Thanks to the works of these and other researchers, by the beginning of the twentieth century. faunistic lists were refined, species new to science, their distribution and economic importance were described.
In the twentieth century a network of research institutions is being created, systematically studying the fauna of the region. At present, the main centers of zoological research in the Chita region are the Institute natural resources, ecology and cryology (), Sokhondinsky and reserves, Chita anti-plague station , Chita Regional Museum of Local Lore .
Large area, complex terrain, the presence of a global watershed, location at the junction of various natural areas determined the diversity of the fauna of the Chita region. Here you can meet the inhabitants of various natural zones: steppes, forest-steppes, various types of forests and alpine tundra. The composition of the animal world is formed under the influence of a number of faunas: European-Siberian, mountainous East Siberian (Angara), Daurian-Mongolian, there are elements of the Manchurian and even Chinese-Himalayan. On the one hand, Transbaikalia was inhabited by species of northern origin: Amur lemming, elk, hare, snowy owl, ptarmigan, taimen , grayling , ; on the other hand, southern steppe species: Mongolian marmot, Dahurian, steppe polecat, , , Mongolian lizard (lizard), Mongolian. Representatives of the Far Eastern fauna penetrated the river valleys of the Amur basin: the Amur tiger, mandarin duck, black mallard, Far Eastern, , . Alpine fauna is represented by the bighorn sheep , black-capped marmot etc.
From the west of Transbaikalia, species of the European-Siberian fauna inhabited - wild boar, Siberian, viviparous lizard. There are significant differences between the species composition of the fauna of Transbaikalia and more western regions, partly due to the influence of Lake. Baikal and adjacent ranges. It is here that the western boundary of the distribution of some Transbaikalian species passes. Within similar biotopes can be found different types animals. So, in the eastern regions of Transbaikalia there are more inhabitants of the Far Eastern fauna, in the southern - Mongolian.
AT different years the introduction (artificial settlement) of some mainly commercial animal species was also carried out, such as the hare, American, white and motley silver carp, , etc.
In the Chita region five main types of fauna characteristic of natural complexes Transbaikalia: highlands, taiga, forest-steppes, steppes and reservoirs.
Animals of the highlands. Animal world highlands is characterized by poor species composition, which is explained by severe climatic conditions. The scarcity of the food supply led to the dominance of rodents and ungulates. The inhabitants of the high mountain tundra are reindeer and bighorn sheep, and the number of these species is small. From small mammals the most typical is the alpine pika, which inhabits stone placers. In the thickets of cedar dwarf (see Stlantsy), Asian is common. In the north of Transbaikalia (Kodar and Udokan ridges), the black-capped marmot is occasionally found (see Marmots). A few types of predators are represented,,. The species composition of birds is not rich. In the highlands, you can meet the tundra partridge (see), horned lark, mountain horse, mountain wagtail,, nutcracker. Low temperatures prevent the penetration of amphibians and reptiles into the Trans-Baikal highlands. The fish fauna is represented by cold-loving species: , taimen, grayling, in the deep lakes of the north of Transbaikalia are found, whitefish. Davatchan - a special subspecies of the Arctic char - is endemic to the Northern Transbaikalia and is taken under protection.
The species composition of insects is specific, mainly small and dark-colored forms predominate, which allows them to survive in conditions of low temperatures and short summer. Among the beetles, rove beetles and sawflies predominate. Diurnal butterflies are represented mainly by mountain species of mother-of-pearl (see), and jaundices (see). Diptera are numerous: mosquitoes (see), horseflies, midges, combined popular name"vile".
Taiga animals. The taiga zone occupies a significant part of the territory of the region, largely determining the originality of the animal world. The poverty of the fauna of the northern regions of the taiga is associated with the monotony of landscapes, more severe climatic conditions, and an insufficient food supply for many species of animals. The southern taiga has the richest fauna. This is largely due to the presence of several layers in the forest canopy. Some of the inhabitants of the taiga move to the lower tiers, where you can find food, for example, the seeds of the Siberian pines(cedar), the harvest of which in some years can be significant. The fauna of the cedar forest is especially diverse because pine nuts serve as an important food for many species of mammals and birds. Of the mammals, representatives of the orders of ungulates, rodents and carnivores are the most common. A typical inhabitant of the Siberian taiga is the eastern subspecies of the red deer () - one of the objects of hunting. In addition, young deer antlers (antlers) used in medicine are valued. The largest inhabitant of the taiga is the elk. The weight of large males reaches 570 kg. The number of moose is highest in flat areas, near the banks of stagnant reservoirs, swamps, lakes, where they can eat aquatic vegetation.
Winters with little snow make it possible to penetrate into the forest zone from the forest-steppe to such a species as the Siberian roe deer. In the southern regions of the taiga, it is common, especially characteristic of cedar forests and mixed forests. The smallest ungulate -, its weight does not exceed 8-10 kg. Usually the musk deer prefers steep rocky slopes where it hides from predators and finds food (lichens). The musk deer is an important object of fishing, including poaching, because of the so-called "musk deer jet" - the musky gland of males used in perfumery and oriental medicine. Of the lagomorphs, the mountain hare is widespread in the taiga, and the northern pika is found on the stony slopes. The most numerous and the object of the fur trade is the squirrel, and its number in some years can increase significantly. Among the rodents, the most typical inhabitants of the taiga are the Asian chipmunk, red, red-gray and Ungur, East Asian forest. The abundance of small rodents favors the reproduction of sable, one of the most valuable inhabitants of the taiga. Sable is the most numerous in cedar forests. The family of mustelids (except for sable) is represented by ermine, weasel, column. Common (but rare).
The owner of the taiga is the brown bear, which prefers places rich in berries and pine nuts.
One of important species, regulating the number of large mammals, especially ungulates, is the wolf, which is widespread in the taiga zone. The number of the wolf must be constantly monitored, since during mass reproduction it can cause significant damage to agriculture. Of the cats, it is more common, preferring sparse areas of dark coniferous taiga.
The species composition of birds in the taiga is not rich. Species of grouse, woodpecker, corvids and carnivores are most widely represented. Of the grouse, it is common, living in pine and cedar forests with undergrowth. Widespread, which are more often noted along the banks of rivers, streams, where there are berries. In the northern regions of the taiga, the white partridge is found. Black grouse is common in forest clearings, forest edges, and burnt areas. A characteristic bird of the coniferous taiga is the nutcracker, famous for the fact that by making stocks of seeds (nuts), it contributes to the renewal of the Siberian cedar. Owls and eagle owls are quite widespread. Of the birds of prey the most common goshawk .
Reptiles in the taiga are few, common and viviparous lizards are noted.
Among xylophages that feed on wood, the most important are numerous species of woodcutter beetles (black barbels, leptura, yudolii, etc.) and bark beetles.
Gall formers are common in the forest zone, among which gall midge flies predominate. The chemical action of the insect or its larva leads to the growth of plant tissue. The resulting gall provides the larva with food and at the same time serves as a refuge from enemies.
The larvae of some small insect species are able to settle in the tissues of a leaf or needle, feeding on their contents. At the same time, a light winding trace (“mine”) is visible on the surface of the sheet, at one end of which you can see a larva - a “miner”.
An important component of forest ecosystems is ants, especially those belonging to the forest genus - formic. Ants make up a significant part of the biomass of taiga ecosystems and regulate the abundance of many species of invertebrates. Other important functions of ants include loosening the soil and enriching it with organic and mineral components, destroying wood, and distributing seeds of some plant species. Common and numerous in the forest zone are bloodsuckers - horseflies, mosquitoes, midges, midges, bloodsucking flies. Of the arachnids of the taiga, ticks of the Ixodes family are common. Some of their species are not only carriers, but also a reservoir of pathogens for a number of dangerous human diseases. The taiga tick, a carrier of the causative agent of spring-summer encephalitis, and species of the genus Dermacentor, carriers of tularemia, tick-borne typhus, and brucellosis, are widespread. Interesting feature Transbaikalian forests - the penetration into this zone of more southern steppe species of insect origin: some species of butterflies - whites and marigolds, as well as locusts.
Fauna of the forest-steppe and steppe zones. In Transbaikalia, the Siberian taiga and the Mongolian steppes come into contact and penetrate far into each other, which largely determines the originality of the animal world. Characteristics natural complexes - their very high dynamism and inconstancy. During the alternation of dry and wet climatic periods, the habitats of animals change radically. Steppe lakes either fill up or dry up, and bare saline areas are formed in their place. Accordingly, the vegetation and animal population almost completely change. The most optimal conditions are found in the forest-steppe by rodents and ungulates. Among rodents, the most common are long-tailed and Daurian ground squirrels, Dzungarian and Daurian hamsters, Brandt's vole. Jumping jerboa is found in the south of the zone. An interesting specialized species is the Dahurian zokor, leading an underground lifestyle. The largest species of rodents is the Mongolian marmot (tarbagan), previously widespread in the steppe zone. In recent decades, due to poaching, the number of this interesting species has declined sharply. A very rare species of the steppes is the Daurian hedgehog, which belongs to the order of insectivores. Hare well adapted to life in the steppes tolay and the related Dahurian pika (a detachment of lagomorphs). A characteristic forest-steppe species is the Siberian roe deer, which at present, due to intensive hunting, prefers to stick to forest pegs and pine forests. The dzeren antelope is considered a typical steppe species, not so long ago widespread throughout the steppe zone, now periodically entering the Chita region. from the steppes of Mongolia.
The famous scientist P. S. Pallas during a trip to South. Transbaikalia recorded encounters of such species of ungulates as kulan and argali sheep. A very rare steppe cat manul, leading a secretive lifestyle, settles in the rocks. Of the predators, wolves are of the greatest practical importance, the number of which increased significantly in the 1990s. A valuable fur animal in the forest-steppe is a fox, and in the steppe - a corsac. In the southern steppe regions of the region, the steppe polecat settles in the burrows of the tarbagan.
During wet periods within the Torey basin in the South-East. More than 1,500 medium and small lakes are formed in Transbaikalia, tens of thousands of waterfowl and near-water birds nest on them, and millions of birds stop to rest during the migration period. During dry climatic periods, the number of waterfowl and near-water birds in the region decreases sharply, but the number of some semi-desert species, such as the Mongolian ground bird, increases.
Of the feathered predators, the Upland Buzzard, the Buzzard are common. common, steppe kestrel, very rarely - steppe eagle (see). Of the crane-like species, the crane- and gray cranes are found, the Dahurian is more rare. Black (monk) and white (sterkh) cranes are noted on migration, young individuals of which can stay on steppe lakes throughout the summer. A large endangered species of the crane-like order -. Field, small, gray and Mongolian larks are widespread and numerous. Occasionally there are quails. The Dahurian partridge is of commercial importance. Reptiles are rare and usually represented by cottonmouth Pallas and the Mongolian foot-and-mouth disease.
The insect fauna of the steppe and forest-steppe is quite rich - these are both open-living species and species living in the soil and grass litter.
The basis of steppe biocenoses is herbaceous vegetation, which led to the abundance of leaf-eating insect species. Locusts, beetles, butterfly caterpillars, sawfly larvae are numerous in the steppe. Among Lepidoptera, representatives of many families of diurnal club butterflies, such as nymphalids,, are common. Of the large and brightly colored species, butterflies of the family stand out: nomion - a typically steppe species of the Daurian-Mongolian fauna and the tail-bearing swallowtail, widespread in all biotopes, including steppe ones. Among leaf beetles, small and often brightly colored species of secretive beetles are numerous.
Actively flying insects are represented in the steppe, in addition to Lepidoptera, by various species of dragonflies, mosquitoes, midges, flying far into the steppe from water bodies (places for the development of larvae). Dragonflies and predatory ktyr flies occupy a niche among invertebrates as large diurnal predators that hunt in flight.
The abundance of flowering plants in the forb steppe attracts many pollinators: Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera.
The soil entomofauna is represented by numerous species of carnivorous and herbivorous ground beetles, dark beetles, as well as their larvae. The underground parts of plants are damaged by the larvae of some beetles and root beetles. The usual inhabitants of the upper soil layer are formics, myrmics, etc. In the dry season of the year, one can observe such an interesting phenomenon as the summer dormant period. At this time, under the stones and cakes of dried manure, not only typically soil inhabitants(ants, dark beetles, ground beetles), but also leaf beetles, barbels, other insects and.
Animal world of reservoirs. Chita region has a significant fund of rivers and lakes that are of fishery importance and allow for the rational use of raw materials from water bodies.
The diversity and originality of the composition of the ichthyofauna of Transbaikalia are due to the location of this territory on the watershed of three large basins - Baikal, Lena and Amur.
The ichthyofauna of the Upper Basin. Cupid is represented by 40 species of fish that belong to 13 families. Modern look it was formed already in the middle of the Quaternary period. It has a mixed character, since, in terms of their origin and biology, the species that make it up belong to six different faunal complexes.
The boreal-plain complex is represented by the Amur pike, Amur chebak, silver carp, Amur sturgeon, lake minnow, common Amur gudgeon, loach. The fish of this complex mainly live in the thickets of floodplain reservoirs and river beds. All of them withstand a significant fluctuation of oxygen in the water; by the nature of their food, they are benthivorous, i.e. feed on bottom organisms. Amur chebak - a widespread species. Amur and is confined mainly to large rivers - Shilka, Argun, Onon, Ingoda. Numerous in the lakes Kenon, Nikolaevskoye, Arey. It feeds on vegetation, therefore it is the main consumer of this feed. One of the most valuable fish of the Amur is, however, at present it is a small species that needs protection.
The boreal-piedmont complex includes taimen , , grayling, , , Amur sculpin, variegated sculpin. These species are adapted to life in fast-flowing rivers with clear, oxygen-rich water and rocky bottoms. By the nature of their diet, most of them are benthophages and consumers of air insects. Spawning occurs in spring at low temperatures.
The ancient Upper Tertiary assemblage includes the Amur flathead asp, kaluga, carp, Amur catfish, lamprey, minnow, and Amur loach. The latter is adapted to life in water bodies with a low amount of oxygen, since it has additional respiratory organs. A number of species (Kaluga, Amur catfish, flat-headed asp) are predators, others feed on benthos. Kaluga is an endemic of the Amur ichthyofauna. In Transbaikalia, it occurs in Shilka, Argun, and the lower reaches of the Onon. Keeps in the deepest places of channels. Does not make large migrations. There are only a few reports about the capture of Kaluga. Feeds on young gubar horse, chebak , minnow. Sexual maturity reaches 16-17 years.
The Chinese faunistic complex includes the gubar horse, the Amur chebachok, the chebak-like minnow, the Khankinsky and eight-whiskered minnows,. These species are very demanding on the presence of oxygen in the water, therefore they live in riverbeds and only during the rise in the water level enter floodplain reservoirs. Spawning time is late spring and summer, when the water temperature rises significantly. The fish are small, except for the gubar horse.
The Indian complex is represented by one family - killer whales. Representatives of this family are characteristic of the ichthyofauna of India, China and other countries of the South-East. Asia. On the territory of the Chita region. their distribution is limited to the basins of Shilka, Argun, Onon. Transbaikalia is the northernmost part of the range of the family.
The Arctic complex has only two species - burbot and whitefish, which prefer waters saturated with oxygen. The only representative of the cod family - burbot - is a predator and partially eats benthos.
A serious problem was the impoverishment of the species composition of fish living in reservoirs. The endemic species of the Amur basin (kaluga, Amur sturgeon, and whitefish) have practically disappeared. The number of valuable fish species (taimen, lenok, grayling) has decreased. Gubar horse, Amur catfish and carp have become rare.
The watercourses of the Chikoya and Khilka basins belong to the mountain and foothill types and are characterized by a rather poor and monotonous composition of the ichthyofauna - 5-15 species, among which salmon, grayling and cyprinids predominate.
A feature of the mountain fish community of the river. Chikoi - a very large proportion of salmon and grayling (84%) in the total ichthyomass. Lenok prevails (50%). Black Baikal grayling, Baikal whitefish and perch are also noted here. Five species of fish in the Baikal basin are officially listed as endangered, so the populations of lenok, grayling, whitefish, which can be monitored on the Chikoy and Khilok rivers, should be used as indicators of the state of well-being or degradation of aquatic ecosystems.
The biospheric and national economic significance of water bodies in the north of Transbaikalia is very significant. Due to the intense economic development On the territory of the territory, the composition of the fish fauna has undergone significant changes: there is a decrease in the number of valuable fish species, a decrease in growth rates and fertility.
There are 442 freshwater lakes in the region. They are located mainly in groups in pools. major rivers or confined to tectonic depressions. Deep-sea lakes Bol. and Mal. Leprindo, Leprindokan, Davatchan, Nichatka are characterized by low productivity and low temperatures. Grayling, whitefish, lenok, burbot live here, as well as a rare relict species of arctic char, or davatchan. In all the lakes of the Chkalov and Ivano-Arakhlei groups, perch, crucian carp, and roach are found. In the lakes Arakhley, Shaksha, Ivan, pike is also common, among non-commercial species - loach and minnows. The fish of the Torey lakes are mainly represented by silver carp and loach. However, the water regime of these lakes is unstable, and they are not of great fishery importance.
The fauna of invertebrates in the rivers and lakes of the region is rich and varied. Benthos (bottom inhabitants) of the rivers of the Upper Amur basin, Chikoya and Khilka are mainly represented by larvae of caddisflies, mayflies, stoneflies, midges, horseflies, beetles, and mosquitoes. These mass species invertebrates feed on most fish. The lakes of the Ivano-Arakhlei group are inhabited by benthic animals widespread in fresh water bodies. The following groups were found: oligochaetes, leeches, molluscs, crustaceans, bugs, larvae of chironomid mosquitoes, mayflies, caddisflies, dragonflies, hornflies, water beetles, lepidoptera (more than 100 species in total). The zoobenthos of many lakes is dominated by chironomids and molluscs. The greatest species diversity of chironomids (50 species) was noted in the lake. . Basically, they are inherent in all lakes, however, each reservoir is characterized by a specific combination of dominant species. Being the main filter feeders in water bodies, zooplankton organisms play a huge role in water self-purification. Many species of animals living in Transbaikalia need protection. Thus, 25 species of mammals, 57 species of birds, 4 species of reptiles, 1 species of amphibians, 7 species of fish, 2 species of mollusks, 68 species of insects are included in the Red Data Book of the Chita Region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous District. The distribution of some of them is shown on the map of rare animal species.
Lit .: Pavlov E. I. Birds and animals of the Chita region. - Chita, 1948; he is. Game animals of the Chita region. - Chita, 1949; he is. Notes of a naturalist from observations of seasonal natural phenomena in the Chita region. - Chita, 1959; Geller S. Yu., Grebenshchikov O. S., Dzerdzeevsky O. S. and others. Cisbaikalia and Transbaikalia. - M., 1965; Izmailov I. V. Birds of the Vitim Plateau. - Ulan-Ude, 1967; Kurentsov A. I. Entomofauna of mountain areas Far East THE USSR. - M., 1967; Kurentsov A. I. Mace-winged Lepidoptera of the Far East of the USSR. - L., 1970; Izmailov I. V., Borovitskaya G. K. Birds of southwestern Transbaikalia. - Vladimir, 1973; Kuznetsov B. A. Key to Vertebrate Animals of the Fauna of the USSR. - M., vol. 1, 1974; v.2, 1974; v.3, 1975; Shkatulova A. P., Karasev G. L., Khundanov L. E. Amphibians and reptiles of Transbaikalia. - Ulan-Ude, 1978; Catalog of mammals of the USSR. - L., 1981; The Red Book of the USSR (under the editorship of A. M. Borodin, A. G. Bannikov and others). - M., 1984; The Red Book of the RSFSR (under the editorship of A. G. Bannikov, R. L. Boehme and others). - M., 1985; Zatravkin M. N., Bogatov V. V. Large bivalves of fresh and brackish waters of the Far East of the USSR. - Vladivostok, 1987; Karasev G. L. Fishes of Transbaikalia. - Novosibirsk, 1987; Afonin A. V., Vakhrusheva Z. P., Vershinin N. M., Isakova T. T., Kardash A. I., Korsun O. V., Krivenkova I. F., Markova L. P., Mironova V. . E., Nazarova E. I., Ogorodnikova L. I., Romanova N. G., Sklyarova L. P., Khamaganov S. A. Fauna of Eastern Transbaikalia. Tutorial. - Chita, 1997.
Interesting facts about Manul Manul is a wild cat that belongs to the oldest creatures on Earth. Scientists estimate the age of its existence at 12 million years, and thanks to a solitary lifestyle, this species has not changed much. Manul was officially introduced to the world in the 17th century. It happened on the shores of the Caspian Sea in 1782, where this handsome man was seen by Peter Pallas, a German naturalist explorer. And subsequently the manula was called “Pallas cat”. Its Latin name is Otocolobus. It consists of two words: "ear" and "ugly". The ears of the manul are really not the same as those of domestic cats, but they are not at all ugly, but very pretty - rounded, with tufts of hair and widely spaced. The Mongols called the cat's manul. Manul is a very unusual cat. This cat lives in the harshest climates with low snow cover. Manul's natural habitat central Asia. It can be found in Mongolia, China, Tibet, Transbaikalia, Kashmir, Uzbekistan and the Caspian lowland. Pallas' cat can be found in the mountains at an altitude of 3000 to 4800 m above sea level. Manuls settle in rock crevices or burrows of other animals. Manul's fur is the most fluffy and dense among all cats. Manuls can tolerate cold down to -50°C. The density of manul wool is 9000 hairs per cm². The weight of the manul is the same as that of a domestic cat - from 2 to 6 kg, it seems larger because of its thick fur. The pupils of the manul never acquire a slit-like shape, but always remain round and look more like a human than a cat. The coat color of the manul allows him to disguise himself so that even at a distance of two or three steps it is difficult to notice him. A thick fur coat and short legs limit the mobility of the manul, so he runs in very rare cases. In case of danger, the manul tries to lie low in the hope that it will not be noticed, but if it is revealed, it will certainly hit back the offender. The main prey of manul are mice and pikas, but he will not refuse partridge, lark, insects and orthoptera, ground squirrel or marmot. Sometimes a cat can catch a hare. The manul itself hunts at night, at dawn or at dusk. He arranges his lairs in secluded crevices of stones, but if necessary, he does an excellent job of digging a hole with his own paws. Manul is sedate and unhurried by nature, therefore he tracks down his prey and attacks unexpectedly, from an ambush. Manuls are not prone to migration, they prefer a sedentary lifestyle. Each animal lives in its own specific territory up to 10 km². Average duration the life of manuls is 10-13 years. Wild manuls breed only once a year, the female's pregnancy lasts about three months, and as a result, two to six kittens are born. During the first three to four months of life, the mother feeds them with milk. Then the manul cub begins to learn how to hunt from his mother, and already at the age of six months he can get his own food on his own. Pallas' cats have a special structure of the immune system, due to their isolated lifestyle from other cats. They do not carry many of the infections and viruses that domestic cats can live with for life. Toxoplasmosis is especially terrible for them. Because of this disease, many kittens of manuls die. How to overcome this problem, zoologists, alas, do not yet know. Kittens of wild manuls are as small and defenseless as kittens of domestic cats. For this reason, in wild nature they are often preyed upon by birds of prey and predatory animals. But most of the harm (unfortunately) is done to the manula by a person. Today, young manul is dying from infectious diseases caused by infection environment toxic substances. The number of manul is small and continues to decline throughout its habitat. It is listed in the Red Book of Russia, hunting for it is prohibited. But the poachers did not stop the barbaric hunts for wild cats, and before the ban was introduced, they were massacred. Man and dogs are the main enemies of a wild cat. Often, manuls die due to fires that occur as a result of unauthorized seasonal burning of grass. The most people can do is leave this beautiful animal alone.
One of the subjects Russian Federation is the Trans-Baikal Territory. It is part of the Siberian Federal District. The borders of the Trans-Baikal Territory pass through the Amur and Irkutsk regions, as well as the republics: Buryatia, Yakutia. And the southern and southeastern part of the region is the state border with Mongolia and the People's Republic of China.
Flora of the Trans-Baikal Territory
The flora of the Trans-Baikal Territory is very wide and varied. This is due to his geographical features, natural conditions and constant development.
The main vegetation cover is steppe, forest and high mountain communities. Various shrubs, swamps, meadows and aquatic vegetation are very common here.
The territories from south to east are characterized by a change of steppe, forest-steppe, forest and taiga zones.
The steppe zone is characterized by cereal steppes - vostretsovye, polydominant four-grass. And along the salty lakes there are halophyte beskilnitsa, barley and creeping sedge meadows.
The mountain-steppe belt is suitable for the growth of wormwood, hairy gerbil and three-cut chameroos.
The forest-steppe zone of the Trans-Baikal Territory is represented by three zones - steppe, mountain-taiga and mountain-wooded.
Classical forest-steppe, consisting of deciduous forests and meadow steppes, is quite rare here. In the Trans-Baikal Territory, the forest-steppe is pine, birch and deciduous forests.
The steppe vegetation is represented by tansy and bluegrass species of the steppes. And on the rocky slopes, shrub steppes grow, on which large-fruited elm, meadowsweet, and cinquefoil grow.
The taiga or forest territories of the Trans-Baikal Territory are divided into southern and middle taiga. In the southern taiga one can see grass, grass-shrub, pine-larch and pine forests.
The middle taiga is characterized by mossy larch forests with birch undergrowth. Also here you can find dwarf dwarf dwarf pines, dwarf pines and alders.
High mountain tundras are famous for their lichen, cladonia and cetraria plant species. Also found here are arctous, cassiopy and lingonberries.
Edge thickets are characterized by the presence of wild rose, meadowsweet and fieldfare.
In reservoirs and swamps, reeds, mannik, reeds, burdock, chastukha grow. On the rivers and lakes there are egg-pods, water-loving and calamus.
Woody ornamental plants are: black birch, elm, bearberry chosenia, berry apple tree, dewy willow, Siberian apricot, Daurian rhododendron, rose, or Daurian wild rose, thorny rosehip and others.
Fauna of the Trans-Baikal Territory
The fauna of Zabaikalsky is no less diverse. As in flora, here there are animals living in various natural zones. The fauna of the region can be divided into territorial habitats: alpine animals, taiga, forest-steppe and steppe animals.
High-mountainous territories do not differ in a special variety of animal species. There are rodents and ungulates here - reindeer, bighorn sheep, alpine pikas. Next to them lives the Asian chipmunk, the black-capped marmot. Representatives of predators in high mountain zones are: ermine, brown bear and wolf.
Not so many birds live here, but still there are some species - tundra partridge, horned lark, mountain pipit, mountain wagtail, black crow, capercaillie and nutcracker.
Of the fish, cold-loving species live here - lenok, taimen, grayling and others.
The fauna of the taiga zone is somewhat more colorful and extensive than the first. Rodents, artiodactyls and predators are also common here - red deer, elk, Siberian roe deer and brown bear, wolf and lynx. Wild boar and musk deer are found in the taiga of this region. Of the small animals, there are mountain hares, northern pikas and squirrels, chipmunks, flying squirrels, voles and forest mice. In the cedar forests, sables, weasels, ermines and wolverines are permanent residents.
The forest-steppe and steppe zones are characterized by the presence of many animals. Here are found: ground squirrel, hamsters, voles, jumping jerboas and Transbaikal solongoy.
There are kulans and argali sheep, as well as the steppe cat manul, wolves, foxes, corsacs and others.
Seasons of the Trans-Baikal Territory
As soon as severe frosts end, the early spring period begins. Most often, the spring threshold is the moment when the air warms up to positive temperatures. This time of the year lasts about 1.5 months and is extremely dry.
The average summer temperature of the Trans-Baikal summer is from 16 to 19 degrees Celsius. Precipitation is intermittent torrential rain.
Autumn comes to Transbaikalia in mid-September, even then the air temperature drops below 0. There is practically no precipitation.
The duration of the Trans-Baikal winter is 5 months. average temperature January from -20 to -38 degrees. Precipitation is practically non-existent.
Home > DocumentPart II
2.8. STATE OF THE ANIMAL WORLD OF THE TRANS-BAIKAL TERRITORY
2.8.1. Animal world of the Trans-Baikal Territory
The originality and richness of the fauna of the Trans-Baikal Territory is determined geographic location region, its natural and climatic features, anthropogenic factors. On the territory of the region there are inhabitants of various natural zones: steppes, forest-steppes, various types of forests and alpine tundra. The composition of the animal world is composed of representatives of a number of faunas: European-Siberian, mountainous, East Siberian (Angara), Daurian-Mongolian, Manchurian and even Chinese-Himalayan. More than 500 species of vertebrates live on the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory, including more than 80 species of mammals, more than 330 species of birds, 5 species of amphibians and 5 species of reptiles. Among mammals, 4 species - muskrat, raccoon dog, hare and American mink appeared in the region as a result of acclimatization. The relatively low diversity and abundance of amphibians and reptiles is associated with rather harsh climatic conditions for the habitat of these species, as a result of which they do not reach a noticeable diversity and high abundance. The Trans-Baikal Territory is rich in commercial resources. Suffice it to say that out of the total area of the Trans-Baikal Territory of 43.2 million hectares. - 39.7 million hectares. constitute hunting grounds. As of July 1, 2010, 26,336,496 hectares (66.3%) of hunting grounds were granted to legal entities and individual entrepreneurs. Description of the organization of the hunting economy, the availability, condition of hunting grounds, their study and use. A large area, complex relief, the presence of a global watershed, and location at the junction of natural zones determined the diversity of the fauna of the Trans-Baikal Territory (until 2008 - the Chita Region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug (ABAO)). This serves as the basis for a rich and diverse composition of hunting and commercial resources. They include populations of more than 20 species of mammals that are constantly found in harvests: wolf, corsac, fox, brown bear, sable, wolverine, ermine, Siberian weasel, steppe polecat, American mink, lynx, wild boar, musk deer, red deer, roe deer, elk, wild reindeer (DSO), squirrel, muskrat, white hare, brown hare. Some animal species are included in the regional Red Book: bighorn sheep, gazelle, manul, black-capped marmot and others. Hunting birds are no less diverse: stone capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, bearded and white partridge, Japanese quail, geese, ducks, sandpipers. Comparative indicators of hunting areas in terms of the level of procurement of fur-bearing animals are shown in table 63.Table 63
Comparative indicators of hunting areas
according to the level of preparations of fur-bearing species of animals
| Hunting areas |
|||
| Northern | Central | southwestern |
|
| Columns, % | |||
| Ermine, % | |||
Table 64
Comparative indicators of hunting areas by level
number of ungulates
| Hunting areas | Share of districts from the area of the region,% | Noble deer,% | Wild reindeer,% | ||
| Northern | |||||
| Central | |||||
| Southwestern |
Table 65
| Hunting user, hunting area (site) | farm area, |
||
| ChitOOOiR "Onkoe" | |||
| IP V.V. Rychkov | |||
| Akshinsky | IP A.V. logins | ||
| IP Z.K. Izukaev "Urman" | |||
| GNU Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine | |||
| Alexandro- | ChitOOOiR "Alek.-Zavodskoe" | ||
| Factory | ChitOOOiR "Kamensk-Borovskoye" | ||
| baley | ChitOOOiR "Baleyskoe" | ||
| Borzinsky | ChitOOOiR "Klyuchevskoe" | ||
| VOO ZabVO "Borzinsky" | |||
| Gazimuro- | ChitOOOiR "Gazimurskoe" | ||
| Factory | Zabohotservis LLC | ||
| ChitOOOiR "Kalarskoye" | |||
| OOO Zabaykalskaya Factoriya | |||
| Kalarian | Toki LLC | ||
| LLC "Eren plus" | |||
| ChitOOOiR "Karymskoye" | |||
| VFSO "Dynamo" | |||
| Karymsky | LLC "Telekomremstroyservis" | ||
| Los LLC | |||
| LLC "Urgui" | |||
| LLC "Talcher" | |||
| Krasnokamensky | ChitOOOiR "Krasnokamenskoe" | ||
| ZAO Okhotnik | |||
| OOO "Turbik" | |||
| SHPK "Menza" | |||
| Krasnochikoysky | LLC "Taiga Company" | ||
| SHK "Cheremkhovo", 1st section | |||
| Kyrinsky | ChitOOOiR "Kyrinskoe" | ||
| MUP "Kyrinskoe OPH" | |||
| Mogochinsky | LLC MPZH "Hunter" | ||
| Nerchinsky | ChitOOOiR "Kalininskoye" | ||
| ChitOOOiR "Karpovskoe" | |||
| ChitOOOiR "Balyaginskoe" | |||
| Petrovsk- | ChitOOOiR "Katangar" | ||
| Transbaikal | ChitOOOiR "Shara-Gorkhonskoe" | ||
| ChitOOOiR "Novopavlovskoye" | |||
| LLC "Zagotohotpromobschestvo" | |||
| Priargunsky | ChitOOOiR "Argunskoe" | ||
| Sretensky | ChitOOOiR "Sretenskoe" | ||
| ChitOOOiR "Kokuiskoye" | |||
| KFH "West" | |||
| 16. | Tungokochensky | LLC "Tungokochenohotprom" | |
| OP SHPK "Taiga", 1st section | |||
| 2- plot | |||
| Tungokochenpromohota LLC, 1st school | 232,5public report This report has been prepared in accordance with the requirement of Article 30 of the Law of the Trans-Baikal Territory dated April 30, 2009 No. 170-ZZK "On the Chamber of Control and Accounts of the Trans-Baikal Territory" on the annual submission to the Legislative Assembly of the Trans-Baikal Territory Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of November 30, 2010. The given actual data on the state of the natural environment of the Khabarovsk Territory meet the requirements of the relevant reportpublic reportThe report is published in pursuance of instructions for the implementation of the Message of the President of the Russian Federation Federal Assembly Russian Federation dated November 30, 2010. On the socio-economic development of the Trans-Baikal TerritoryDocumentIn January-December 2011 in the Trans-Baikal Territory there was an increase in production volumes by type of activity: industry, Agriculture, construction, transport, communications, retail, wholesale, public catering, Decrees of the Government of the Trans-Baikal Territory dated 08.02.2010 n 33, dated 01.06.2010 n 225 In accordance with Article 44 of the Charter of the Trans-Baikal Territory, on the basis of subparagraph 4 of paragraph 1 of Article 1 of the lawLawIn accordance with Article 44 of the Charter of the Trans-Baikal Territory, on the basis of subparagraph 4 of paragraph 1 of Article 7.1 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment in the Russian Federation", the Government of the Trans-Baikal Territory decides: "Strategy for the organization and development of the system of environmental education and the formation of environmental culture in the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory for the period until 2020" (Official publication)Document"Strategy for the organization and development of the system of environmental education and formation ecological culture on the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory for the period up to 2020" (Official publication) / Editor-in-chief E. |
Transbaikalia is rich in commercial fur-bearing animals, there are about 25 species. The smallest furry animal on earth - a predatory weasel, is subject to absolute protection, its number has not yet been established. The wolverine lives in the most remote places of the taiga. Other fur-bearing animals are also widespread: red and black-brown fox, corsac, badger, muskrat, tarbagan, local and acclimatized species of hares. Among ungulates, roe deer occupy the first place in terms of numbers, followed by wild boars, elk and red deer. Musk deer - a miniature Transbaikal deer is the subject of great demand in medicine for the musky gland of the male, the so-called stream. Dzeren and bighorn sheep are listed in the Red Book of Russia, as well as a representative of the northern taiga, a wild deer - sogzhoy. In all districts of the region there is a wolf. There are up to 4 thousand brown bears in the region. Manul is listed in the Red Book of Russia - a rare steppe cat leading a secretive lifestyle. The black-capped marmot is considered to be an endangered species, strongly pursued by man because of its beautiful fur. The tiger, the pride of Russian nature, is listed in the International Red Book. The world of birds is rich and diverse - more than 350 species of birds. Black grouse, capercaillie and hazel grouse are found in the forests. On the lakes - mallards, divers, mergansers, geese, gray swans. Trans-Baikal reservoirs are inhabited by more than 60 species of fish. The northern lakes of Chara are inhabited by delicacy whitefish, as well as davatchans. Davatchan is listed in the Red Book of Russia. The Ivano-Arakhlei lakes are rich in fish. In the upper reaches of the Ingoda, Shilka, Onon and Argun, royal species of taimen, lenok, and grayling live.
Zabaykalsky Krai. Fauna of the Baikal natural area The Trans-Baikal Territory is represented by species of the Dauro-Mongolian zoogeographic province: light polecat, Daurian pika, Mongolian marmot; taiga and mountain taiga species: sable, Siberian weasel, brown bear, lynx, squirrel, chipmunk; forest-steppe species: badger, baby mouse and many other species of vertebrates and invertebrates. River basin Khilok is a huge migratory corridor providing the movement of representatives of the avifauna. In general, the composition of the bird population tends to be typical of the taiga.
The Arakhleysky nature reserve is located 70 km from the city of Chita. The creation of the reserve was due to the need to preserve natural ecosystems in the largest recreation area in the Chita region. More than 150 thousand people visit the territory of the reserve every year, who come to relax at numerous recreation centers or in the "wild" way. The reserve seeks to regulate the use of land and water resources, prevents uncontrolled development and pollution of lake shores.
From Chita to the reserve there is a good asphalt road crossing the Yablonovy Ridge.
Ivano-Arakhleysky reserve in facts and figures:
Formed in 1993.
Total area - 210 thousand ha
It is located on the territory of the Chita region.
Main natural objects: 6 large lakes, several dozen small ones, larch taiga, birch and aspen forests.
State biosphere reserve"Daursky" is located in the south of the Chita region. The territory of the reserve is represented mainly by steppe landscapes with characteristic species of plants and animals, including such rare ones as gazelle antelope, Dahurian hedgehog, wild cat manul and Mongolian marmot (tarbagan). The open spaces of the steppes attract rare birds: the steppe eagle, golden eagle, saker falcon.
The most important sights of the reserve are the Torey lakes (Barun-Torey and Zun-Torey) - largest lakes Transbaikalia. A feature of the lakes is their periodic filling and drying, which occurs on average once every 30 years. So, in the 20th century, the lakes dried up four times. Torey lakes form an endorheic basin, taking water from small steppe rivers. For this reason, lake waters contain a large amount of dissolved salts.
The Torey lakes attract many species of birds that nest along their banks. In addition, the lakes are crossed by the flight paths of many species of birds that nest in more northern regions. For this reason, the bird fauna of the reserve is extremely rich (150 nesting, 120 migratory species).
A special place is occupied by one of the largest and most beautiful birds of our fauna - cranes. Three species of cranes nest on the territory of the reserve - white-naped, gray and belladonna. Two more species - the white crane (Siberian Siberian Crane) and the black crane - nest in the north, however, in the reserve they are represented by young birds that have not started nesting, as well as on migration. And in 2002, Japanese cranes were also encountered in the reserve. Thus, six species of cranes can be found in the reserve at once - more than anywhere else in the world.
The Aginskaya Steppe reserve was established in 2004 and is located between the rivers Onon and Aga. The purpose of creating the reserve was to preserve and restore the natural steppe and water ecosystems of the Aginskaya steppe. The main part of the reserve is made up of slightly hilly plains occupied by various steppe communities. The most common here are forb-feather grass, forb-grass and thread-leaved steppes.
The presence of a large number of lakes attracts a variety of near-water birds, especially during the autumn-spring migrations. Aquatic vegetation, as well as the larvae of mosquitoes, shore flies and other aquatic invertebrates living in the shallow lakes, are excellent food for many birds. Here, on the steppe lakes, you can meet teals (whistlers and crackers), mallards, gray ducks, red-headed pochards, whooper swans, and even such rare view like a dry goose. During periods of migration, gray geese, bean goose, as well as numerous waders (sandpipers, godwit, brown-winged plovers, fifi, stilt) feed on the lakes. Cranes gather near the lakes - belladonna, Daurian, black, gray and even white (cranes). Up to 3,000 belladonnas and several dozens of black cranes live here every year. Many species of birds find excellent places for rest and feeding during seasonal flights on the territory of the reserve.
The abundance of birds on the lakes of the Aginskaya steppe is due to the fact that the territory of the reserve is located on one of the most massive - the East Asian-Australian flyway of bird migrations (Goroshko, 2006). At least 250 species of birds have been recorded in the reserve.
Of the birds nesting in the steppe in the reserve, the most common are larks (Mongolian, horned, field, small, gray), wheatears (common and dancer), Japanese quail, bearded (Dahurian) partridge, demoiselle crane, bustard, as well as ducks - shelduck and shelduck. The most typical predator is the Upland Long-legged Long-legged Buzzard, the Steppe Eagle is less common. About 30 species of birds have been noted on the territory of the reserve, which are included in the international list of CITES, taken under protection at the federal or regional levels.
The reserve plays a particularly important role in the conservation of such a rare, endangered species as the bustard. It is believed that up to 30-50 bustards nest in the reserve every year, which is about 10% of all birds of this species living in our region.
There are numerous rodents in the reserve - long-tailed ground squirrel, jumping jerboa, large and narrow-skulled voles, Trans-Baikal hamster, Dahurian zokor. In the past, Mongolian marmots (tarbagans) were also widespread, but in recent decades their numbers are small and this species has been taken under protection. Of the lagomorphs, there are the tolai hare and the Dahurian pika. Among other species of mammals in the Aginskaya steppe are the wolf, fox, corsac, manul, steppe polecat, solongoy, badger, Dahurian hedgehog. In some places, especially closer to the Tsyrik-Narasun pine forest, Siberian roe deer are found. In total, about 35 species of mammals have been noted in the reserve.
The Trans-Baikal steppes are inhabited by the tolai hare, which is distinguished as an independent species. Finally, in the Amur region and the Ussuri Territory, a small, rabbit-like, short-eared and short-legged Manchurian hare is common.
List of animals and birds listed in the Red Book of the Trans-Baikal Territory
Dzeren, Amur tiger, leopard Snow Leopard, bighorn sheep, mountain sheep, red wolf, otter, manul, Dahurian hedgehog, marmots (Mongolian tarbagan, black-capped), bustard, geese (mountain, sukhonos, lesser white-fronted goose, tundra and taiga goose),
red-throated goose, ducks (mandarin duck, kloktun, Baer's duck, kamenushka), avocet, stilt, curlews (large, Far Eastern and middle), mountain snipe, godwit (large, Asian snipe), white-winged crake, great cormorant, Amur bittern, red heron , spoonbill, swans (whooper, lesser), storks (black, Far Eastern), common flamingo, cranes (crane, grey, dahurian, black, belladonna), osprey, peregrine falcon, saker falcon, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, imperial eagle, steppe eagle, crested honey buzzard, greater spotted eagle, gyrfalcon, black vulture, steppe kestrel, relic gull, greave, eagle owl, etc.
