. Kaigorodov, L.S. .Berg and other scientists.
For those children who arrived on excursions, free meals were offered (and this in conditions civil war and foreign military intervention!). Schoolchildren who arrived for multi-day hikes were arranged for an overnight stay. They were given special discounted tickets for traveling by rail.
The Soviet tourist movement began to take shape in the early 1920s. The Great October Socialist Revolution laid the foundation for the development of a new type of tourism. It was during the Soviet period that tourism acquired the importance of a mass social phenomenon, began to successfully contribute to the solution of many educational, educational and health problems. The practice of using tourism more and more met the urgent needs of the development of the socialist state - the preparation of young people for work and the defense of the motherland.
Already in the first peaceful years of Soviet power, in addition to short-term mass recreational hiking trips, quite complex multi-day group trips began to be practiced, educating participants in a sense of patriotism, the desire to learn about the history and natural wealth of their native land, communicate with people, its inhabitants, representatives of various nations and nationalities. During such campaigns, state tasks that were important for that time were solved: explaining the policy of the party, promoting the Soviet way of life and the experience of building a socialist society. In conditions when the mass media of working people were poorly developed, and the level of literacy of the population was low, this was especially necessary. A living word, a clear example of the participants in the campaigns, effectively acted on the Soviet people. In 1923, the Komsomol agitational ski trip along the route Arkhangelsk - Moscow was carried out for the first time, and in 1924 there were 12 such trips. Shapoval G.F. History of tourism.: Minsk, 200.S.110.
The search in the 1920s for more effective means, forms and methods of physical education of the broad masses of the population was accompanied by a struggle between the new and the old. There were various interpretations of the role of physical culture. There was, for example, the so-called hygienic direction, which limited the choice of means of physical education. Its supporters unreasonably overestimated the role of simple tourist events organized in nature with minimal financial costs. The preference for simple hiking trips and excursions to the detriment of other means had a negative effect on the overall process of educating the younger generation. There were, of course, other reasons for such an approach to the development of mass physical culture: the weakness of the material base, the lack of instructor personnel, financial means etc.
In the 1920s, mass tourist work acquired an important socio-political significance. And first of all, this is connected with the well-known resolutions of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the tasks of the party in the field of physical culture" (dated July 13, 1925) and "On the physical culture movement" (dated September 23, 1929). The physical culture organizations are faced with the task of introducing into the practice of the physical culture movement such forms and methods that would contribute to an increase in the social activity of the working masses.
In the 1930s, many tourist groups were successfully involved in survey work in hard-to-reach areas of the country. For this, it was even organized special education, the program of which included the study of the basics of geology, mineralogy, and methods of prospecting for minerals. Tourists also take part in the creation of the country's first nature reserves and sanctuaries.
Along with mass agitation and propaganda and national economic campaigns, complex sports campaigns are also organized, for example, a bike ride along the route Khabarovsk - Moscow (1934) or a high-speed transition from Ashgabat to Moscow by a group of Turkmen horsemen (1935) And from 1935 to 1939. Soviet athletes made 10 long trips over a distance of up to 9000 km.
Conclusions: Thus, in the 30s there were significant changes in the organizational structure of the development of Tourism, which contributed to an increase in its mass character. Given the above, we can conclude that by the beginning of the 40s in the Soviet physical culture movement, the final formation and establishment of tourism as a mass, affordable means of physical education of people took place. Its development fully corresponded to the state requirements of that time.
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